Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1917928
B. Cornwell, Jake Burchard
Theorem 3.1 and Corollary 3.1.1 in the article are false. While Theorem 3.1 correctly states that κ N ð Þ � k, the reverse inequality is not necessarily true (a family of counterexamples can be produced to show this). It should be noted that these statements, while false, are nevertheless tangential to the main emphasis of the paper, which is that cohesion in two-mode networks should be studied without one-mode projections, and that this can be done using both what we call “two-sided” and “onesided” approaches. We have replaced Theorem 3.1 and Corollary 3.1.1 with the following new, correct theorems and accompanying text.
本文中的定理3.1和推论3.1.1为假。虽然定理3.1正确地陈述了κ N ð Þ ø k，但反向不等式不一定是正确的(可以产生一系列反例来证明这一点)。应该指出的是，这些陈述虽然是错误的，但与本文的主要重点无关，即双模网络中的内聚应该在没有单模预测的情况下进行研究，并且这可以使用我们称之为“双面”和“片面”的方法来完成。我们将定理3.1和推论3.1.1替换为以下新的、正确的定理和相应的文本。
{"title":"Correction","authors":"B. Cornwell, Jake Burchard","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2021.1917928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1917928","url":null,"abstract":"Theorem 3.1 and Corollary 3.1.1 in the article are false. While Theorem 3.1 correctly states that κ N ð Þ � k, the reverse inequality is not necessarily true (a family of counterexamples can be produced to show this). It should be noted that these statements, while false, are nevertheless tangential to the main emphasis of the paper, which is that cohesion in two-mode networks should be studied without one-mode projections, and that this can be done using both what we call “two-sided” and “onesided” approaches. We have replaced Theorem 3.1 and Corollary 3.1.1 with the following new, correct theorems and accompanying text.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"45 1","pages":"192 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1917928","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45977764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1923016
K. Joseph, Jonathan H. Morgan
ABSTRACT We introduce the identity labeling problem – given an individual in a social situation, can we predict what identity(ies) they will be labeled with by someone else? This problem remains a theoretical gap and methodological challenge, evidenced by the fact that models of social-cognition often sidestep the issue by treating identities as already known. We build on insights from existing models to develop a new framework, entitled Latent Cognitive Social Spaces, that can incorporate multiple social cues including sentiment information, socio-demographic characteristics, and institutional associations to estimate the most culturally expected identity. We apply our model to data collected in two vignette experiments, finding that it predicts identity labeling choices of participants with a mean absolute error of 10.9%, a 100% improvement over previous models based on parallel constraint satisfaction and affect control theory.
{"title":"Friend or Foe: A Review and Synthesis of Computational Models of the Identity Labeling Problem","authors":"K. Joseph, Jonathan H. Morgan","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2021.1923016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1923016","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We introduce the identity labeling problem – given an individual in a social situation, can we predict what identity(ies) they will be labeled with by someone else? This problem remains a theoretical gap and methodological challenge, evidenced by the fact that models of social-cognition often sidestep the issue by treating identities as already known. We build on insights from existing models to develop a new framework, entitled Latent Cognitive Social Spaces, that can incorporate multiple social cues including sentiment information, socio-demographic characteristics, and institutional associations to estimate the most culturally expected identity. We apply our model to data collected in two vignette experiments, finding that it predicts identity labeling choices of participants with a mean absolute error of 10.9%, a 100% improvement over previous models based on parallel constraint satisfaction and affect control theory.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"46 1","pages":"266 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1923016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45569233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-30DOI: 10.1080/0022250x.2022.2036142
Kit Ming Danny Chan, R. Duivenvoorden, A. Flache, M. Mandjes
Formal models of opinion formation commonly represent an individual's opinion by a value on a fixed opinion interval. We propose an alternative modeling method wherein interpretation is only provided to the relative positions of opinions vis-`a-vis each other. This method is then considered in a similar setting as the discrete-time Altafini model (an extension of the well-known DeGroot model), but with more general influence weights. Even in a linear framework, the model can describe, in the long run, polarization, dynamics with a periodic pattern, and (modulus) consensus formation. In addition, in our alternative approach key characteristics of the opinion dynamic can be derived from real-valued square matrices of influence weights, which immediately allows one to transfer matrix theory insights to the field of opinion formation dynamics under more relaxed conditions than in the DeGroot or discrete-time Altafini models. A few specific themes are covered: (i) We demonstrate how stable patterns in relative opinion dynamics are identified which are hidden when opinions are considered in an absolute opinion framework. (ii) For the two-agent case, we provide an exhaustive closed-form description of the relative opinion model's dynamic in the long run. (iii) We explore group dynamics analytically, in particular providing a non-trivial condition under which a subgroup's asymptotic behavior carries over to the entire population.
{"title":"A relative approach to opinion formation","authors":"Kit Ming Danny Chan, R. Duivenvoorden, A. Flache, M. Mandjes","doi":"10.1080/0022250x.2022.2036142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250x.2022.2036142","url":null,"abstract":"Formal models of opinion formation commonly represent an individual's opinion by a value on a fixed opinion interval. We propose an alternative modeling method wherein interpretation is only provided to the relative positions of opinions vis-`a-vis each other. This method is then considered in a similar setting as the discrete-time Altafini model (an extension of the well-known DeGroot model), but with more general influence weights. Even in a linear framework, the model can describe, in the long run, polarization, dynamics with a periodic pattern, and (modulus) consensus formation. In addition, in our alternative approach key characteristics of the opinion dynamic can be derived from real-valued square matrices of influence weights, which immediately allows one to transfer matrix theory insights to the field of opinion formation dynamics under more relaxed conditions than in the DeGroot or discrete-time Altafini models. A few specific themes are covered: (i) We demonstrate how stable patterns in relative opinion dynamics are identified which are hidden when opinions are considered in an absolute opinion framework. (ii) For the two-agent case, we provide an exhaustive closed-form description of the relative opinion model's dynamic in the long run. (iii) We explore group dynamics analytically, in particular providing a non-trivial condition under which a subgroup's asymptotic behavior carries over to the entire population.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42893652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-27DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1885402
Neng-pin Lu
ABSTRACT In digraphs representing asymmetric relations, the measured scores of previous spectral rankings are usually dominated by nodes in the largest strongly connected component. In our previous work, we proposed hierarchical alpha centrality to give higher scores for more reachable nodes not in the largest strongly connected component. However, without careful consideration of damping parameters, the scores obtained by this method may be unbounded. In this paper, we normalize the adjacency matrix to be stochastic, subsequently damping the resulting Markov chain with a reciprocal perturbation at each and every non-zero transition, and propose a new hierarchical measure of centrality for asymmetric relations. The proposed measure simplifies damping and ensures that the measured scores are bounded.
{"title":"A measure of centrality based on a reciprocally perturbed Markov chainfor asymmetric relations","authors":"Neng-pin Lu","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2021.1885402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1885402","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In digraphs representing asymmetric relations, the measured scores of previous spectral rankings are usually dominated by nodes in the largest strongly connected component. In our previous work, we proposed hierarchical alpha centrality to give higher scores for more reachable nodes not in the largest strongly connected component. However, without careful consideration of damping parameters, the scores obtained by this method may be unbounded. In this paper, we normalize the adjacency matrix to be stochastic, subsequently damping the resulting Markov chain with a reciprocal perturbation at each and every non-zero transition, and propose a new hierarchical measure of centrality for asymmetric relations. The proposed measure simplifies damping and ensures that the measured scores are bounded.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"46 1","pages":"246 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1885402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44905385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-25DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1878357
E. Bienenstock, P. Bonacich
Abstract The principal eigenvector of the adjacency matrix is widely used to complement degree, betweenness and closeness measures of network centrality. Employing eigenvector centrality as an individual level metric underutilizes this measure. Here we demonstrate how eigenvector centralization, used as a network-level metric, models the potential, or limitation, for the diffusion of novel information within a network. We relate eigenvector centralization to assortativity and core – periphery and use simple simulations to demonstrate how eigenvector centralization is ideal for revealing the conditions under which network structure produces suboptimal utilization of available information. Our findings provide a structural explanation for the persistence of “out of touch” business and political leadership even when organizations implement protocols and interventions to improve leadership accessibility.
{"title":"Eigenvector centralization as a measure of structural bias in information aggregation","authors":"E. Bienenstock, P. Bonacich","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2021.1878357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1878357","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The principal eigenvector of the adjacency matrix is widely used to complement degree, betweenness and closeness measures of network centrality. Employing eigenvector centrality as an individual level metric underutilizes this measure. Here we demonstrate how eigenvector centralization, used as a network-level metric, models the potential, or limitation, for the diffusion of novel information within a network. We relate eigenvector centralization to assortativity and core – periphery and use simple simulations to demonstrate how eigenvector centralization is ideal for revealing the conditions under which network structure produces suboptimal utilization of available information. Our findings provide a structural explanation for the persistence of “out of touch” business and political leadership even when organizations implement protocols and interventions to improve leadership accessibility.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"46 1","pages":"227 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1878357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46361389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-04DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1859501
G. Jasso, B. Wegener
ABSTRACT This paper develops and illustrates a method for empirically designing an income tax system that people will regard as fair. The paper begins with the classical Principles of Tax Justice, viz., as pretax income increases, three quantities should also increase – posttax income, tax amount, and tax rate. GSOEP data on residents’ pretax income and the posttax income they regard as fair are used to estimate a just linear income tax system. Analytic results include a signature standard form of the tax system showing the intertwined fates of poor and rich and the conditions which threaten fairness. Empirical results show that the estimated tax system lowers taxes for a majority of respondents, especially the relatively poorer, and substantially reduces inequality.
{"title":"An empirically based just linear income tax system","authors":"G. Jasso, B. Wegener","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2020.1859501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1859501","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper develops and illustrates a method for empirically designing an income tax system that people will regard as fair. The paper begins with the classical Principles of Tax Justice, viz., as pretax income increases, three quantities should also increase – posttax income, tax amount, and tax rate. GSOEP data on residents’ pretax income and the posttax income they regard as fair are used to estimate a just linear income tax system. Analytic results include a signature standard form of the tax system showing the intertwined fates of poor and rich and the conditions which threaten fairness. Empirical results show that the estimated tax system lowers taxes for a majority of respondents, especially the relatively poorer, and substantially reduces inequality.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"46 1","pages":"195 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1859501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44815523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1787407
O. Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski
ABSTRACT The inclination of individuals to improve their performance when it lags behind that of others with whom they naturally compare themselves can be harnessed to optimize the individuals’ effort in work and study. In a given set of individuals, we characterize each individual by his relative deprivation, which measures by how much the individual trails behind other individuals in the set doing better than him. We seek to divide the set into an exogenously predetermined number of groups (subsets) in order to maximize aggregate relative deprivation, so as to ensure that the incentive for the individuals to work or study harder because of unfavorable comparison with others is at its strongest. We find that the solution to this problem depends only on the individuals’ ordinally measured levels of performance independent of the performance of comparators.
{"title":"Turning relative deprivation into a performance incentive device","authors":"O. Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2020.1787407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1787407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The inclination of individuals to improve their performance when it lags behind that of others with whom they naturally compare themselves can be harnessed to optimize the individuals’ effort in work and study. In a given set of individuals, we characterize each individual by his relative deprivation, which measures by how much the individual trails behind other individuals in the set doing better than him. We seek to divide the set into an exogenously predetermined number of groups (subsets) in order to maximize aggregate relative deprivation, so as to ensure that the incentive for the individuals to work or study harder because of unfavorable comparison with others is at its strongest. We find that the solution to this problem depends only on the individuals’ ordinally measured levels of performance independent of the performance of comparators.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"45 1","pages":"22 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1787407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44712512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-20DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835895
Malte Doehne
ABSTRACT When and for whom does it pay to make high-quality products? In this paper, I address this question through the lens of Harrison White’s socioeconomic models of production. The socioeconomic models relate economist incentives of cost-efficiency to sociological insights into the construction of quality on markets. Differences in firm size and quality sustain distinct market niches whose appeal to producers vary. The ordering of niches by quality and associated implications for profitability establish the incentive structure of the market. As illustration, I trace the evolution of the Californian wine industry from its nadir under prohibition to today. The account motivates a productive reading of the socio-economic models that tempers their analytical focus and broadens their scope of application.
{"title":"Incentive structures: quality competition and the production of fine Californian wines","authors":"Malte Doehne","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835895","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT When and for whom does it pay to make high-quality products? In this paper, I address this question through the lens of Harrison White’s socioeconomic models of production. The socioeconomic models relate economist incentives of cost-efficiency to sociological insights into the construction of quality on markets. Differences in firm size and quality sustain distinct market niches whose appeal to producers vary. The ordering of niches by quality and associated implications for profitability establish the incentive structure of the market. As illustration, I trace the evolution of the Californian wine industry from its nadir under prohibition to today. The account motivates a productive reading of the socio-economic models that tempers their analytical focus and broadens their scope of application.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"46 1","pages":"148 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835895","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49024082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-02DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1956917
I. Kozitsin
ABSTRACT In this paper, we present an empirical study of the opinion dynamics of a large-scale sample of online social network users. We estimate users’ opinions as continuous scalars based on their subscriptions to information sources and analyze how friendship connections affect the dynamics of these estimations. Distinguishing between positive (toward friends’ opinions) and negative (away from friends’ opinions) opinion shifts, we find that the existence and magnitude of both types of shifts are positively related (largely through linear or inverted U-shaped form) to the distance in opinions between a user and their friends. The distance additionally moderates the balance between positive and negative movements: if the distance is within a certain moderate range, there is a relatively high chance of a positive shift.
{"title":"Opinion dynamics of online social network users: a micro-level analysis","authors":"I. Kozitsin","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2021.1956917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1956917","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, we present an empirical study of the opinion dynamics of a large-scale sample of online social network users. We estimate users’ opinions as continuous scalars based on their subscriptions to information sources and analyze how friendship connections affect the dynamics of these estimations. Distinguishing between positive (toward friends’ opinions) and negative (away from friends’ opinions) opinion shifts, we find that the existence and magnitude of both types of shifts are positively related (largely through linear or inverted U-shaped form) to the distance in opinions between a user and their friends. The distance additionally moderates the balance between positive and negative movements: if the distance is within a certain moderate range, there is a relatively high chance of a positive shift.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"47 1","pages":"1 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1956917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45674576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-29DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835894
I. Kozitsin
ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze data on the opinion dynamics of 1,660,927 users of an online social network using formal models of opinion formation. We have observed that moderate users have a tendency to follow the average opinion of their online friends, which we interpret as a presence of bounded confidence. Further, we have discovered that the probability of moving toward the average opinion goes down if the difference between it and the user’s opinion is too large. Another interesting feature uncovered is that if a user’s opinion and the average opinion of their online friends are very similar, the influence also decreases.
{"title":"Formal models of opinion formation and their application to real data: evidence from online social networks","authors":"I. Kozitsin","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835894","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze data on the opinion dynamics of 1,660,927 users of an online social network using formal models of opinion formation. We have observed that moderate users have a tendency to follow the average opinion of their online friends, which we interpret as a presence of bounded confidence. Further, we have discovered that the probability of moving toward the average opinion goes down if the difference between it and the user’s opinion is too large. Another interesting feature uncovered is that if a user’s opinion and the average opinion of their online friends are very similar, the influence also decreases.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":"46 1","pages":"120 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43734869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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