Journal of Mathematical Sociology最新文献

英文中文

Projecting signed two-mode networks 投影签名双模网络

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.1080/0022250x.2019.1711376

David Schoch

ABSTRACT Signed two-mode networks have so far predominantly been analyzed using blockmodeling techniques. In this work, we put forward the idea of projecting such networks onto its modes. Two projection methods are introduced which allow the application of known dichotomization tool for weighted networks to obtain a simple signed network. It turns out, however, that resulting networks may contain ambivalent ties, defined as conjunctions of positive and negative ties. We show that this requires the reformulation of matrices related to the network and introduce the complex adjacency and Laplacian matrix. These matrices are used to prove some properties related to balance theory including ambivalence.

签名双模网络到目前为止主要使用块建模技术进行分析。在这项工作中，我们提出了将这种网络投射到其模式上的想法。介绍了两种投影方法，利用已知的加权网络二分类工具得到一个简单的有符号网络。然而，事实证明，由此产生的网络可能包含矛盾关系，定义为积极和消极关系的连接。我们证明了这需要与网络相关的矩阵的重新表述，并引入了复杂邻接矩阵和拉普拉斯矩阵。这些矩阵被用来证明一些与平衡理论有关的性质，包括矛盾性。

引用次数: 3

Solidarity in collaboration networks when everyone competes for the strongest partner: a stochastic actor-based simulation model 当每个人都在竞争最强大的合作伙伴时，协作网络中的团结：一个基于参与者的随机模拟模型

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2020-01-12 DOI: 10.1080/0022250x.2019.1704284

F. Bianchi, A. Flache, F. Squazzoni

ABSTRACT This article examines the emergence of solidarity from interactions between professionals competing for collaboration. Research on multiplex collaboration networks has shown that economic exchange can elicit solidarity when mediated by trust but did not consider the effect of competition. To fill this gap, we built an agent-based model that simulates the evolution of a multiplex network of collaboration, trust, and support expectations. Simulations show that while resource heterogeneity is key for collaboration, competition for attractive collaboration partners penalizes low-resource professionals, who are less connected and highly segregated. Heterogeneous resource distribution can trigger segregation because of preferential selection of resourceful peers and reciprocity. Interestingly, we also found that low-resource professionals can reduce their marginalization by building in-group mutual support expectations.

摘要本文探讨了在竞争合作的专业人士之间的互动中团结的出现。对多元化合作网络的研究表明，在信任的调解下，经济交流可以引发团结，但没有考虑竞争的影响。为了填补这一空白，我们建立了一个基于代理的模型，模拟了协作、信任和支持期望的多重网络的演变。模拟表明，虽然资源异质性是协作的关键，但对有吸引力的协作伙伴的竞争会惩罚低资源的专业人员，他们的联系较少，隔离度较高。由于资源丰富的对等体的优先选择和互惠性，异构资源分布可能引发隔离。有趣的是，我们还发现，低资源的专业人士可以通过建立团队内的相互支持期望来减少他们的边缘化。

引用次数: 13

A hierarchical walk-based measure of centrality based on reachability between strongly connected components in a digraph 有向图中基于强连接组件之间的可达性的一种分层的、基于行走的中心性度量

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2020-01-12 DOI: 10.1080/0022250x.2020.1711753

Neng-pin Lu

ABSTRACT For measuring the centrality in a digraph, Bonacich and Lloyd summarized a vector, from the power series of an attenuated adjacency matrix, as the alpha centrality. However, scores of alpha centrality are usually dominated by nodes in the strongly connected component, which owns the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix. In this paper, based on reachability between strongly connected components, we consider not only the largest eigenvalue but also the other smaller ones to attenuate the adjacency matrix hierarchically; and obtain a measure from the power series of the hierarchically attenuated adjacency matrix. Consequently, we propose the hierarchical alpha centrality, which can yield higher scores for nodes at higher hierarchies of reachability in a digraph.

为了测量有向图中的中心性，Bonacich和Lloyd从衰减邻接矩阵的幂级数中总结了一个向量，作为α中心性。然而，alpha中心性的分数通常由拥有邻接矩阵最大特征值的强连接分量中的节点主导。本文基于强连通分量之间的可达性，不仅考虑最大特征值，而且考虑其他较小特征值，对邻接矩阵进行分层衰减;并从层次衰减邻接矩阵的幂级数中得到一个测度。因此，我们提出了分层α中心性，它可以为有向图中具有更高可达性层次的节点产生更高的分数。

引用次数: 1

Positive algorithmic bias cannot stop fragmentation in homophilic networks 正算法偏差不能阻止同源网络中的碎片化

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2020-01-09 DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1818078

C. Blex, T. Yasseri

ABSTRACT Fragmentation, echo chambers, and their amelioration in social networks have been a growing concern in the academic and non-academic world. This paper shows how, under the assumption of homophily, echo chambers and fragmentation are system-immanent phenomena of highly flexible social networks, even under ideal conditions for heterogeneity. We achieve this by finding an analytical, network-based solution to the Schelling model and by proving that weak ties do not hinder the process. Furthermore, we derive that no level of positive algorithmic bias in the form of rewiring is capable of preventing fragmentation and its effect on reducing the fragmentation speed is negligible.

社交网络的碎片化、回声室及其改善已经成为学术界和非学术界日益关注的问题。本文表明，在同质性假设下，回声室和碎片化是高度灵活的社会网络的系统内在现象，即使在异质性的理想条件下也是如此。我们通过为谢林模型找到一个分析的、基于网络的解决方案，并通过证明弱联系不会阻碍这一过程来实现这一点。此外，我们得出，任何以重新布线形式存在的正算法偏差都无法防止碎片，其对降低碎片速度的影响可以忽略不计。

引用次数: 20

Phase transitions in the edge/concurrent vertex model 边/并发顶点模型中的相变

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2020-01-04 DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1746298

C. Butts

ABSTRACT Although it is well known that some exponential family random graph model (ERGM) families exhibit phase transitions (in which small parameter changes lead to qualitative changes in graph structure), the behavior of other models is still poorly understood. Recently, Krivitsky and Morris have reported a previously unobserved phase transition in the edge/concurrent vertex family (a simple starting point for models of sexual contact networks). Here, we examine this phase transition, showing it to be a first-order transition with respect to an order parameter associated with the fraction of concurrent vertices. This transition stems from weak cooperativity in the recruitment of vertices to the concurrent phase, which may not be a desirable property in some applications.

摘要尽管众所周知，一些指数族随机图模型（ERGM）族表现出相变（其中小的参数变化会导致图结构的定性变化），但对其他模型的行为仍知之甚少。最近，Krivitsky和Morris报道了边缘/并发顶点族中以前未观察到的相变（性接触网络模型的一个简单起点）。在这里，我们研究了这种相变，表明它是相对于与并发顶点的分数相关的阶参数的一阶相变。这种转变源于顶点向并发阶段招募时的弱协同性，这在某些应用中可能不是理想的性质。

引用次数: 3

By the content of their character? Discrimination, social identity, and observed distributions of income 通过他们性格的内容?歧视、社会认同和观察到的收入分配

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1630832

Paulo L. dos Santos, N. Wiener

ABSTRACT This paper applies information-theoretic measures to consider the systemic effects on individual incomes of complex patterns of social and economic discrimination by race, ethnicity, and gender in the U.S. It estimates non-parametric indices of joint, conditional or incremental, and mutual information between income, social identity, and observable economic characteristics obtained using large-scale cross-sectional data from that economy. The paper advances new conceptual and empirical approaches to the nature and measurement of economic discrimination and inequalities of opportunity, founded on the formal informativeness of measures of social identity on economic outcomes. Estimated values for indices of informational association also cast new light on the effects of the intersections of gender and race/ethnicity on income, perverse patterns in the effects of education across different groups, and a few notable dynamic changes in patterns of income distribution in that economy over the past 40 years.

本文运用信息论的方法来考虑美国种族、民族和性别的复杂社会和经济歧视模式对个人收入的系统性影响。它估计了收入、社会身份和可观察的经济特征之间的联合、条件或增量和相互信息的非参数指数。本文提出了新的概念和实证方法，以经济歧视和机会不平等的性质和测量为基础，建立在社会认同对经济结果测量的正式信息性上。信息关联指数的估计值还揭示了性别和种族/族裔交叉对收入的影响，不同群体之间教育影响的反常模式，以及过去40年来该经济体中收入分配模式的一些显著动态变化。

引用次数: 5

A differential-equation-based model of the glass ceiling in career progression 基于微分方程的职业发展玻璃天花板模型

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1611576

Lennon Ó Náraigh

ABSTRACT We introduce a model based on Ordinary Differential Equations to describe how two mutually exclusive groups progress through a career hierarchy, whether in a single organization, or in an entire economic sector. The intended application is to gender imbalance at the top of the academic hierarchy in European Universities; however, the model is entirely generic and may be applied in other contexts also. Previous research on gender imbalance in European universities has focused on large-scale statistical studies. Our model represents a point of departure, as it is deterministic (i.e., based on Ordinary Differential Equations). The model requires a precise definition of the progression rates for the different groups through the hierarchy; these are key parameters governing the dynamics of career progression. The progression rate for each group can be decomposed into a product: the proportion of group members at a low level in the hierarchy who compete for promotion to the next level a given year, multiplied by the in-competition success rate for the group in question. Either of these two parameters can differ across the groups under consideration; this introduces a group asymmetry into the organization’s composition. We introduce a glass-ceiling index to summarize this asymmetry succinctly. Using case studies from the literature, we demonstrate how the mathematical framework can pinpoint the proximate cause of the glass ceiling in European academia.

摘要：我们引入了一个基于常微分方程的模型来描述两个相互排斥的群体如何在一个职业层次中发展，无论是在一个组织中，还是在整个经济部门中。预期的应用是针对欧洲大学最高学术层次的性别失衡；然而，该模型是完全通用的，也可以应用于其他上下文。此前关于欧洲大学性别失衡的研究主要集中在大规模的统计研究上。我们的模型代表了一个出发点，因为它是确定性的（即基于常微分方程）。该模型要求通过层次结构精确定义不同群体的进步率；这些都是决定职业发展动态的关键参数。每个小组的进步率可以分解为一个乘积：在给定的一年里，等级中处于较低级别的小组成员竞争晋升到下一级别的比例，乘以相关小组的竞争成功率。这两个参数中的任何一个都可能因所考虑的组而异；这在组织结构中引入了群体不对称性。我们引入了一个玻璃天花板指数来简洁地总结这种不对称性。通过文献中的案例研究，我们展示了数学框架如何准确定位欧洲学术界玻璃天花板的直接原因。

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引用次数: 4

Prevalence and Reasons for Use of Flavored Cigars and ENDS among US Youth and Adults: Estimates from Wave 4 of the PATH Study, 2016-2017. 美国青少年和成年人使用加味雪茄和 ENDS 的流行率和原因：2016-2017年PATH研究第4波的估计值。

IF 2.3 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.5993/AJHB.44.1.8

Brian L Rostron, Yu-Ching Cheng, Lisa D Gardner, Bridget K Ambrose

Objectives: In this study, we present updated estimates of use prevalence, flavor use, and flavors as a reason for use among US cigar and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users. Methods: Data come from Wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study and were collected between December 2016 and early January 2018. Results are presented for youth (12-17 years), young adults (18-24 years), and adults (25+ years). Results: Approximately half (50.7%) of young adults reported having ever used an ENDS product with 83.7% reporting that their first ENDS product was flavored. Flavor use was particularly high among current (past 30-day) ENDS users at 97.0% among youth, 96.8% among young adults, and 81.2% among adults. For cigars, cigarillos were the most commonly used type among youth and young adults. Flavor use was highest among current cigarillo and filtered cigar users, with close to half of current users reporting flavor use across age groups. Conclusions: Flavored product use is common among ENDS and cigar users.

研究目的：在本研究中，我们对美国雪茄和电子尼古丁输送系统（ENDS）使用者的使用率、口味使用情况以及作为使用原因的口味进行了最新估计。研究方法数据来自烟草与健康人群评估（PATH）研究的第 4 波，收集时间为 2016 年 12 月至 2018 年 1 月初。结果显示了青少年（12-17 岁）、年轻成年人（18-24 岁）和成年人（25 岁以上）的数据。研究结果约有一半（50.7%）的青壮年表示曾经使用过ENDS产品，其中83.7%表示他们的第一款ENDS产品是调味的。在当前（过去 30 天）ENDS 使用者中，风味产品的使用率尤其高，青少年为 97.0%，青壮年为 96.8%，成年人为 81.2%。就雪茄而言，雪茄烟是青少年和青壮年中最常使用的类型。在目前使用雪茄烟和过滤雪茄烟的人群中，使用香精的比例最高，各年龄组中接近半数的目前使用者表示使用过香精。结论：在 ENDS 和雪茄使用者中，使用有香味的产品很常见。

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引用次数: 0

A dynamic process reference model for sparse networks with reciprocity 具有互易性的稀疏网络的动态过程参考模型

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1795652

C. Butts

ABSTRACT Many social and other networks exhibit stable size scaling relationships, such that features such as mean degree or reciprocation rates change slowly or are approximately constant as the number of vertices increases. Statistical network models built on top of simple Bernoulli baseline (or reference) measures often behave unrealistically in this respect, leading to the development of sparse reference models that preserve features such as mean degree scaling. In this paper, we generalize recent work on the micro-foundations of such reference models to the case of sparse directed graphs with non-vanishing reciprocity, providing a dynamic process interpretation of the emergence of stable macroscopic behavior.

许多社交网络和其他网络表现出稳定的规模缩放关系，例如平均度或往复率等特征随着顶点数量的增加而缓慢变化或近似恒定。建立在简单伯努利基线(或参考)度量之上的统计网络模型在这方面往往表现得不切实际，导致稀疏参考模型的发展，这些模型保留了平均度缩放等特征。在本文中，我们将这些参考模型的微观基础的最新工作推广到具有非消失互易的稀疏有向图的情况，提供了稳定宏观行为出现的动态过程解释。

引用次数: 4

Semicooperation under curved strategy spacetime 弯曲策略时空下的半合作

IF 1 4区社会学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS

Journal of Mathematical Sociology

Pub Date : 2019-12-27 DOI: 10.1080/0022250x.2023.2180002

P. Pramanik, A. Polansky

Mutually beneficial cooperation is a common part of economic systems as firms in partial cooperation with others can often make a higher sustainable profit. Though cooperative games were popular in 1950s, recent interest in non-cooperative games is prevalent despite the fact that cooperative bargaining seems to be more useful in economic and political applications. In this paper we assume that the strategy space and time are inseparable with respect to a contract. Under this assumption we show that the strategy spacetime is a dynamic curved Liouville-like 2-brane quantum gravity surface under asymmetric information and that traditional Euclidean geometry fails to give a proper feedback Nash equilibrium. Cooperation occurs when two firms' strategies fall into each other's influence curvature in this strategy spacetime. Small firms in an economy dominated by large firms are subject to the influence of large firms. We determine an optimal feedback semi-cooperation of the small firm in this case using a Liouville-Feynman path integral method.

互利合作是经济系统的一个共同组成部分，因为与其他公司进行部分合作的公司往往可以获得更高的可持续利润。尽管合作游戏在20世纪50年代很流行，但最近人们对非合作游戏的兴趣却越来越大，尽管事实上合作讨价还价似乎在经济和政治应用中更有用。本文假设契约的策略空间和时间是不可分割的。在此假设下，我们证明了非对称信息下的策略时空是一个动态弯曲的类刘维尔2膜量子引力面，而传统的欧几里得几何无法给出适当的反馈纳什平衡。当两家企业的战略在该战略时空中落入对方的影响曲率时，合作就发生了。在一个由大公司主导的经济体中，小公司受到大公司的影响。在这种情况下，我们使用Liouville-Feynman路径积分法确定了小企业的最优反馈半合作。

引用次数: 7

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