Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-03-21DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001328
Veronica Diveica, Emiko J Muraki, Richard J Binney, Penny M Pexman
Contemporary theories of semantic representation posit that social experience is an important source of information for deriving meaning. However, there is a lack of behavioral evidence in support of this proposal. The aim of the present work was to test whether words' degree of social relevance, or socialness, influences lexical-semantic processing. In Study 1, across a series of item-level regression analyses, we found that (a) socialness can facilitate responses in lexical, semantic, and memory tasks, and (b) limited evidence for an interaction of socialness with concreteness. In Studies 2-3, we tested the preregistered hypothesis that social words, compared to nonsocial words, will be associated with faster and more accurate responses during a syntactic classification task. We found that socialness has a facilitatory effect on noun decisions (Study 3), but not verb decisions (Study 2). Overall, our results suggest that the socialness of a word affects lexical-semantic processing but also that this is task-dependent. These findings constitute novel evidence in support of proposals that social information is an important dimension of semantic representation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Socialness effects in lexical-semantic processing.","authors":"Veronica Diveica, Emiko J Muraki, Richard J Binney, Penny M Pexman","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001328","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contemporary theories of semantic representation posit that social experience is an important source of information for deriving meaning. However, there is a lack of behavioral evidence in support of this proposal. The aim of the present work was to test whether words' degree of social relevance, or <i>socialness</i>, influences lexical-semantic processing. In Study 1, across a series of item-level regression analyses, we found that (a) socialness can facilitate responses in lexical, semantic, and memory tasks, and (b) limited evidence for an interaction of socialness with concreteness. In Studies 2-3, we tested the preregistered hypothesis that social words, compared to nonsocial words, will be associated with faster and more accurate responses during a syntactic classification task. We found that socialness has a facilitatory effect on noun decisions (Study 3), but not verb decisions (Study 2). Overall, our results suggest that the socialness of a word affects lexical-semantic processing but also that this is task-dependent. These findings constitute novel evidence in support of proposals that social information is an important dimension of semantic representation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001334
Shiri Lev-Ari
Categorization is the foundation of many cognitive functions. Importantly, the categories we use to structure the world are informed by the language we speak. For example, whether we perceive dark blue, light blue, and green to be shades of one, two, or three different colors depends on whether we speak Berinmo, English, or Russian, respectively. Different languages, then, differ by how granular their categories are, but the source of these differences is still poorly understood. Understanding the source of cross-linguistic differences in linguistic categorization is important because categorization influences communicative efficiency and cognitive performance. Here we use computational simulations to show that community structure and specifically community size and community interconnectivity influence the categorization systems that communities create. In particular, the simulations show that the obstacles for diffusion that large communities encounter push them to develop categorization systems that are more expressive and better understood, but only if they have sufficiently long memory to do so. The simulations also show that larger communities are better at creating useful references to rarely communicated meanings, thus further boosting communication in these cases. These findings demonstrate how taking social structure, and especially community size, into account can illuminate why languages evolved to have their current forms. They further show how social constraints, such as those encountered by large communities, can drive the creation of better and more robust systems. As categorization is a building block for many cultural products, these results also have implications for our understanding of cultural evolution more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
分类是许多认知功能的基础。重要的是,我们用来构建世界的类别是由我们所说的语言决定的。例如,我们认为深蓝、浅蓝和绿色是一种、两种还是三种不同颜色的色调,这分别取决于我们说的是贝林莫语、英语还是俄语。因此,不同的语言在分类的细化程度上存在差异,但人们对这些差异的来源仍然知之甚少。理解语言分类的跨语言差异来源非常重要,因为分类会影响交际效率和认知表现。在这里,我们通过计算模拟来说明,社群结构,特别是社群规模和社群相互关联性会影响社群创建的分类系统。特别是,模拟结果表明,大型社群在传播过程中遇到的障碍会促使它们开发出更具表现力和更好理解的分类系统,但前提是它们必须有足够长的记忆力来做到这一点。模拟还表明,大型社群更善于为很少传播的意义创造有用的参考,从而在这些情况下进一步促进传播。这些研究结果表明,将社会结构,尤其是社群规模考虑在内,可以揭示语言进化到目前形式的原因。这些发现还进一步说明了社会制约因素(如大型社群所遇到的制约因素)是如何促使人们创造出更好、更强大的系统的。由于分类是许多文化产品的基石,这些结果也对我们理解更广泛的文化进化具有影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)。
{"title":"The influence of community structure on how communities categorize the world.","authors":"Shiri Lev-Ari","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001334","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Categorization is the foundation of many cognitive functions. Importantly, the categories we use to structure the world are informed by the language we speak. For example, whether we perceive dark blue, light blue, and green to be shades of one, two, or three different colors depends on whether we speak Berinmo, English, or Russian, respectively. Different languages, then, differ by how granular their categories are, but the source of these differences is still poorly understood. Understanding the source of cross-linguistic differences in linguistic categorization is important because categorization influences communicative efficiency and cognitive performance. Here we use computational simulations to show that community structure and specifically community size and community interconnectivity influence the categorization systems that communities create. In particular, the simulations show that the obstacles for diffusion that large communities encounter push them to develop categorization systems that are more expressive and better understood, but only if they have sufficiently long memory to do so. The simulations also show that larger communities are better at creating useful references to rarely communicated meanings, thus further boosting communication in these cases. These findings demonstrate how taking social structure, and especially community size, into account can illuminate why languages evolved to have their current forms. They further show how social constraints, such as those encountered by large communities, can drive the creation of better and more robust systems. As categorization is a building block for many cultural products, these results also have implications for our understanding of cultural evolution more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001320
Caitlin A Sisk, Vanessa G Lee
Throughout prolonged tasks, visual attention fluctuates temporally in response to the present stimuli, task demands, and changes in available attentional resources. This temporal fluctuation has downstream effects on memory for stimuli presented during the task. Researchers have established that detection of a target (e.g., a square of a color to which participants are instructed to respond with a button press) within a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream leads to better memory for concurrently presented stimuli than for stimuli presented along with an RSVP distractor (e.g., a square of a color to which participants are instructed to withhold response). Although debates have arisen regarding whether this memory difference, termed the attentional boost effect, results from target-induced enhancement, distractor-induced impairment, or a combination of the two, researchers have largely come to focus on explanations that consider only target-induced memory enhancement. In the present study, we show across three large-sampled experiments a consistent appearance of both target-induced memory enhancement and distractor-induced memory impairment relative to a baseline. In each experiment, participants responded with a spacebar press to squares of one color in an RSVP stream while withholding response to squares of another color and trials with no square (baseline trials). They simultaneously memorized concurrently presented objects. The presence of both enhancement and impairment in these experiments invites the development of new dual-task research that considers distractor-induced memory impairment and the control of temporal selection across tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"The attentional boost effect reflects both enhanced memory for target-paired objects and impaired memory for distractor-paired objects.","authors":"Caitlin A Sisk, Vanessa G Lee","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001320","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Throughout prolonged tasks, visual attention fluctuates temporally in response to the present stimuli, task demands, and changes in available attentional resources. This temporal fluctuation has downstream effects on memory for stimuli presented during the task. Researchers have established that detection of a target (e.g., a square of a color to which participants are instructed to respond with a button press) within a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream leads to better memory for concurrently presented stimuli than for stimuli presented along with an RSVP distractor (e.g., a square of a color to which participants are instructed to withhold response). Although debates have arisen regarding whether this memory difference, termed the attentional boost effect, results from target-induced enhancement, distractor-induced impairment, or a combination of the two, researchers have largely come to focus on explanations that consider only target-induced memory enhancement. In the present study, we show across three large-sampled experiments a consistent appearance of both target-induced memory enhancement and distractor-induced memory impairment relative to a baseline. In each experiment, participants responded with a spacebar press to squares of one color in an RSVP stream while withholding response to squares of another color and trials with no square (baseline trials). They simultaneously memorized concurrently presented objects. The presence of both enhancement and impairment in these experiments invites the development of new dual-task research that considers distractor-induced memory impairment and the control of temporal selection across tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11180455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Is the developing lexicon phonologically detailed or are representations underspecified? Experimental results from toddlers suggest phonological specificity. By contrast, the featurally underspecified lexicon theory (Lahiri, 2018; Lahiri & Reetz, 2010), motivated by evidence such as the cross-linguistic prevalence of phenomena such as coronal assimilation (rainbow → rai[m]bow), proposes that coronal sounds are unspecified for place of articulation even in the adult lexicon. The featurally underspecified lexicon, therefore, predicts that asymmetries in mispronunciation sensitivity are also present in the developing lexicon. Recent research (Ren et al., 2019) has rejected this, reporting similar sensitivity to mispronunciation of coronals and noncoronals at 19 months. Using a more sensitive experimental paradigm, we provide new evidence demonstrating a lack of asymmetries at 18 months, but mispronunciation sensitivity for coronals disappears by 24 months. In an intermodal preferential looking study, growth curve analysis shows that 18-month-olds are sensitive to mispronunciations of words with a coronal (e.g., duck vs. *buck) and noncoronal (e.g., bird vs. *dird) onset. At 24 months, mispronunciations of coronal-onset words were treated just like the accurate pronunciations. We conclude that coronals are underspecified in the developing lexicon at 24 months. We propose a model under which initial representations are phonetic in nature and require exact acoustic input, whereas phonological coronal underspecification at the lexical level emerges gradually as a result of exposure to variation in the input such as coronal assimilations that only become detectable patterns with growing lexical and segmentation skills. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Coronal underspecification as an emerging property in the development of speech processing.","authors":"Nadja Althaus, Aditi Lahiri, Kim Plunkett","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Is the developing lexicon phonologically detailed or are representations underspecified? Experimental results from toddlers suggest phonological specificity. By contrast, the featurally underspecified lexicon theory (Lahiri, 2018; Lahiri & Reetz, 2010), motivated by evidence such as the cross-linguistic prevalence of phenomena such as coronal assimilation (rainbow → rai[m]bow), proposes that coronal sounds are unspecified for place of articulation even in the adult lexicon. The featurally underspecified lexicon, therefore, predicts that asymmetries in mispronunciation sensitivity are also present in the developing lexicon. Recent research (Ren et al., 2019) has rejected this, reporting similar sensitivity to mispronunciation of coronals and noncoronals at 19 months. Using a more sensitive experimental paradigm, we provide new evidence demonstrating a lack of asymmetries at 18 months, but mispronunciation sensitivity for coronals disappears by 24 months. In an intermodal preferential looking study, growth curve analysis shows that 18-month-olds are sensitive to mispronunciations of words with a coronal (e.g., <i>duck</i> vs. <i>*buck</i>) and noncoronal (e.g., <i>bird</i> vs<i>. *dird</i>) onset. At 24 months, mispronunciations of coronal-onset words were treated just like the accurate pronunciations. We conclude that coronals are underspecified in the developing lexicon at 24 months. We propose a model under which initial representations are phonetic in nature and require exact acoustic input, whereas phonological coronal underspecification at the lexical level emerges gradually as a result of exposure to variation in the input such as coronal assimilations that only become detectable patterns with growing lexical and segmentation skills. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pierre Barrouillet, Valérie Camos, Julie Pougeon, Julien Beaudet, Pablo Croizet, Clément Belletier
The continuous flow of information in which we are immersed obliges our cognitive system to maintain accessible the relevant elements for the time necessary for their processing. The present study investigated how working memory balances the resource demands of this necessary storage in the face of demanding processing. In four experiments using a complex span task, we examined the residual performance in memory and processing of individuals who performed at their best in the other component. Reciprocal dual-task costs pointed toward a resource sharing between the two functions. However, whereas prioritizing processing almost abolished participants' memory performance, more than 60% of their processing capacities were preserved while maintaining memory performance at span. We argue that this asymmetry might be adaptive in nature. Working memory might have evolved as an action-oriented system in which short-term memory capacity is structurally limited to spare the resources needed for processing the information it holds. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
我们沉浸在持续不断的信息流中,这迫使我们的认知系统在必要的处理时间内保持相关元素的可访问性。本研究调查了工作记忆如何在面对繁重的处理过程时平衡这种必要存储的资源需求。在四项使用复杂跨度任务的实验中,我们考察了在另一个部分表现最佳的人在记忆和处理过程中的剩余表现。互惠的双任务成本表明这两种功能之间存在资源共享。然而,优先处理任务几乎取消了参与者的记忆表现,而在保持跨度记忆表现的同时,却保留了超过 60% 的处理能力。我们认为,这种不对称性在本质上可能是适应性的。工作记忆可能是作为一个以行动为导向的系统进化而来的,在这个系统中,短时记忆容量在结构上是有限的,以便腾出处理所保存信息所需的资源。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)。
{"title":"Human cognitive system privileges processing over short-term storage: Asymmetry in working memory limitations.","authors":"Pierre Barrouillet, Valérie Camos, Julie Pougeon, Julien Beaudet, Pablo Croizet, Clément Belletier","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The continuous flow of information in which we are immersed obliges our cognitive system to maintain accessible the relevant elements for the time necessary for their processing. The present study investigated how working memory balances the resource demands of this necessary storage in the face of demanding processing. In four experiments using a complex span task, we examined the residual performance in memory and processing of individuals who performed at their best in the other component. Reciprocal dual-task costs pointed toward a resource sharing between the two functions. However, whereas prioritizing processing almost abolished participants' memory performance, more than 60% of their processing capacities were preserved while maintaining memory performance at span. We argue that this asymmetry might be adaptive in nature. Working memory might have evolved as an action-oriented system in which short-term memory capacity is structurally limited to spare the resources needed for processing the information it holds. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joris Perra, Bénédicte Poulin-Charronnat, Thierry Baccino, Patrick Bard, Philippe Pfister, Philippe Lalitte, Mélissa Zerbib, Véronique Drai-Zerbib
Classical music pianists of five different conservatory levels, from undergraduate to professional, were tested on a sight-reading task with eye-movement recording. They had to sight read both tonal classical scores that followed the rules specific to Western tonal music, and atonal contemporary scores, which do not follow these rules. This study aimed at determining the extent to which eye movements and musical performance metrics can account for the level of sight-reading expertise. First, the results indicated that with the acquisition of expertise, musicians process visual information more rapidly (increasing their played tempo while decreasing average fixation duration and their number of fixations), more structurally (tending to increase their eye-hand span), and more accurately (increasing their sight-reading accuracy). Second, when they sight read contemporary scores compared to classical scores, musicians decreased their played tempo, tended to be less accurate, increased their number of fixations, and tended to decrease their eye-hand span. Finally, expertise effects were moderated by the type of score. These results suggest (a) that visual perception is progressively shaped through music reading expertise and through domain-specific knowledge acquisition, (b) that tonal-specific cues play a significant role to use an efficient eye-movement behavior and (c) that the benefit conferred by expert prior music-specific knowledge seems to be even greater for sight-reading tonal rather than atonal scores. Our findings are discussed in the light of expert memory theories (long-term working memory theory; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995; template theory, Gobet & Simon, 1996). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Markers of musical expertise in a sight-reading task: An eye-tracking study.","authors":"Joris Perra, Bénédicte Poulin-Charronnat, Thierry Baccino, Patrick Bard, Philippe Pfister, Philippe Lalitte, Mélissa Zerbib, Véronique Drai-Zerbib","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Classical music pianists of five different conservatory levels, from undergraduate to professional, were tested on a sight-reading task with eye-movement recording. They had to sight read both tonal classical scores that followed the rules specific to Western tonal music, and atonal contemporary scores, which do not follow these rules. This study aimed at determining the extent to which eye movements and musical performance metrics can account for the level of sight-reading expertise. First, the results indicated that with the acquisition of expertise, musicians process visual information more rapidly (increasing their played tempo while decreasing average fixation duration and their number of fixations), more structurally (tending to increase their eye-hand span), and more accurately (increasing their sight-reading accuracy). Second, when they sight read contemporary scores compared to classical scores, musicians decreased their played tempo, tended to be less accurate, increased their number of fixations, and tended to decrease their eye-hand span. Finally, expertise effects were moderated by the type of score. These results suggest (a) that visual perception is progressively shaped through music reading expertise and through domain-specific knowledge acquisition, (b) that tonal-specific cues play a significant role to use an efficient eye-movement behavior and (c) that the benefit conferred by expert prior music-specific knowledge seems to be even greater for sight-reading tonal rather than atonal scores. Our findings are discussed in the light of expert memory theories (long-term working memory theory; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995; template theory, Gobet & Simon, 1996). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caterina Trentin, Giulia Rinaldi, Magdalena A Chorzępa, Michaela A Imhof, Heleen A Slagter, Christian N L Olivers
Findings from recent studies indicate that planning an action toward an object strengthens its visual working memory (VWM) representation, emphasizing the importance of sensorimotor links in VWM. In the present study, we investigated to what extent such sensorimotor links are modulated by how well-defined an action plan is. In three eye-tracking experiments, we asked participants to memorize a visual stimulus for a subsequent memory test, whereby they performed a specific hand movement toward memory-matching probes. We manipulated action uncertainty so that in the defined action condition, participants knew before the memory delay what specific action they would have to perform at the memory test, while in the undefinedaction condition, they were informed about the specific action on the object in VWM only after the delay. Importantly, during the delay, participants were presented with a visual detection task, designed to measure any attentional biases toward the memorized object. Across the three experiments, we found moderate evidence that knowing in advance how to act on an object prioritized its mnemonic representation, as expressed in an increased attentional bias toward it. Our results support the idea that knowing what action to perform on an object strengthens its representation in VWM, and further highlight the importance of considering action in the study of VWM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
最近的研究结果表明,朝着一个物体计划行动会加强其视觉工作记忆(VWM)表征,这强调了视觉工作记忆中感觉运动联系的重要性。在本研究中,我们探讨了这种感觉运动联系在多大程度上会受到行动计划明确程度的影响。在三项眼动追踪实验中,我们要求被试在随后的记忆测试中记住一个视觉刺激,在测试中,被试朝着与记忆匹配的探针做出特定的手部动作。我们操纵了动作的不确定性,因此在已定义动作的条件下,参与者在记忆延迟之前就知道他们在记忆测试中要做的具体动作;而在未定义动作的条件下,他们只有在延迟之后才会被告知对大众汽车显示器中的物体所做的具体动作。重要的是,在延迟过程中,参与者会面临一项视觉检测任务,旨在测量对记忆对象的注意偏差。在这三个实验中,我们发现有适度的证据表明,事先知道如何对一个物体采取行动会优先考虑其记忆表征,表现为对该物体的注意偏向增加。我们的结果支持了这样一种观点,即知道对一个对象采取什么行动会加强其在记忆表象中的表征,并进一步强调了在研究记忆表象时考虑行动的重要性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"A certain future strengthens the past: Knowing ahead how to act on an object prioritizes its visual working memory representation.","authors":"Caterina Trentin, Giulia Rinaldi, Magdalena A Chorzępa, Michaela A Imhof, Heleen A Slagter, Christian N L Olivers","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Findings from recent studies indicate that planning an action toward an object strengthens its visual working memory (VWM) representation, emphasizing the importance of sensorimotor links in VWM. In the present study, we investigated to what extent such sensorimotor links are modulated by how well-defined an action plan is. In three eye-tracking experiments, we asked participants to memorize a visual stimulus for a subsequent memory test, whereby they performed a specific hand movement toward memory-matching probes. We manipulated action uncertainty so that in the <i>defined action</i> condition, participants knew before the memory delay what specific action they would have to perform at the memory test, while in the <i>undefined</i> <i>action</i> condition, they were informed about the specific action on the object in VWM only after the delay. Importantly, during the delay, participants were presented with a visual detection task, designed to measure any attentional biases toward the memorized object. Across the three experiments, we found moderate evidence that knowing in advance how to act on an object prioritized its mnemonic representation, as expressed in an increased attentional bias toward it. Our results support the idea that knowing what action to perform on an object strengthens its representation in VWM, and further highlight the importance of considering action in the study of VWM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study examines the impact of neighborhood size (number of other two-character words sharing the same character at the same position) on Chinese lexical processing, along with its joint effects with variables such as character frequency, word frequency, and semantic transparency. Previous factorial experiments have yielded conflicting results that are difficult to reconcile with existing models (Li et al., 2015, 2017). To provide high-powered tests for these theoretically important effects on visual word recognition, we leveraged the megastudy approach and used linear mixed-effect analyses to investigate lexical decision and naming responses to a large pool of two-character Chinese words (N > 17,000) sourced from Tse et al.'s (2017, 2023) database. In all analyses we controlled for extraneous orthographic (e.g., stroke count), phonological (e.g., consistency), and semantic (e.g., transparency) variables. In addition to evaluating Li et al.'s (2015, 2017) models, we also investigated whether the parallel dual-route mechanism, which entails lexical access via whole-word or character decomposition-then-composition, could account for neighborhood size effect and its interactions in lexical decision and naming. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings on the specificity of lexical effects with regard to character position and lexical processing task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
本研究考察了邻域大小(在同一位置共享相同字符的其他双字符词的数量)对汉语词汇加工的影响,以及它与字符频率、词频和语义透明度等变量的联合效应。以往的因子实验得出的结果相互矛盾,难以与现有模型相协调(Li 等人,2015 年,2017 年)。为了对这些理论上对视觉词语识别的重要影响进行高能测试,我们采用了巨型研究方法,并使用线性混合效应分析来研究来自 Tse 等人(2017 年,2023 年)数据库的大量双字汉语词语(N > 17,000 个)的词汇决策和命名反应。在所有分析中,我们都控制了无关的正字法(如笔画数)、语音学(如一致性)和语义学(如透明度)变量。除了评估 Li 等人(2015、2017 年)的模型外,我们还研究了并行双路径机制(即通过全词或字符分解--然后再组合的方式访问词汇)能否解释邻域大小效应及其在词汇决策和命名中的交互作用。最后,我们讨论了我们的研究结果对词汇效应在字符位置和词汇处理任务方面的特异性的影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Neighborhood in Chinese lexicon: A megastudy analysis of lexical decision and naming of two-character Chinese words.","authors":"Chi-Shing Tse, Melvin J Yap, Yuen-Lai Chan","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study examines the impact of neighborhood size (number of other two-character words sharing the same character at the same position) on Chinese lexical processing, along with its joint effects with variables such as character frequency, word frequency, and semantic transparency. Previous factorial experiments have yielded conflicting results that are difficult to reconcile with existing models (Li et al., 2015, 2017). To provide high-powered tests for these theoretically important effects on visual word recognition, we leveraged the megastudy approach and used linear mixed-effect analyses to investigate lexical decision and naming responses to a large pool of two-character Chinese words (<i>N</i> > 17,000) sourced from Tse et al.'s (2017, 2023) database. In all analyses we controlled for extraneous orthographic (e.g., stroke count), phonological (e.g., consistency), and semantic (e.g., transparency) variables. In addition to evaluating Li et al.'s (2015, 2017) models, we also investigated whether the parallel dual-route mechanism, which entails lexical access via whole-word or character decomposition-then-composition, could account for neighborhood size effect and its interactions in lexical decision and naming. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings on the specificity of lexical effects with regard to character position and lexical processing task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael J Kahana, Lynn J Lohnas, M Karl Healey, Ada Aka, Adam W Broitman, Patrick Crutchley, Elizabeth Crutchley, Kylie H Alm, Brandon S Katerman, Nicole E Miller, Joel R Kuhn, Yuxuan Li, Nicole M Long, Jonathan Miller, Madison D Paron, Jesse K Pazdera, Isaac Pedisich, Joseph H Rudoler, Christoph T Weidemann
The Penn Electrophysiology of Encoding and Retrieval Study (PEERS) aimed to characterize the behavioral and electrophysiological (EEG) correlates of memory encoding and retrieval in highly practiced individuals. Across five PEERS experiments, 300+ subjects contributed more than 7,000 memory testing sessions with recorded EEG data. Here we tell the story of PEERS: its genesis, evolution, major findings, and the lessons it taught us about taking a big scientific approach in studying memory and the human brain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"The Penn Electrophysiology of Encoding and Retrieval Study.","authors":"Michael J Kahana, Lynn J Lohnas, M Karl Healey, Ada Aka, Adam W Broitman, Patrick Crutchley, Elizabeth Crutchley, Kylie H Alm, Brandon S Katerman, Nicole E Miller, Joel R Kuhn, Yuxuan Li, Nicole M Long, Jonathan Miller, Madison D Paron, Jesse K Pazdera, Isaac Pedisich, Joseph H Rudoler, Christoph T Weidemann","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Penn Electrophysiology of Encoding and Retrieval Study (PEERS) aimed to characterize the behavioral and electrophysiological (EEG) correlates of memory encoding and retrieval in highly practiced individuals. Across five PEERS experiments, 300+ subjects contributed more than 7,000 memory testing sessions with recorded EEG data. Here we tell the story of PEERS: its genesis, evolution, major findings, and the lessons it taught us about taking a big scientific approach in studying memory and the human brain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141635571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelly G Garner, Christopher R Nolan, Abbey Nydam, Zoie Nott, Howard Bowman, Paul E Dux
Accurate quantification of effect sizes has the power to motivate theory and reduce misinvestment of scientific resources by informing power calculations during study planning. However, a combination of publication bias and small sample sizes (∼N = 25) hampers certainty in current effect size estimates. We sought to determine the extent to which sample sizes may produce errors in effect size estimates for four commonly used paradigms assessing attention, executive function, and implicit learning (attentional blink, multitasking, contextual cueing, and serial response task). We combined a large data set with a bootstrapping approach to simulate 1,000 experiments across a range of N (13-313). Beyond quantifying the effect size and statistical power that can be anticipated for each study design, we demonstrate that experiments with lower N may double or triple information loss. We also show that basing power calculations on effect sizes from similar studies yields a problematically imprecise estimate between 40% and 67% of the time, given commonly used sample sizes. Last, we show that skewness of intersubject behavioral effects may serve as a predictor of an erroneous estimate. We conclude with practical recommendations for researchers and demonstrate how our simulation approach can yield theoretical insights that are not readily achieved by other methods such as identifying the information gained from rejecting the null hypothesis and quantifying the contribution of individual variation to error in effect size estimates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
效应大小的精确量化可以为研究规划中的功率计算提供信息,从而推动理论研究,减少科学资源的错误投资。然而,发表偏倚和小样本量(∼N = 25)共同影响了目前效应大小估计的确定性。我们试图确定样本量在多大程度上会对评估注意力、执行功能和内隐学习的四种常用范式(注意力眨眼、多任务处理、情境提示和连续反应任务)的效应大小估计产生误差。我们将大型数据集与自引导方法相结合,模拟了 1,000 个 N(13-313)范围内的实验。除了量化每种研究设计可预期的效应大小和统计功率外,我们还证明了较低 N 的实验可能会使信息损失增加一倍或两倍。我们还表明,根据类似研究的效应大小来计算统计能力,在常用样本量的情况下,40% 到 67% 的时间会得出不精确的估计值,这是有问题的。最后,我们还表明,受试者间行为效应的偏度可以预测错误的估计值。最后,我们为研究人员提供了实用建议,并展示了我们的模拟方法如何产生其他方法难以达到的理论洞察力,例如识别拒绝零假设所获得的信息,以及量化个体差异对效应大小估计误差的贡献。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Quantifying error in effect size estimates in attention, executive function, and implicit learning.","authors":"Kelly G Garner, Christopher R Nolan, Abbey Nydam, Zoie Nott, Howard Bowman, Paul E Dux","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate quantification of effect sizes has the power to motivate theory and reduce misinvestment of scientific resources by informing power calculations during study planning. However, a combination of publication bias and small sample sizes (∼<i>N</i> = 25) hampers certainty in current effect size estimates. We sought to determine the extent to which sample sizes may produce errors in effect size estimates for four commonly used paradigms assessing attention, executive function, and implicit learning (attentional blink, multitasking, contextual cueing, and serial response task). We combined a large data set with a bootstrapping approach to simulate 1,000 experiments across a range of N (13-313). Beyond quantifying the effect size and statistical power that can be anticipated for each study design, we demonstrate that experiments with lower N may double or triple information loss. We also show that basing power calculations on effect sizes from similar studies yields a problematically imprecise estimate between 40% and 67% of the time, given commonly used sample sizes. Last, we show that skewness of intersubject behavioral effects may serve as a predictor of an erroneous estimate. We conclude with practical recommendations for researchers and demonstrate how our simulation approach can yield theoretical insights that are not readily achieved by other methods such as identifying the information gained from rejecting the null hypothesis and quantifying the contribution of individual variation to error in effect size estimates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141635570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}