Pub Date : 2018-04-10DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2018.1449110
R. G. Koçer
ABSTRACT Trade unions were important actors in the advanced capitalist countries until the late 1970s, but since the 1980s, union membership is declining. Whether this decline has been homogenous is crucial. Because unions may still have power and non-homogenous decline implies that some groups benefit from this power disproportionately. However, we don’t have instruments to scrutinize this dynamic properly. To fill the gap, this study develops a model that identifies privileged groups within trade unions by informing us about the relative strength of a group within trade unions, the ability of this group to use the union power, and the extent to which union members belonging to the group would advance the interests of the entire group by using this power.
{"title":"Measuring the strength of trade unions and identifying the privileged groups: A two-dimensional approach and its implementation","authors":"R. G. Koçer","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2018.1449110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1449110","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Trade unions were important actors in the advanced capitalist countries until the late 1970s, but since the 1980s, union membership is declining. Whether this decline has been homogenous is crucial. Because unions may still have power and non-homogenous decline implies that some groups benefit from this power disproportionately. However, we don’t have instruments to scrutinize this dynamic properly. To fill the gap, this study develops a model that identifies privileged groups within trade unions by informing us about the relative strength of a group within trade unions, the ability of this group to use the union power, and the extent to which union members belonging to the group would advance the interests of the entire group by using this power.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1449110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48016228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2018.1448975
Y. Chuang, T. Chou, M. D’Orsogna
ABSTRACT Disaffected youth are among the most susceptible in espousing extremist ideals, as confirmed by demographic studies. We study age-dependent radicalization via a three-stage model where individuals progress through non-radical, activist, and radical states while also aging. Transitions are modeled as age-dependent interactions that are maximized for individuals of the same age and that are enhanced at early adulthood. For comparison, we also derive the age-independent formulation corresponding to our model. We find that age dependence enhances radicalization and leads to waves of radical behavior ebbing and flowing over generational cycles, realizing well-known sociological paradigms. While government intervention is most effective when the appropriate ages are targeted, whether preventive or corrective action is preferable depends on the aggressiveness of the radicalization process.
{"title":"Age-structured social interactions enhance radicalization","authors":"Y. Chuang, T. Chou, M. D’Orsogna","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2018.1448975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1448975","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Disaffected youth are among the most susceptible in espousing extremist ideals, as confirmed by demographic studies. We study age-dependent radicalization via a three-stage model where individuals progress through non-radical, activist, and radical states while also aging. Transitions are modeled as age-dependent interactions that are maximized for individuals of the same age and that are enhanced at early adulthood. For comparison, we also derive the age-independent formulation corresponding to our model. We find that age dependence enhances radicalization and leads to waves of radical behavior ebbing and flowing over generational cycles, realizing well-known sociological paradigms. While government intervention is most effective when the appropriate ages are targeted, whether preventive or corrective action is preferable depends on the aggressiveness of the radicalization process.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1448975","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44666003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-30DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2018.1490737
C. Butts
ABSTRACT Exponential family random graph models (ERGMs) can be understood in terms of a set of structural biases that act on an underlying reference distribution. This distribution determines many aspects of the behavior and interpretation of the ERGM families incorporating it. One important innovation in this area has been the development of an ERGM reference model that produces realistic behavior when generalized to sparse networks of varying sizes. Here, we show that this model can be derived from a latent dynamic process in which tie formation takes place within small local settings between which individuals move. This derivation provides one possible micro-process interpretation of the sparse ERGM reference model and sheds light on the conditions under which constant mean degree scaling can emerge.
{"title":"A dynamic process interpretation of the sparse ERGM reference model","authors":"C. Butts","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2018.1490737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1490737","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Exponential family random graph models (ERGMs) can be understood in terms of a set of structural biases that act on an underlying reference distribution. This distribution determines many aspects of the behavior and interpretation of the ERGM families incorporating it. One important innovation in this area has been the development of an ERGM reference model that produces realistic behavior when generalized to sparse networks of varying sizes. Here, we show that this model can be derived from a latent dynamic process in which tie formation takes place within small local settings between which individuals move. This derivation provides one possible micro-process interpretation of the sparse ERGM reference model and sheds light on the conditions under which constant mean degree scaling can emerge.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1490737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44109548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-29DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2018.1425299
D. Kretschmer
ABSTRACT This paper develops a dynamic model of minority labor market discrimination. Employers repeatedly decide to hire either minority or majority job candidates whose productivities are unobservable beforehand. Hiring decisions are based on productivity expectations derived from the observable productivity of employers’ previously hired workers. If employers have fewer minority workers initially—a plausible assumption for (numerical) minorities—they discriminate against minority workers over time. Discrimination results from more dispersed minority expectations across the employer population and stronger effects of additional productivity observations on minority expectations. Both effects are a direct consequence of the minority’s initial underrepresentation in firms. I demonstrate the emergence of minority discrimination formally in a two-period hiring model and show simulation results for longer time frames.
{"title":"Labor market underrepresentation results in minority discrimination: A dynamic hiring model with employer learning","authors":"D. Kretschmer","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2018.1425299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1425299","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper develops a dynamic model of minority labor market discrimination. Employers repeatedly decide to hire either minority or majority job candidates whose productivities are unobservable beforehand. Hiring decisions are based on productivity expectations derived from the observable productivity of employers’ previously hired workers. If employers have fewer minority workers initially—a plausible assumption for (numerical) minorities—they discriminate against minority workers over time. Discrimination results from more dispersed minority expectations across the employer population and stronger effects of additional productivity observations on minority expectations. Both effects are a direct consequence of the minority’s initial underrepresentation in firms. I demonstrate the emergence of minority discrimination formally in a two-period hiring model and show simulation results for longer time frames.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1425299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41614917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396984
J. Wyburn
ABSTRACT Despite compulsory school instruction in the Welsh language and strong cultural incentives to acquire the language, the most recent UK Census showed a downward trend in the number of speakers. The asymmetry in explicit language acquisition incentives is here considered to be offset by the media dominance of the English language. This dominance is modeled by the introduction of time-dependent connectivity and infectivity among English speakers into an adapted epidemiological model. Extrapolations up to 2050 are made, this being the announced date of a Welsh Assembly language-planning target of one million Welsh speakers.
{"title":"Media pressures on Welsh language preservation","authors":"J. Wyburn","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396984","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite compulsory school instruction in the Welsh language and strong cultural incentives to acquire the language, the most recent UK Census showed a downward trend in the number of speakers. The asymmetry in explicit language acquisition incentives is here considered to be offset by the media dominance of the English language. This dominance is modeled by the introduction of time-dependent connectivity and infectivity among English speakers into an adapted epidemiological model. Extrapolations up to 2050 are made, this being the announced date of a Welsh Assembly language-planning target of one million Welsh speakers.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45623481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396983
Johannes Zschache
ABSTRACT Experimental observations in iterated public goods games are explained by a simple but empirically well-grounded model of long-term reinforcement learning. In many experiments, medium levels of cooperation at the beginning decrease with further repetitions. However, in some settings, the actors only slowly learn the individual benefits of defection. In the present model, the decay in cooperation is mitigated by high individual returns, a large group size or stability in the group’s composition. Results from agent-based simulations are presented, and the underlying mechanisms are disclosed. The proposed explanation stresses the role of exploratory noise: if multiple actors explore their alternatives simultaneously, the marginal benefit of defection diminishes and cooperation can be sustained.
{"title":"Melioration learning in iterated public goods games: The impact of exploratory noise","authors":"Johannes Zschache","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396983","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Experimental observations in iterated public goods games are explained by a simple but empirically well-grounded model of long-term reinforcement learning. In many experiments, medium levels of cooperation at the beginning decrease with further repetitions. However, in some settings, the actors only slowly learn the individual benefits of defection. In the present model, the decay in cooperation is mitigated by high individual returns, a large group size or stability in the group’s composition. Results from agent-based simulations are presented, and the underlying mechanisms are disclosed. The proposed explanation stresses the role of exploratory noise: if multiple actors explore their alternatives simultaneously, the marginal benefit of defection diminishes and cooperation can be sustained.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48386011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-27DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2017.1403438
Y. Shang
ABSTRACT The H index, also known as Hirsch index, quantifies and compares the citation impact of scientific researchers. In the general context of networks, we define a node as a leader if its H index is not less than the average of the H indices of its neighbors. We show that in a randomly connected network, the proportion of leaders is almost always close to a half.
{"title":"A note on the H index in random networks","authors":"Y. Shang","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2017.1403438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1403438","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The H index, also known as Hirsch index, quantifies and compares the citation impact of scientific researchers. In the general context of networks, we define a node as a leader if its H index is not less than the average of the H indices of its neighbors. We show that in a randomly connected network, the proportion of leaders is almost always close to a half.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1403438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43629675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-13DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2017.1399374
A. Önder, Marco Portmann, D. Stadelmann
ABSTRACT We set up an opinion diffusion model with a local opinion leader, and using simulations we show the possibility of driving a significant wedge between the opinions of two groups that exhibit homophily although individuals are highly conformist. There exists an opinion gap between the group to which the opinion leader belongs and the other group. This opinion gap increases according to the relative size of the residence community. We show empirical traits related to our simulation: Employing Swiss national referenda data from 2008 to 2012, we show that members of parliament match referenda outcomes in their residence communities closer than they do in neighboring communities and that this wedge interacts significantly with the relative size of the residence community.
{"title":"No place like home: Opinion formation with homophily and implications for policy decisions","authors":"A. Önder, Marco Portmann, D. Stadelmann","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2017.1399374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1399374","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We set up an opinion diffusion model with a local opinion leader, and using simulations we show the possibility of driving a significant wedge between the opinions of two groups that exhibit homophily although individuals are highly conformist. There exists an opinion gap between the group to which the opinion leader belongs and the other group. This opinion gap increases according to the relative size of the residence community. We show empirical traits related to our simulation: Employing Swiss national referenda data from 2008 to 2012, we show that members of parliament match referenda outcomes in their residence communities closer than they do in neighboring communities and that this wedge interacts significantly with the relative size of the residence community.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1399374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47158551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-08DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396985
C. Butts
ABSTRACT Generation of deviates from random graph models with nontrivial edge dependence is an increasingly important problem. Here, we introduce a method which allows perfect sampling from random graph models in exponential family form (“exponential family random graph” models), using a variant of Coupling From The Past. We illustrate the use of the method via an application to the Markov graphs, a family that has been the subject of considerable research. We also show how the method can be applied to a variant of the biased net models, which are not exponentially parameterized.
{"title":"A perfect sampling method for exponential family random graph models","authors":"C. Butts","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396985","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Generation of deviates from random graph models with nontrivial edge dependence is an increasingly important problem. Here, we introduce a method which allows perfect sampling from random graph models in exponential family form (“exponential family random graph” models), using a variant of Coupling From The Past. We illustrate the use of the method via an application to the Markov graphs, a family that has been the subject of considerable research. We also show how the method can be applied to a variant of the biased net models, which are not exponentially parameterized.","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1396985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44099728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-02DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2017.1382165
Zack W. Almquist
{"title":"Illuminating Dark Networks: The Study of Clandestine Groups and Organizations by Luke M. Gerdes","authors":"Zack W. Almquist","doi":"10.1080/0022250X.2017.1382165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1382165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022250X.2017.1382165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43041665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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