Pub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001307
Yanina Prystauka, Emma Wing, Gerry T M Altmann
In a series of sentence-picture verification studies we contrasted, for example, "… choose the balloon with "… inflate the balloon" and "… the inflated balloon" to examine the degree to which different representational components of event representation (specifically, the different object states entailed by the inflating event; minimally, the balloon in its uninflated and inflated states) are jointly activated after state-change verbs and past participles derived from them. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the initial and end states are both activated after state-change verbs, but that the initial state is considerably less accessible after participles. Experiment 3 showed that intensifier adverbs (e.g., completely) before both state-change verbs and participles further modulate the accessibility of the initial state. And in Experiment 4, we ruled out the possibility that the initial state is accessible only because of the semantic overlap. We conclude that although state-change verbs activate representations of both the initial and end states of their event participants, their accessibility is graded, modulated by the morphosyntactic devices used to describe the event. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
在一系列句子-图片验证研究中,我们将"......选择气球 "与"......给气球充气 "和"......充气的气球 "进行了对比,以考察事件表征的不同表征成分(具体来说,充气事件所包含的不同客体状态;最低限度,未充气状态和充气状态下的气球)在状态变化动词和由其派生的过去分词之后被共同激活的程度。实验 1 和 2 表明,在状态变化动词之后,初始状态和结束状态都被激活,但在分词之后,初始状态的可及性大大降低。实验 3 表明,状态变化动词和分词前的强化副词(如完全)会进一步调节初始状态的可及性。而在实验 4 中,我们排除了初始状态只是因为语义重叠才可以进入的可能性。我们的结论是,尽管状态变化动词激活了事件参与者的初始状态和结束状态的表征,但它们的可及性是分级的,受用于描述事件的形态句法手段的调节。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)。
{"title":"Investigating the interplay between morphosyntax and event comprehension from the perspective of intersecting object histories.","authors":"Yanina Prystauka, Emma Wing, Gerry T M Altmann","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001307","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a series of sentence-picture verification studies we contrasted, for example, \"… choose the balloon with \"… inflate the balloon\" and \"… the inflated balloon\" to examine the degree to which different representational components of event representation (specifically, the different object states entailed by the inflating event; minimally, the balloon in its uninflated and inflated states) are jointly activated after state-change verbs and past participles derived from them. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the initial and end states are both activated after state-change verbs, but that the initial state is considerably less accessible after participles. Experiment 3 showed that intensifier adverbs (e.g., completely) before both state-change verbs and participles further modulate the accessibility of the initial state. And in Experiment 4, we ruled out the possibility that the initial state is accessible only because of the semantic overlap. We conclude that although state-change verbs activate representations of both the initial and end states of their event participants, their accessibility is graded, modulated by the morphosyntactic devices used to describe the event. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001303
Klaus Oberauer, Hsuan-Yu Lin
Research on working memory (WM) has followed two largely independent traditions: One concerned with memory for sequentially presented lists of discrete items, and the other with short-term maintenance of simultaneously presented arrays of objects with simple, continuously varying features. Here we present a formal model of WM, the interference model (IM), that explains benchmark findings from both traditions: The shape of the error distribution from continuous reproduction of visual features, and how it is affected by memory set size; the effects of serial position for sequentially presented items, the effect of output position, and the intrusion of nontargets as a function of their distance from the target in space and in time. We apply the model to two experiments combining features of popular paradigms from both traditions: Lists of colors (Experiment 1) or of nonwords (Experiment 2) are presented sequentially and tested through selection of the target from a set of candidates, ordered by their similarity. The core assumptions of the IM are: Contents are encoded into WM through temporary bindings to contexts that serve as retrieval cues to access the contents. Bindings have limited precision on the context and the content dimension. A subset of the memory set-usually one item and its context-is maintained in a focus of attention with high precision. Successive events in an episode are encoded with decreasing strength, generating a primacy gradient. With each encoded event, automatic updating of WM reduces the strength of preceding memories, creating a recency gradient and output interference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"An interference model for visual and verbal working memory.","authors":"Klaus Oberauer, Hsuan-Yu Lin","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001303","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on working memory (WM) has followed two largely independent traditions: One concerned with memory for sequentially presented lists of discrete items, and the other with short-term maintenance of simultaneously presented arrays of objects with simple, continuously varying features. Here we present a formal model of WM, the interference model (IM), that explains benchmark findings from both traditions: The shape of the error distribution from continuous reproduction of visual features, and how it is affected by memory set size; the effects of serial position for sequentially presented items, the effect of output position, and the intrusion of nontargets as a function of their distance from the target in space and in time. We apply the model to two experiments combining features of popular paradigms from both traditions: Lists of colors (Experiment 1) or of nonwords (Experiment 2) are presented sequentially and tested through selection of the target from a set of candidates, ordered by their similarity. The core assumptions of the IM are: Contents are encoded into WM through temporary bindings to contexts that serve as retrieval cues to access the contents. Bindings have limited precision on the context and the content dimension. A subset of the memory set-usually one item and its context-is maintained in a focus of attention with high precision. Successive events in an episode are encoded with decreasing strength, generating a primacy gradient. With each encoded event, automatic updating of WM reduces the strength of preceding memories, creating a recency gradient and output interference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138048331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is an ongoing debate about the cognitive mechanisms behind human contingency learning (CL). Although, in some studies, episodic retrieval of previous responses fully explained the observed CL effects (C. G. Giesen et al., 2020; Schmidt et al., 2020), other findings suggest that global contingencies have an additional effect on behavior (Xu & Mordkoff, 2020). In a high-powered (N = 500), preregistered study, we investigated CL effects after controlling for episodic retrieval of distractor-target (S-S) and distractor-response (S-R) bindings. Retrieval explained a large part of the CL effect. However, we still found a reliable residual CL effect even after controlling for retrieval. Notably, the residual CL effect depended on contingency awareness: The residual CL effect only occurred for trials for which participants correctly detected the respective color-word contingency, whereas for trials without contingency awareness, there was no residual CL effect. Collectively, our findings suggest that human CL is driven by two independent sources: (a) episodic retrieval of S-S and S-R bindings and (b) propositional knowledge of the contingencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
关于人类应急学习(CL)背后的认知机制一直存在争论。尽管在一些研究中,对先前反应的外显检索完全解释了观察到的或然学习效应(C. G. Giesen 等人,2020 年;Schmidt 等人,2020 年),但其他研究结果表明,全局或然效应对行为有额外的影响(Xu & Mordkoff,2020 年)。在一项高功率(N = 500)、预先登记的研究中,我们在控制了分心者-目标(S-S)和分心者-反应(S-R)绑定的外显检索后,调查了CL效应。检索解释了 CL 效应的大部分原因。然而,即使在控制了检索之后,我们仍然发现了可靠的残余 CL 效应。值得注意的是,残余 CL 效应取决于或然意识:残余 CL 效应只出现在参与者正确检测到相应颜色-词语或然性的试验中,而在没有或然性意识的试验中,则没有残余 CL 效应。总之,我们的研究结果表明,人类的CL是由两个独立的来源驱动的:(a) S-S 和 S-R 绑定的偶发检索;(b) 关于或然性的命题知识。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)。
{"title":"Two sources of color-word contingency learning: Episodic retrieval of stimulus-response bindings and propositional knowledge.","authors":"Matthäus Rudolph, Klaus Rothermund","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is an ongoing debate about the cognitive mechanisms behind human contingency learning (CL). Although, in some studies, episodic retrieval of previous responses fully explained the observed CL effects (C. G. Giesen et al., 2020; Schmidt et al., 2020), other findings suggest that global contingencies have an additional effect on behavior (Xu & Mordkoff, 2020). In a high-powered (<i>N</i> = 500), preregistered study, we investigated CL effects after controlling for episodic retrieval of distractor-target (S-S) and distractor-response (S-R) bindings. Retrieval explained a large part of the CL effect. However, we still found a reliable residual CL effect even after controlling for retrieval. Notably, the residual CL effect depended on contingency awareness: The residual CL effect only occurred for trials for which participants correctly detected the respective color-word contingency, whereas for trials without contingency awareness, there was no residual CL effect. Collectively, our findings suggest that human CL is driven by two independent sources: (a) episodic retrieval of S-S and S-R bindings and (b) propositional knowledge of the contingencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141181378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dominant model of executive functions, which has held for over two decades, contends that various aspects of seemingly disparate forms of inhibitory control-for example, inhibiting a prepotent response, or inhibiting irrelevant thoughts and distractions-are in fact manifestations of a single latent executive function. Recent work, however, has cast doubt on this dominant model, as certain conditions can dissociate performance on tasks thought to index inhibitory control. Moreover, issues related to task reliability and latent estimation of inhibition processes have prompted questions about whether the structure of inhibitory control can even be reliably estimated at a latent level. We addressed these issues in two studies of healthy young adults (Study 1 N = 154, Study 2, N = 279), examining seven then 12 different tasks taken by prior research to assess inhibitory control. Contrary to the dominant model of executive functions, we found that, at a latent level, inhibitory control was best fit by a replicable two-factor solution, with response inhibition as a distinct executive function. Further, our data suggested that prior work on executive functions may not have observed a response inhibition factor due to task selections (i.e., including either one of two specific tasks was critical to identifying a separate response inhibition factor). Therefore, contrary to the current primary theoretical model of executive functions, these results suggest that response inhibition is, in fact, a distinct control process from the control process underpinning other forms of inhibition, which has important implications for designing interventions and assessing outcomes related to inhibitory control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
执行功能的主流模式已经存在了二十多年,该模式认为,看似不同形式的抑制控制的各个方面--例如,抑制先期反应,或抑制无关的想法和分心--实际上是单一潜在执行功能的表现形式。然而,最近的研究对这一主流模型产生了怀疑,因为在某些情况下,被认为是抑制控制指标的任务表现会出现分离。此外,与任务可靠性和抑制过程的潜估计有关的问题也引发了人们的疑问:抑制控制的结构是否能在潜水平上得到可靠的估计。我们在两项针对健康年轻成年人的研究(研究1,人数=154;研究2,人数=279)中探讨了这些问题,分别考察了先前研究中用于评估抑制控制的7项和12项不同任务。与执行功能的主流模型相反,我们发现,在潜意识层面上,抑制控制最符合可复制的双因素解决方案,反应抑制是一种独特的执行功能。此外,我们的数据还表明,由于任务选择的原因,先前关于执行功能的研究可能没有观察到反应抑制因子(也就是说,包含两个特定任务中的一个对于识别单独的反应抑制因子至关重要)。因此,与目前执行功能的主要理论模型相反,这些结果表明,反应抑制实际上是一个不同于其他形式抑制的控制过程,这对设计干预措施和评估与抑制控制有关的结果具有重要意义。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Evidence for response inhibition as a control process distinct from the common executive function: A two-study factor analysis.","authors":"Grant S Shields, Andrew P Yonelinas","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dominant model of executive functions, which has held for over two decades, contends that various aspects of seemingly disparate forms of inhibitory control-for example, inhibiting a prepotent response, or inhibiting irrelevant thoughts and distractions-are in fact manifestations of a single latent executive function. Recent work, however, has cast doubt on this dominant model, as certain conditions can dissociate performance on tasks thought to index inhibitory control. Moreover, issues related to task reliability and latent estimation of inhibition processes have prompted questions about whether the structure of inhibitory control can even be reliably estimated at a latent level. We addressed these issues in two studies of healthy young adults (Study 1 <i>N</i> = 154, Study 2, <i>N</i> = 279), examining seven then 12 different tasks taken by prior research to assess inhibitory control. Contrary to the dominant model of executive functions, we found that, at a latent level, inhibitory control was best fit by a replicable two-factor solution, with response inhibition as a distinct executive function. Further, our data suggested that prior work on executive functions may not have observed a response inhibition factor due to task selections (i.e., including either one of two specific tasks was critical to identifying a separate response inhibition factor). Therefore, contrary to the current primary theoretical model of executive functions, these results suggest that response inhibition is, in fact, a distinct control process from the control process underpinning other forms of inhibition, which has important implications for designing interventions and assessing outcomes related to inhibitory control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates people's judgments of actual causation in the context of a previously neglected property of causal structures-their reversibility, that is, whether an effect persists or returns to its original state if its causes are removed. Causal reversibility, and its potential impact on causal judgment, was recently analyzed theoretically by Ross and Woodward (2022). They hypothesized that reversibility might affect people's evaluation of causes in late-preemption scenarios. The typical finding in preemption scenarios is that events happening earlier are considered to be actual causes, while events happening later are regarded as noncauses. The hypothesis is that this robust intuition depends on causal reversibility and that in reversible structures later events are regarded as actual causes. Across three main experiments and one supplementary study (N = 590), it is shown that reversibility has the predicted effect: later causes are perceived to make an actual causal contribution to the effect. It is also shown that Henne et al. (2023), in a first study, did not find evidence for Ross and Woodward's hypothesis because they did not test whether people regard later causes in preemption-like sequences of reversible structures as maintainers and not as triggers of their effect. Because they used test questions that asked explicitly for triggering rather than maintaining or were at least ambiguous, their results seemed to show that people think that later events have no causal impact. Maintaining is a relevant causal concept deserving more attention in both philosophical theories and psychological studies on causal cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Reasoning about actual causation in reversible and irreversible causal structures.","authors":"Simon Stephan","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article investigates people's judgments of actual causation in the context of a previously neglected property of causal structures-their reversibility, that is, whether an effect persists or returns to its original state if its causes are removed. Causal reversibility, and its potential impact on causal judgment, was recently analyzed theoretically by Ross and Woodward (2022). They hypothesized that reversibility might affect people's evaluation of causes in late-preemption scenarios. The typical finding in preemption scenarios is that events happening earlier are considered to be actual causes, while events happening later are regarded as noncauses. The hypothesis is that this robust intuition depends on causal reversibility and that in reversible structures later events are regarded as actual causes. Across three main experiments and one supplementary study (<i>N</i> = 590), it is shown that reversibility has the predicted effect: later causes are perceived to make an actual causal contribution to the effect. It is also shown that Henne et al. (2023), in a first study, did not find evidence for Ross and Woodward's hypothesis because they did not test whether people regard later causes in preemption-like sequences of reversible structures as maintainers and not as triggers of their effect. Because they used test questions that asked explicitly for triggering rather than maintaining or were at least ambiguous, their results seemed to show that people think that later events have no causal impact. Maintaining is a relevant causal concept deserving more attention in both philosophical theories and psychological studies on causal cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140859358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emilie Joly-Burra, Maximilian Haas, Gianvito Laera, Paolo Ghisletta, Matthias Kliegel, Sascha Zuber
In sharp contrast to event-based prospective memory (PM), dynamics of (re)allocation of attention between the ongoing and PM tasks have been much less investigated in time-based PM tasks. We propose an in-depth examination of attention allocation in a time-based PM task by jointly analyzing multiple indicators of time-monitoring behavior, net and time-structured intraindividual variability (IIV) in ongoing-task reaction times (OT RTs), and task performance. Results from dynamic structural equation modeling in a lifespan sample of 198 adults (19-86 years) revealed that larger fluctuations in OT RTs (net IIV) predicted poorer OT performance, but fostered a more efficient pattern of time-monitoring behavior (i.e., checking a clock more frequently and strategically, and slowing OT RTs during the PM response window) that, in turn, enhanced PM. Conversely, greater inertia in OT RTs (time-structured IIV) led to fewer clock-checks and poorer PM performance. Focusing attention on time monitoring to enhance PM performance did not detrimentally affect OT accuracy. Instead, participants showed a speed-accuracy tradeoff to optimize both OT and PM accuracies by slowing their OT RTs during the PM response window. This study therefore shows that two concomitant aspects of IIV (net and time-structured IIV) not only predicted time-monitoring behavior, but also OT and PM accuracies differentially, hence advocating for the necessity to consider both aspects of IIV and time monitoring together to better understand attention allocation policies in time-based PM tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
与基于事件的前瞻性记忆(PM)形成鲜明对比的是,在基于时间的前瞻性记忆任务中,注意力在进行中任务和前瞻性记忆任务之间的(再)分配动态研究要少得多。我们建议通过联合分析时间监控行为的多个指标、进行中任务反应时间(OT RTs)的净值和时间结构个体内变异性(IIV)以及任务表现,对基于时间的前瞻性记忆任务中的注意力分配进行深入研究。对 198 名成年人(19-86 岁)进行的动态结构方程建模结果表明,OT 反应时间的较大波动(净 IIV)预示着较差的 OT 成绩,但却促进了更有效的时间监控行为模式(即更频繁、更有策略地查看时钟,并在下午的反应窗口期间减慢 OT 反应时间),进而提高了下午的成绩。相反,OT 实时反应(时间结构 IIV)的惰性越大,则时钟检查次数越少,PM 表现越差。将注意力集中在时间监控上以提高 PM 成绩并不会对 OT 准确性产生不利影响。相反,受试者表现出了速度-准确性的权衡,通过在下午反应窗口期间减慢他们的 OT 实时时间来优化 OT 和 PM 的准确性。因此,本研究表明,IIV的两个并存方面(净IIV和时间结构IIV)不仅能预测时间监控行为,还能预测不同的OT和PM准确率,因此主张有必要同时考虑IIV和时间监控这两个方面,以更好地理解基于时间的PM任务中的注意力分配政策。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"From attentional fluctuations to intentional fluctuations? Monitoring behavior and intraindividual variability in time-based prospective memory.","authors":"Emilie Joly-Burra, Maximilian Haas, Gianvito Laera, Paolo Ghisletta, Matthias Kliegel, Sascha Zuber","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In sharp contrast to event-based prospective memory (PM), dynamics of (re)allocation of attention between the ongoing and PM tasks have been much less investigated in time-based PM tasks. We propose an in-depth examination of attention allocation in a time-based PM task by jointly analyzing multiple indicators of time-monitoring behavior, net and time-structured intraindividual variability (IIV) in ongoing-task reaction times (OT RTs), and task performance. Results from dynamic structural equation modeling in a lifespan sample of 198 adults (19-86 years) revealed that larger fluctuations in OT RTs (net IIV) predicted poorer OT performance, but fostered a more efficient pattern of time-monitoring behavior (i.e., checking a clock more frequently and strategically, and slowing OT RTs during the PM response window) that, in turn, enhanced PM. Conversely, greater inertia in OT RTs (time-structured IIV) led to fewer clock-checks and poorer PM performance. Focusing attention on time monitoring to enhance PM performance did not detrimentally affect OT accuracy. Instead, participants showed a speed-accuracy tradeoff to optimize both OT and PM accuracies by slowing their OT RTs during the PM response window. This study therefore shows that two concomitant aspects of IIV (net and time-structured IIV) not only predicted time-monitoring behavior, but also OT and PM accuracies differentially, hence advocating for the necessity to consider both aspects of IIV and time monitoring together to better understand attention allocation policies in time-based PM tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140867072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2023-07-13DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001268
Roksana Markiewicz, Foyzul Rahman, Ian Apperly, Ali Mazaheri, Katrien Segaert
We investigated the relationship between Theory of Mind (ToM) and communicative cooperation. Specifically, we examined whether communicative cooperation is affected by the ToM ability of one's cooperative partner as well as their own. ToM is the attribution of mental states to oneself and others; cooperation is the joint action that leads to achieving a shared goal. We measured cooperation using a novel communicative cooperation game completed by participants in pairs. ToM was measured via the Movies for Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) task and fluid intelligence via the Raven task. Findings of 350 adults show that ToM scores of both players were predictors of cooperative failure, whereas Raven scores were not. Furthermore, participants were split into low- and high-ToM groups through a median split of the MASC scores: high-ToM individuals committed significantly fewer cooperative errors compared to their low-ToM counterparts. Therefore, we found a direct relationship between ToM and cooperation. Interestingly, we also examined how ToM scores of paired participants determine cooperation. We found that pairs with two high-ToM individuals committed significantly fewer errors compared to pairs with two low-ToM individuals. We speculate that reduced cooperation in low-low ToM pairs is a result of less efficient development of conceptual alignment and recovery from misalignment, compared to high-high ToM dyads. For the first time, we thus demonstrate that it is not all about you; both cooperative partners make key, independent, contributions to cooperative outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
我们研究了心智理论(ToM)与交流合作之间的关系。具体来说,我们研究了交流合作是否会受到合作对象的心智理论能力以及合作对象自身的心智理论能力的影响。心智理论是对自己和他人心理状态的归因;合作则是为实现共同目标而采取的联合行动。我们使用一个新颖的交流合作游戏来测量合作能力,该游戏由参与者两人一组完成。ToM 通过社会认知评估电影(MASC)任务进行测量,流体智力通过 Raven 任务进行测量。对 350 名成人的研究结果表明,双方的 ToM 分数可以预测合作失败,而 Raven 分数则不能。此外,通过对 MASC 分数进行中位数分割,将参与者分为低 ToM 组和高 ToM 组:与低 ToM 组相比,高 ToM 组在合作中犯的错误明显较少。因此,我们发现 ToM 与合作之间存在直接关系。有趣的是,我们还研究了配对参与者的 ToM 分数如何决定合作。我们发现,与两个低 ToM 的人配对相比,两个高 ToM 的人配对所犯的错误要少得多。我们推测,与高ToM和高ToM配对相比,低ToM和低ToM配对中合作的减少是由于概念一致性的发展和从错位中恢复的效率较低。因此,我们首次证明,这并不全是你的问题;合作双方都对合作结果做出了关键的、独立的贡献。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)。
{"title":"It is not all about you: Communicative cooperation is determined by your partner's theory of mind abilities as well as your own.","authors":"Roksana Markiewicz, Foyzul Rahman, Ian Apperly, Ali Mazaheri, Katrien Segaert","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001268","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the relationship between Theory of Mind (ToM) and communicative cooperation. Specifically, we examined whether communicative cooperation is affected by the ToM ability of one's cooperative partner as well as their own. ToM is the attribution of mental states to oneself and others; cooperation is the joint action that leads to achieving a shared goal. We measured cooperation using a novel communicative cooperation game completed by participants in pairs. ToM was measured via the Movies for Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) task and fluid intelligence via the Raven task. Findings of 350 adults show that ToM scores of both players were predictors of cooperative failure, whereas Raven scores were not. Furthermore, participants were split into low- and high-ToM groups through a median split of the MASC scores: high-ToM individuals committed significantly fewer cooperative errors compared to their low-ToM counterparts. Therefore, we found a direct relationship between ToM and cooperation. Interestingly, we also examined how ToM scores of paired participants determine cooperation. We found that pairs with two high-ToM individuals committed significantly fewer errors compared to pairs with two low-ToM individuals. We speculate that reduced cooperation in low-low ToM pairs is a result of less efficient development of conceptual alignment and recovery from misalignment, compared to high-high ToM dyads. For the first time, we thus demonstrate that it is not all about you; both cooperative partners make key, independent, contributions to cooperative outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9829646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001296
Jasmine Spencer, Hasibe Kahraman, Elisabeth Beyersmann
Reading morphologically complex words requires analysis of their morphemic subunits (e.g., play + er); however, the positional constraints of morphemic processing are still little understood. The current study involved three unprimed lexical decision experiments to directly compare the positional encoding of stems and affixes during reading and to investigate the role of semantics during the position encoding of morphemes. Experiment 1 revealed that transposed compound words were harder to reject than their controls (e.g., dreamday vs. shadeday), whereas there was no difference between transposed suffixed words and their controls (e.g., fulpain vs. adepain). Experiment 2 replicated the results for transposed compound words of the first experiment and further showed that there was no difference between transposed prefixed words and their controls (e.g., qualifydis vs. qualifymis). Experiment 3 investigated the role of semantic transparency in morpheme transposition effects and revealed a larger morpheme transposition effect for semantically transparent transposed compound words (e.g., cuptea vs. taptea) than for semantically opaque transposed compound words (e.g., linedead vs. deskdead). These results bring to light important differences in the positional encoding of stems and affixes, suggesting that prefixes and suffixes are recognized in a position-dependent manner compared to the position-independent encoding of embedded stems and that morpheme transposition effects are guided by semantics. The current findings call for more clearly specified theoretical models of visual word recognition that reflect the distinct positional constraints of stems and affixes, as well as the influence of semantics on morphological processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Positional encoding of morphemes in visual word recognition.","authors":"Jasmine Spencer, Hasibe Kahraman, Elisabeth Beyersmann","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001296","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reading morphologically complex words requires analysis of their morphemic subunits (e.g., play + er); however, the positional constraints of morphemic processing are still little understood. The current study involved three unprimed lexical decision experiments to directly compare the positional encoding of stems and affixes during reading and to investigate the role of semantics during the position encoding of morphemes. Experiment 1 revealed that transposed compound words were harder to reject than their controls (e.g., dreamday vs. shadeday), whereas there was no difference between transposed suffixed words and their controls (e.g., fulpain vs. adepain). Experiment 2 replicated the results for transposed compound words of the first experiment and further showed that there was no difference between transposed prefixed words and their controls (e.g., qualifydis vs. qualifymis). Experiment 3 investigated the role of semantic transparency in morpheme transposition effects and revealed a larger morpheme transposition effect for semantically transparent transposed compound words (e.g., cuptea vs. taptea) than for semantically opaque transposed compound words (e.g., linedead vs. deskdead). These results bring to light important differences in the positional encoding of stems and affixes, suggesting that prefixes and suffixes are recognized in a position-dependent manner compared to the position-independent encoding of embedded stems and that morpheme transposition effects are guided by semantics. The current findings call for more clearly specified theoretical models of visual word recognition that reflect the distinct positional constraints of stems and affixes, as well as the influence of semantics on morphological processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136400080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001278
Chao Sun, Ye Tian, Richard Breheny
The phenomenon of scalar diversity refers to the well-replicated finding that different scalar expressions give rise to scalar implicatures (SIs) at different rates. Previous work has shown that part of the scalar diversity effect can be explained by theoretically motivated factors. Although the effect has been established only in controlled experiments using manually constructed stimuli, there has been a tendency to assume that the marked differences in inference rates that have been observed reflect differences to be found in naturally occurring discourse. We explore whether this is the case by sampling actual language usage involving a wide range of scalar expressions. Adopting the approach in Degen (2015), we investigated the scalar diversity effect in a corpus of Twitter data we constructed. We find that the phenomenon of scalar diversity attenuates significantly when measured in a corpus-based paraphrase task. Although the degree of "scalar diversity" varies, we find that factors derived from theories of SI can explain nearly two-thirds of the variation. This remains the case whether the variation is observed in controlled experiments or in the context of natural language use. As for the remaining variation, we hypothesize that it may be due to a high level of uncertainty about whether adjectival scalar expressions should undergo scalar enrichment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
标量多样性现象指的是不同的标量表达以不同的速度产生标量蕴涵(SIs)这一被广泛重复的发现。以前的研究表明,标量多样性效应的一部分可以用理论上的因素来解释。虽然这种效应只在使用人工刺激的控制实验中得到证实,但人们一直倾向于认为所观察到的推理率的明显差异反映了自然发生的话语中的差异。我们通过对涉及各种标量表达的实际语言使用情况进行取样,来探讨情况是否如此。采用 Degen(2015)的方法,我们在自己构建的 Twitter 数据语料库中调查了标量多样性效应。我们发现,在基于语料库的意译任务中,标量多样性现象明显减弱。虽然 "标量多样性 "的程度不尽相同,但我们发现,源自 SI 理论的因素可以解释近三分之二的变化。无论是在对照实验中还是在自然语言使用的语境中观察到的变异,情况都是如此。至于其余的变异,我们假设这可能是由于对形容词标量表达是否应该进行标量富化的高度不确定性造成的。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"A corpus-based examination of scalar diversity.","authors":"Chao Sun, Ye Tian, Richard Breheny","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001278","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The phenomenon of scalar diversity refers to the well-replicated finding that different scalar expressions give rise to scalar implicatures (SIs) at different rates. Previous work has shown that part of the scalar diversity effect can be explained by theoretically motivated factors. Although the effect has been established only in controlled experiments using manually constructed stimuli, there has been a tendency to assume that the marked differences in inference rates that have been observed reflect differences to be found in naturally occurring discourse. We explore whether this is the case by sampling actual language usage involving a wide range of scalar expressions. Adopting the approach in Degen (2015), we investigated the scalar diversity effect in a corpus of Twitter data we constructed. We find that the phenomenon of scalar diversity attenuates significantly when measured in a corpus-based paraphrase task. Although the degree of \"scalar diversity\" varies, we find that factors derived from theories of SI can explain nearly two-thirds of the variation. This remains the case whether the variation is observed in controlled experiments or in the context of natural language use. As for the remaining variation, we hypothesize that it may be due to a high level of uncertainty about whether adjectival scalar expressions should undergo scalar enrichment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10321006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2023-07-20DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001259
Inga Lück, Victor Mittelstädt, Ian G Mackenzie, Rico Fischer
Although humans often multitask, little is known about how the processing of concurrent tasks is managed. The present study investigated whether adjustments in parallel processing during multitasking are local (task-specific) or global (task-unspecific). In three experiments, participants performed one of three tasks: a primary task or, if this task did not require a response, one of two background tasks (i.e., prioritized processing paradigm). To manipulate the degree of parallel processing, we presented blocks consisting mainly of primary or background task trials. In Experiment 1, the frequency manipulation was distributed equally across the two background tasks. In Experiments 2 and 3, only one background task was frequency-biased (inducer task). The other background task was presented equally often in all blocks (diagnostic task) and served to test whether processing adjustments transferred. In all experiments, blocks with frequent background tasks yielded stronger interference between primary and background tasks (primary task performance) and improved background task performance. Thus, resource sharing appeared to increase with high background task probabilities even under triple task requirements. Importantly, these adjustments generalized across the background tasks when they were conceptually and visually similar (Experiment 2). Implementing more distinct background tasks limited the transfer: Adjustments were restricted to the inducer task in background task performance and only small transfer was observed in primary task performance (Experiment 3). Overall, the results indicate that the transfer of adjustments in parallel processing is unrestricted for similar, but limited for distinct tasks, suggesting that task similarity affects the generality of resource allocation in multitasking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Transfer of task-probability-induced biases in parallel dual-task processing occurs in similar, but is constraint in distinct task sets.","authors":"Inga Lück, Victor Mittelstädt, Ian G Mackenzie, Rico Fischer","doi":"10.1037/xlm0001259","DOIUrl":"10.1037/xlm0001259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although humans often multitask, little is known about how the processing of concurrent tasks is managed. The present study investigated whether adjustments in parallel processing during multitasking are local (task-specific) or global (task-unspecific). In three experiments, participants performed one of three tasks: a primary task or, if this task did not require a response, one of two background tasks (i.e., prioritized processing paradigm). To manipulate the degree of parallel processing, we presented blocks consisting mainly of primary or background task trials. In Experiment 1, the frequency manipulation was distributed equally across the two background tasks. In Experiments 2 and 3, only one background task was frequency-biased (inducer task). The other background task was presented equally often in all blocks (diagnostic task) and served to test whether processing adjustments transferred. In all experiments, blocks with frequent background tasks yielded stronger interference between primary and background tasks (primary task performance) and improved background task performance. Thus, resource sharing appeared to increase with high background task probabilities even under triple task requirements. Importantly, these adjustments generalized across the background tasks when they were conceptually and visually similar (Experiment 2). Implementing more distinct background tasks limited the transfer: Adjustments were restricted to the inducer task in background task performance and only small transfer was observed in primary task performance (Experiment 3). Overall, the results indicate that the transfer of adjustments in parallel processing is unrestricted for similar, but limited for distinct tasks, suggesting that task similarity affects the generality of resource allocation in multitasking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":50194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10196315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}