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Joint Special Issue on Advances in Design and Manufacturing for Sustainability 可持续性设计与制造的进展》联合特刊
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064362
Mihaela Banu, Sara Behdad, Daniel Cooper, Karl R. Haapala, Chao Hu, Harrison Kim, Astrid Layton, Barbara S Linke, Jie Zhang
This special issue presents a collaborative initiative between the ASME Manufacturing Engineering Division (MED) and the Design Engineering Division (DED) to promote research in sustainability within the design and manufacturing communities. As the need grows for methodologies and tools capable of supporting sustainable systems, this compilation presents recent research trends exploring the integration of sustainability principles into and progression towards sustainability goals by the design and implementation of engineered systems.
本特刊是美国机械工程师学会制造工程分会 (MED) 和设计工程分会 (DED) 的合作项目,旨在促进设计和制造领域的可持续发展研究。随着对能够支持可持续发展系统的方法和工具的需求日益增长,本汇编介绍了最新的研究趋势,探讨如何将可持续发展原则融入工程系统的设计和实施中,并逐步实现可持续发展目标。
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引用次数: 0
Accounting for Machine Learning Prediction Errors in Design 在设计中考虑机器学习的预测误差
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064278
Xiaoping Du
Machine learning is gaining prominence in mechanical design, offering cost-effective surrogate models to replace computationally expensive models. Nevertheless, concerns persist regarding the accuracy of these models, especially when applied to safety-critical products. To address this challenge, this study investigates methods to account for model prediction errors by incorporating epistemic uncertainty within surrogate models while managing aleatory uncertainty in input variables. The paper clarifies key aspects of modeling coupled epistemic and aleatory uncertainty when using surrogate models derived from noise-free training data. Specifically, the study concentrates on quantifying the impacts of coupled uncertainty in mechanical design through the development of numerical methods based on the concept of the most probable point. This method is particularly relevant for mechanical component design, where failure prevention holds paramount importance, and the probability of failure is low. It is applicable to design problems characterized by probability distributions governing aleatory and epistemic uncertainties in model inputs and predictions. The proposed method is demonstrated using shaft and beam designs as two illustrative examples. The results demonstrate the method's effectiveness in quantifying and mitigating the influence of coupled uncertainty in the design process.
机器学习在机械设计领域的地位日益突出,它提供了具有成本效益的替代模型,以取代计算成本高昂的模型。然而,这些模型的准确性仍然令人担忧,尤其是在应用于安全关键型产品时。为了应对这一挑战,本研究探讨了通过将认识不确定性纳入代用模型,同时管理输入变量的不确定性来解释模型预测误差的方法。本文阐明了在使用从无噪声训练数据中得出的代用模型时,建立认识不确定性和可知不确定性耦合模型的关键方面。具体来说,研究集中于通过开发基于最可能点概念的数值方法,量化机械设计中耦合不确定性的影响。这种方法尤其适用于机械部件设计,因为在这种设计中,预防故障至关重要,而故障发生的概率很低。它适用于以概率分布为特征的设计问题,概率分布控制着模型输入和预测中的不确定性和认识不确定性。以轴和梁的设计为例,演示了所提出的方法。结果表明,该方法在量化和减轻设计过程中耦合不确定性的影响方面非常有效。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of Tooth Profile Modification Amount and Manufacturing Tolerance Allocation for RV Reducer under Reliability Constraint 可靠性约束下 RV 减速器齿形修改量和制造公差分配的优化
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064277
Yutao Li, Yuewen Su, Shaohu Wang
RV reducer is mainly applied in high precision transmission. Its manufacturing errors strongly influence transmission accuracy. In order to select the optimal gear profile parameters and manufacturing accuracy to meet the transmission conditions in actual machining, a model of gear tooth contact analysis of involute and cycloid transmission considering tooth profile modification and manufacturing errors was established according to the principle of coordinate transformation and conjugate contact of gear. The sensitivity of different manufacturing errors to transmission errors was analyzed. At the same time, the optimization method of gear tooth profile modification parameters and manufacturing accuracy configuration under transmission reliability constraints was designed. The results showed that based on the optimization calculation of samples by DIRECT algorithm, it was possible to obtain a set of RV reducer modification parameters and manufacturing tolerance bands with the lowest manufacturing cost under the condition of transmission accuracy. The selected parameters had high reliability characteristics. Therefore, this method provides a theoretical optimization reference for manufacturing high reliability RV reducer.
RV 减速器主要应用于高精度传动。其制造误差对传动精度影响很大。为了在实际加工中选择满足传动条件的最佳齿廓参数和制造精度,根据齿轮的坐标变换和共轭接触原理,建立了考虑齿廓修正和制造误差的渐开线和摆线传动轮齿接触分析模型。分析了不同制造误差对传动误差的敏感性。同时,设计了在传动可靠性约束下的齿形修正参数和制造精度配置的优化方法。结果表明,基于 DIRECT 算法对样本的优化计算,可以获得一组在传动精度条件下制造成本最低的 RV 减速器齿形修正参数和制造公差带。所选参数具有高可靠性的特点。因此,该方法为制造高可靠性 RV 减速器提供了理论优化参考。
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引用次数: 0
Critical thinking assessment in engineering education: A Scopus-based literature review 工程教育中的批判性思维评估:基于 Scopus 的文献综述
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064275
Saurabh Deo, Katja Hölttä-Otto
Critical Thinking (CT) skills are highly valued by employers, leading to their integration into engineering education through various design- and problem-based approaches. Despite their recognized importance, the varying perceptions of CT present challenges in achieving a unified approach to its development and assessment. This paper reviews CT assessment in engineering education, particularly mapping Facione's CT skills with assessment approaches to discern how CT is evaluated. We conducted a systematic keyword search in the SCOPUS database and identified 462 articles from 2010 to March 2023. These were reviewed and distilled down to 80 articles included in this study. We find that CT has been recognized as an essential skill set, but there are no consistent definitions or means to assess it. Further, while CT is a multifaced skill, we find that very few assessment methods assess CT holistically. We identify three goals for CT assessment: 1) understand and recognize CT, 2) demonstrate CT, and 3) identify if CT has changed due to intervention. We discuss how different assessment approaches, including rubrics, surveys, standardized tests, and customized assessments, have been used and propose recommendations to support reaching a better understanding of CT assessment in engineering education. Further research is needed to understand better how these skills can be taught and assessed as part of engineering education to meet the needs of employers.
批判性思维(Critical Thinking,CT)技能受到雇主的高度重视,这促使他们通过各种基于设计和问题的方法将其纳入工程学教育。尽管批判性思维的重要性已得到公认,但对批判性思维的不同认识给统一的发展和评估方法带来了挑战。本文回顾了工程教育中的 CT 评估,特别是将 Facione 的 CT 技能与评估方法进行了映射,以了解如何对 CT 进行评估。我们在 SCOPUS 数据库中进行了系统的关键词搜索,发现了从 2010 年到 2023 年 3 月的 462 篇文章。我们对这些文章进行了审查,并筛选出 80 篇文章纳入本研究。我们发现,CT 已被公认为一项基本技能,但却没有一致的定义或评估方法。此外,虽然 CT 是一项多方面的技能,但我们发现很少有评估方法对 CT 进行全面评估。我们确定了 CT 评估的三个目标:1)理解并识别 CT,2)展示 CT,3)识别 CT 是否因干预而发生变化。我们讨论了如何使用不同的评估方法,包括评分标准、调查、标准化测试和定制评估,并提出了建议,以支持更好地理解工程教育中的 CT 评估。为了更好地理解如何在工程教育中教授和评估这些技能,以满足雇主的需求,还需要开展进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Thinking Beyond the Default User: The Impact of Gender, Stereotypes, and Modality on Interpretation of User Needs 超越默认用户的思维:性别、陈规定型观念和模式对解读用户需求的影响
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064263
Anastasia M. K. Schauer, Hunter Schaufel, Margaret Nunn, Noah Kohls, Katherine Fu
Throughout the mechanical design process, designers, the majority of whom are men, often fail to consider the needs of women, resulting in consequences ranging from inconvenience to increased risk of serious injury or death. Although these biases are well-studied in other fields of research, the mechanical design field lacks formal investigation into this phenomenon. In this study, engineering students (n = 300) took a survey in which they read a Persona describing a student makerspace employee and a Walkthrough describing their interaction with the makerspace while completing a project. During the Walkthrough, the user encountered various obstacles, or Pain Points. Participants were asked to recall and evaluate the Pain Points that the user encountered, then evaluated their perceptions of the makerspace and user. The independent variables under investigation were the gender of the user Persona (woman, gender-neutral, or man), Walkthrough room case (crafting or woodworking makerspace), and modality of the Persona and Walkthrough (text- /audio-based). Results showed that participants from the Text-based modality were better able to recall Pain Points compared to participants from the Audio-based modality, although the Pain Points were assessed as more severe when they impacted women users. In addition to finding that the gender of a user impacted the way a task environment was perceived, results confirmed the presence of androcentrism, or “default man” assumptions, in the way designers view end users of unknown gender. Promisingly, providing user Persona information in an audio modality eliminated this bias compared to text-based modalities.
在整个机械设计过程中,大多数为男性的设计师往往没有考虑到女性的需求,从而导致从不便到增加严重受伤或死亡风险等后果。尽管这些偏见在其他研究领域得到了充分研究,但机械设计领域却缺乏对这一现象的正式调查。在这项研究中,工程专业的学生(n = 300)参加了一项调查,他们在调查中阅读了一份描述学生创客空间员工的 "角色 "和一份描述他们在完成一个项目时与创客空间互动的 "演练"。在演练过程中,用户遇到了各种障碍或痛点。参与者被要求回忆并评估用户遇到的痛点,然后评估他们对创客空间和用户的看法。调查的自变量包括用户角色的性别(女性、中性或男性)、"演练 "房间的情况(手工或木工创客空间)以及角色和 "演练 "的模式(基于文本/音频)。结果显示,与音频模式的参与者相比,文字模式的参与者能更好地回忆起 "痛点",尽管 "痛点 "对女性用户的影响更严重。除了发现用户的性别会影响任务环境的感知方式外,研究结果还证实了设计者在看待未知性别的终端用户时存在男性中心主义或 "默认男性 "假设。令人欣慰的是,与基于文本的模式相比,通过音频模式提供用户角色信息消除了这种偏见。
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引用次数: 0
Variation Analysis Method Based on Product Feature Information Network 基于产品特征信息网络的差异分析方法
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064238
Liang Chen, Naikun Wei, Yu Zheng, Juntong Xi
Dimensional and geometric variations are significant factors of products at the manufacturing stage. Because of these variations, the physical appearance or functionality of the final product may deviate from expectations. As of the present, research on variation analysis has been conducted at the feature level. To model the information and analyze the variation transfers of products, a graphical model is constructed by using the product feature and information. Through analysis of the relationship between the product and network model, a modeling process for the feature information network is proposed. Nodes, lines, and constraints in the network are defined in detail, and the dimension unit is defined to represent the dimension information within a part. Variations caused by connections between parts are divided into two categories of influence. Combining the dimension unit and the influence between parts, a variation analysis process is devised based on the proposed network model. To verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, a case study is performed based on the grand assembly of a hull block. The result shows that the product can be modelled and the variation can be analyzed by the proposed network model.
尺寸和几何变化是产品制造阶段的重要因素。由于这些变化,最终产品的物理外观或功能可能会偏离预期。目前,变异分析的研究主要集中在特征层面。为了对信息进行建模,分析产品的变化传递,利用产品特征和信息构建了图形化模型。通过分析产品与网络模型之间的关系,提出了一种特征信息网络的建模过程。详细定义了网络中的节点、线和约束,并定义了尺寸单位来表示零件内部的尺寸信息。由部件之间的连接引起的变化分为两类影响。结合尺寸单元和零件之间的影响,设计了基于该网络模型的变异分析流程。为了验证所提方法的有效性和可行性,以船体块体大装配为例进行了研究。结果表明,所提出的网络模型可以对产品进行建模,并可以对其变化进行分析。
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引用次数: 0
A multi-fidelity Bayesian optimization approach for constrained multi-objective optimization problems 针对受限多目标优化问题的多保真贝叶斯优化方法
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064244
Quan Lin, Jiexiang Hu, Qi Zhou, Leshi Shu, Anfu Zhang
In this paper, a multi-fidelity Bayesian optimization approach is presented to tackle computationally expensive constrained multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs). The proposed approach consists of a three-stage optimization framework designed to search for promising candidate points. In the first stage, an acquisition function is proposed to identify a feasible solution if none are available in the current set of sampling points. Subsequently, a new multi-fidelity weighted expected hypervolume improvement function is developed to find better solutions. In the third stage, a constrained weighted lower confidence bound acquisition function is presented to enhance the constraint predictions and refine the solutions near the constraint boundary. Additionally, a filter strategy is suggested to determine whether constraint updating is necessary, aiming to save computational resources and improve optimization efficiency. Moreover, to expedite the optimization process, a parallel optimization approach is further developed based on the suggested three-stage optimization framework. To achieve this, a multi-fidelity influence function is introduced, allowing the proposed approach to determine a desired number of candidate points within a single iteration. Lastly, the proposed approach is demonstrated through six numerical benchmark examples, which verifies its significant advantages in addressing expensive constrained MOPs. Besides, the proposed approach is applied to the multi-objective optimization of a metamaterial vibration isolator, resulting in the attainment of satisfactory solutions.
本文提出了一种多保真度贝叶斯优化方法来解决计算量大的约束多目标优化问题。该方法由一个三阶段优化框架组成,旨在搜索有希望的候选点。在第一阶段,提出一个采集函数,在当前采样点集合中没有可用的情况下识别一个可行的解决方案。在此基础上,提出了一种新的多保真度加权期望超体积改进函数来寻找更好的解。第三阶段,提出约束加权下置信度采集函数,增强约束预测并细化约束边界附近的解。此外,提出了一种过滤策略来确定是否需要进行约束更新,以节省计算资源,提高优化效率。此外,为了加快优化过程,在建议的三阶段优化框架的基础上,进一步开发了并行优化方法。为了实现这一点,引入了一个多保真度影响函数,允许所提出的方法在一次迭代中确定所需的候选点数量。最后,通过6个数值基准算例对该方法进行了验证,验证了该方法在求解昂贵约束MOPs方面的显著优势。将该方法应用于某超材料隔振器的多目标优化问题,得到了满意的结果。
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引用次数: 0
A design framework for semi-active structural controlled adjustable constant force mechanisms 半主动结构控制可调恒力机构的设计框架
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064248
T. Rehman, Jing Li, Zeeshan Qaiser, Shane Johnson
Semi-active adjustable constant force mechanisms (ACFMs) are an emerging alternative in applications where energy-efficient control of constant force environments is required. However, there is a lack of design strategies in the literature for semi-active ACFMs. This study addresses this gap by presenting a design strategy for ACFMs that semi-actively tunes the constant force by structural control. A design framework is presented which consists of an optimization of a high slenderness large stroke CFM followed by a parametric study on adjusting constant force through slenderness reduction by repositioning the boundary condition location. The design framework was able to change constant force ranging from 2-4 times with a stroke of 11-26% of the mechanism footprint respectively. A selected design with a larger force magnitude was fabricated and experimentally tested, demonstrating a change in constant force of 2.01 times which is comparable to that of active control designs and improved compactness, i.e., stroke of 11% of the footprint of the mechanism. In conclusion, the proposed ACFM design framework maximizes the initial CFM stroke and achieves constant force tuning by changing beam slenderness, resulting in compact and efficient ACFM designs.
半主动可调恒力机构(ACFMs)是一种新兴的替代方案,用于需要恒力环境节能控制的应用。然而,文献中缺乏半主动acfm的设计策略。本研究通过提出一种通过结构控制半主动调节恒力的acfm设计策略来解决这一差距。提出了一种高长细比大行程CFM的优化设计框架,并通过重新定位边界条件位置来减小长细比以调整恒力的参数化研究。设计框架能够改变2-4倍的恒定力,行程分别为机构足迹的11-26%。制作并实验测试了一种具有较大力值的选定设计,表明恒力变化为主动控制设计的2.01倍,与主动控制设计相当,并且改进了紧凑性,即冲程占机构占地面积的11%。综上所述,所提出的ACFM设计框架最大化了初始CFM行程,并通过改变梁长细度实现了恒定的力调谐,从而实现了紧凑高效的ACFM设计。
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引用次数: 0
ADVISE: Accelerating the Creation of Evidence Syntheses for Global Development using Natural Language Processing-supported Human-AI Collaboration ADVISE:ADVISE:利用自然语言处理支持的人与人工智能协作,加速创建全球发展证据综合体
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064245
Kristen M. Edwards, Binyang Song, Jaron Porciello, Mark Engelbert, Carolyn Huang, Faez Ahmed
When designing evidence-based policies and programs, decision-makers must distill key information from a vast and rapidly growing literature base. Identifying relevant literature from raw search results is time and resource intensive, and is often done by manual screening. In this study, we develop an AI agent based on a bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model and incorporate it into a human team designing an evidence synthesis product for global development. We explore the effectiveness of the human-AI hybrid team in accelerating the evidence synthesis process. We further enhance the human-AI hybrid team through active learning (AL). Specifically, we explore different sampling strategies: random, least confidence (LC), and highest priority (HP) sampling, to study their influence on the collaborative screening process. Results show that incorporating the BERT-based AI agent can reduce the human screening effort by 68.5% compared to the case of no AI assistance, and by 16.8% compared to using the industry standard model for identifying 80% of all relevant documents. When we apply the HP sampling strategy, the human screening effort can be reduced even more: by 78% for identifying 80% of all relevant documents compared to no AI assistance. We apply the AL-enhanced human-AI hybrid teaming workflow in the design process of three evidence gap maps which are now published for USAID's use. These findings demonstrate how AI can accelerate the development of evidence synthesis products and promote timely evidence-based decision making in global development.
在设计基于证据的政策和项目时,决策者必须从庞大且快速增长的文献基础中提取关键信息。从原始搜索结果中识别相关文献需要大量的时间和资源,并且通常是通过人工筛选完成的。在这项研究中,我们开发了一个基于双向编码器表示(BERT)模型的人工智能代理,并将其纳入一个为全球开发设计证据合成产品的人类团队。我们探讨了人工智能混合团队在加速证据合成过程中的有效性。我们通过主动学习(AL)进一步加强人类-人工智能混合团队。具体而言,我们探讨了不同的抽样策略:随机、最小置信度(LC)和最高优先级(HP)抽样,以研究它们对协同筛选过程的影响。结果表明,与没有人工智能辅助的情况相比,结合基于bert的人工智能代理可以减少68.5%的人工筛选工作量,与使用行业标准模型识别80%的所有相关文档相比,可以减少16.8%的人工筛选工作量。当我们应用惠普抽样策略时,人工筛选工作可以减少更多:与没有人工智能帮助相比,识别80%的所有相关文件可减少78%。我们将人工智能增强的人类-人工智能混合团队工作流程应用于三个证据差距地图的设计过程中,这些地图现已发布,供美国国际开发署使用。这些发现表明,人工智能可以加速证据合成产品的开发,并在全球发展中促进及时的循证决策。
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引用次数: 0
Computational Design of 2D Lattice Structures based on Crystallographic Symmetries 基于晶体对称性的二维晶格结构计算设计
IF 3.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064246
Alfred Leuenberger, Eliott Birner, Thomas S. Lumpe, T. Stanković
The design representations of lattice structures are fundamental to the development of computational design approaches. Current applications of lattice structures are characterized by ever-growing demand on the computational resources to solve difficult optimization problems or generate large datasets, opting for the development of efficient design representations which offer a high range of possible design variants, while at the same time generating design spaces with attributes suitable for computational methods to explore. In response, the focus of this work is to propose a parametric design representation based on crystallographic symmetries and investigate its implications for the computational design of lattice structures. The work defines design rules to support the design of functionally graded structures using crystallographic symmetries such that the connectivity between individual members in a structure with varying geometry is guaranteed, and investigates how to use the parametrization in the context of optimization. The results show that the proposed parametrization achieves a compact design representation to benefit the computational design process by employing a small number of design variables to control a broad range of complex geometries. The results also show that the design spaces based on the proposed parametrization can be successfully explored using a direct search-based method.
晶格结构的设计表示是计算设计方法发展的基础。当前晶格结构应用的特点是对计算资源的需求不断增长,以解决困难的优化问题或生成大型数据集,选择开发提供高范围可能的设计变体的有效设计表示,同时生成具有适合计算方法探索的属性的设计空间。作为回应,本研究的重点是提出一种基于晶体对称的参数化设计表示,并研究其对晶格结构计算设计的影响。该工作定义了设计规则,以支持使用晶体对称性设计功能梯度结构,从而保证具有不同几何形状的结构中单个成员之间的连通性,并研究了如何在优化背景下使用参数化。结果表明,所提出的参数化方法通过使用少量的设计变量来控制大范围的复杂几何形状,从而实现了紧凑的设计表示,有利于计算设计过程。结果还表明,采用基于直接搜索的方法可以成功地探索基于所提参数化的设计空间。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Mechanical Design
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