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Do all subjects fit the same recognition memory model? Comparisons of continuous, discrete, and hybrid models using extended multinomial processing trees. 所有的实验对象都符合相同的识别记忆模型吗?使用扩展多项处理树的连续、离散和混合模型的比较。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001574
Anahí Gutkin, James F Juola, Manuel Suero, Juan Botella

In Gutkin et al. (2024), we studied traditional models of recognition memory, such as the two-high-threshold model and signal detection theory, using the benefits of multinomial processing tree models to quantify the effects of both ordinal and continuous variables. Simulations found that including relevant variables, such as response times (RTs) and confidence levels (CLs), significantly improved the estimation accuracy of model parameters and the power of model selection in fitting data from a recognition memory experiment. However, when applying these extended models, we found that no single model was suitable for all subjects. Thus, in the present study, we explored whether recognition memory is best represented as a continuous or discrete process by proposing a hybrid model that extends the original Atkinson-Juola (AJ) model (Atkinson & Juola, 1973, 1974; Juola et al., 1971). Data were sourced from a recognition memory experiment conducted by Juola et al. (2019), involving manipulations of relative target frequencies and measuring RTs and CLs. Our findings indicate that the extended AJ model provides a superior fit for most participants compared to purely discrete or continuous models. Additionally, the patterns of CLs and RTs align with the AJ model's assumptions about their distributions. Despite these insights, there remains notable variability in cognitive processing and decision-making strategies across individuals. Therefore, there is still a need for a more general model, as suggested in the present article, that could accommodate the diverse strategies and individual differences influencing search, decision making, and response processes underlying recognition memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

在Gutkin et al.(2024)中,我们研究了传统的识别记忆模型,如双高阈值模型和信号检测理论,利用多项处理树模型的优势来量化有序变量和连续变量的影响。仿真结果表明,将响应时间(RTs)和置信水平(CLs)等相关变量纳入识别记忆实验数据拟合中,可以显著提高模型参数的估计精度和模型选择能力。然而,当应用这些扩展模型时,我们发现没有一个模型适用于所有的受试者。因此,在本研究中,我们通过提出一个扩展原始Atkinson-Juola (AJ)模型(Atkinson & Juola, 1973, 1974; Juola et al., 1971)的混合模型,探索识别记忆是连续过程还是离散过程的最佳表现。数据来自Juola等人(2019)进行的识别记忆实验,涉及相对目标频率的操作以及rt和cl的测量。我们的研究结果表明,与纯粹的离散或连续模型相比,扩展的AJ模型为大多数参与者提供了更好的拟合。此外,CLs和RTs的模式与AJ模型对其分布的假设一致。尽管有这些见解,个体之间的认知加工和决策策略仍然存在显著的差异。因此,正如本文所建议的那样,仍然需要一个更通用的模型,以适应影响识别记忆的搜索、决策和反应过程的不同策略和个体差异。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
The rational irrational: Better learners show stronger reward frequency biases. 理性非理性:更好的学习者表现出更强的奖励频率偏差。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001581
Mianzhi Hu, Darrell A Worthy

Frequency effects, defined as a bias toward more frequently rewarded but less valuable options, have traditionally been viewed as maladaptive decision-making deficits. In the present study, we used a within-subject design in which participants completed a four-option reinforcement learning task twice, once under a baseline condition and once with a reward-frequency manipulation, to test whether better baseline learning predicts greater or lesser susceptibility to frequency-based biases. Participants were first trained on two fixed option pairs and then transferred their knowledge to novel pairings in a testing phase. Across conditions, higher training accuracy generally predicted higher testing accuracy, with one critical exception: on trials where a more valuable option was pitted against a more frequently rewarded but less valuable alternative, participants with higher training accuracy exhibited a stronger bias toward the more frequent option. Moreover, baseline optimal choice rates in these specific trials were unrelated to-and even slightly negatively correlated with-optimal choice rates under the frequency condition. Computational modeling further showed that participants with better baseline learning performance were better fit by frequency-sensitive models in the frequency condition and they weighed frequency-based processing more heavily than value-based processing. Overall, these findings suggest that frequency effects, rather than reflect flawed learning, manifest more strongly in individuals with better baseline learning performance. This seemingly irrational bias may, under conditions of uncertainty, represent a flexible, adaptive strategy that emerges among the best learners when value-based approaches are costly or unreliable. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

频率效应被定义为倾向于更频繁获得奖励但价值较低的选择,传统上被视为适应性不良的决策缺陷。在本研究中,我们采用了受试者内设计,其中参与者完成了两次四选项强化学习任务,一次在基线条件下,一次在奖励频率操作下,以测试更好的基线学习是否预测更大或更小的频率偏差敏感性。参与者首先接受两个固定选项对的训练,然后在测试阶段将他们的知识转移到新的配对上。在各种情况下,更高的训练准确性通常预示着更高的测试准确性,但有一个关键的例外:在一个更有价值的选项与一个更频繁奖励但价值较低的选项进行比较的试验中,训练准确性较高的参与者表现出更强烈的倾向于更频繁的选项。此外,在这些特定试验中,基线最优选择率与频率条件下的最优选择率无关,甚至略有负相关。计算模型进一步表明,在频率条件下,频率敏感模型对基线学习表现较好的被试的拟合效果较好,且频率敏感模型对基于频率的处理的权重高于基于值的处理。总的来说,这些发现表明,频率效应,而不是反映有缺陷的学习,在基线学习表现较好的个体中表现得更强烈。在不确定的条件下,这种看似非理性的偏见可能代表了一种灵活的适应性策略,当基于价值的方法成本高昂或不可靠时,这种策略就会出现在最优秀的学习者中。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
The costs of adding versus omitting diacritics in visual word recognition: Evidence from German and Finnish. 视觉词识别中添加或省略变音符的代价:来自德语和芬兰语的证据。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001586
Melanie Labusch, Manuel Perea, Jukka Hyönä

In German, diacritical marks distinguish between vowel sounds in print (e.g., "o" pronounced /o/ vs. "ö" pronounced /ø/). Unlike in Spanish, where diacritics primarily indicate lexical stress, omitting diacritics in German (e.g., Kröte [toad] → Krote) leads to longer word identification times compared with intact words. This suggests separate letter representations for diacritical and nondiacritical vowels in German. Current models of visual word recognition assume distinct letter representations for diacritical and nondiacritical vowels in German (Ziegler et al., 2000), but it remains unclear whether the reading cost differs when a diacritic is added versus omitted. We conducted three semantic categorization experiments to examine whether the presence of an added diacritic in a nondiacritical word (e.g., Schwan [swan] → Schwän) incurs a greater lexical-semantic cost than its omission (e.g., Kröte → Krote) in German and Finnish, another language where diacritical vowels signal distinct pronunciations. In noisy-channel models, adding a diacritic makes the percept less similar to the base word than omitting one, thus predicting a larger cost. In contrast, abstractionist models assume rapid activation of abstract letter representations, predicting a negligible asymmetry. Results were similar in German and Finnish. First, both types of misspellings showed a reading cost relative to the intact words. Second, the reading cost was larger for the addition than for the omission of diacritics, placing new constraints on the orthographic front-end of models of visual word recognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

在德语中,变音符号区分印刷元音(例如,“o”读作/o/ vs)。“ö”的发音为/ø/)。在西班牙语中,变音符号主要表示词汇的重音,而在德语中,省略变音符号(例如Kröte [toad]→Krote)与完整的单词相比,会导致更长的单词识别时间。这表明德语中变音元音和非变音元音的字母表示是分开的。目前的视觉词识别模型假设德语变音符和非变音符元音的字母表示是不同的(Ziegler et al., 2000),但目前尚不清楚增加和省略变音符时的阅读成本是否不同。我们进行了三个语义分类实验,以检验在德语和芬兰语中,在非变音符词(例如,Schwan [swan]→Schwän)中添加变音符是否会比省略变音符词(例如,Kröte→Krote)产生更大的词汇语义成本。在噪声信道模型中,与省略一个变音符号相比,添加一个变音符号会使感知结果与基本词的相似度降低,从而预测出更大的代价。相比之下,抽象主义模型假设抽象字母表征的快速激活,预测可忽略不计的不对称性。德语和芬兰语的结果相似。首先,两种类型的拼写错误都显示了相对于完整单词的阅读成本。其次,增加变音符号的阅读成本大于省略变音符号的阅读成本,这对视觉词识别模型的正字法前端构成了新的约束。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Saccade target selection in L2 reading: Evidence from Chinese-English bilinguals. 第二语言阅读的扫视目标选择:来自汉英双语者的证据。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001572
Xiaoxuan Li, Longjiao Sui, Jukka Hyönä, Baoguo Chen

Recent evidence shows that saccade target selection in second-language (L2) English reading is similar to that in native-language (L1) English reading. However, only bilinguals with languages belonging to the same writing system were examined in these studies. The present study investigated saccade target selection and whether it changes with L2 proficiency in cross-writing-system bilinguals, specifically Chinese-English bilinguals. In Study 1, we analyzed an L2 reading data set of Chinese-English bilinguals. For both high- and low-L2-proficiency bilinguals, we observed an inverted U-shaped preferred viewing location curve and found a word length effect on the initial landing position, suggesting that bilinguals selected the word central position as the saccade target. However, when the launch site was five letters or farther from the target word, the PVL curve peaked at the word beginning. In Study 2, we manipulated target word frequency, parafoveal information validity, and L2 proficiency in a factorial experiment. A significant three-way interaction was found in outgoing saccade length. Low-proficiency bilinguals exhibited longer outgoing saccades from high-frequency than low-frequency target words, but only when parafoveal information was valid. With the increase of L2 proficiency, this interaction ceased to exist. These results suggest decreased reliance on ongoing processing for saccade target selection as L2 proficiency increases. Combining the two studies, we found for Chinese-English bilinguals' L2 reading a specific processing-based strategy that varied with L2 proficiency and a universal word-based strategy. These findings provide new insights into reading strategy and eye movement control in cross-writing-system bilinguals' L2 reading. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

最近的证据表明,第二语言英语阅读中的扫视目标选择与母语英语阅读中的扫视目标选择相似。然而,这些研究只调查了使用同一种书写系统的双语者。本研究考察了跨写作系统双语者,特别是中英双语者的扫视目标选择是否随二语熟练程度的变化而变化。在研究1中,我们分析了中英双语者的二语阅读数据集。对于高、低l2熟练程度的双语者,我们观察到一个倒u型的首选观看位置曲线,并且发现单词长度对初始落点位置有影响,这表明双语者选择单词中心位置作为扫视目标。然而,当发射点离目标单词有5个字母或更远时,PVL曲线在单词开始处达到峰值。在研究2中,我们在一个析因实验中操纵了目标词频、中央凹旁信息效度和二语熟练程度。外向扫视长度存在显著的三向相互作用。低熟练度双语者在高频目标词上比低频目标词表现出更长时间的外向扫视,但仅在中央凹旁信息有效的情况下。随着第二语言熟练程度的提高,这种相互作用不复存在。这些结果表明,随着第二语言熟练程度的提高,对扫视目标选择的依赖程度降低。结合这两项研究,我们发现中英双语者的二语阅读存在一种特定的基于加工的策略和一种普遍的基于词汇的策略。这些发现为跨书写系统双语者二语阅读中的阅读策略和眼动控制提供了新的见解。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
How to sneeze a napkin off the table: Understanding grammatically creative, coerced sentences in real time. 如何打喷嚏把餐巾从桌子上掉下来:实时理解语法上的创造性、强制性的句子。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001568
Tobias Ungerer, Caitlyn Antal, Roberto G de Almeida

While numerous studies have examined how speakers understand newly coined words and novel figurative expressions, it remains largely unknown how grammatically creative sentences are processed in real time. In two reading experiments, we investigated how speakers comprehend instances of valency coercion, where a verb combines with noncanonical grammatical arguments (e.g., Frank sneezed his napkin off the table). Experiment 1 (N = 80), which included a preregistered replication (N = 120), employed the "maze" variant of the self-paced reading task. We found that coerced sentences, compared with prototypical (uncreative) controls, produced immediate processing difficulty after the verb, which was, however, rapidly alleviated at the prepositional phrase. Experiment 2 (N = 55), using eye-movement recordings, showed that the processing difficulty in coerced sentences was more successfully resolved than in fully anomalous controls, and that this resolution occurred both at temporally early and later stages of processing. Our results demonstrate that verb argument structure composition is flexible and computed during real-time incremental sentence comprehension. Comprehenders understand creative verb-argument combinations by rapidly integrating information from the verb and its clausal context. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

虽然有大量的研究调查了说话者是如何理解新创造的单词和新颖的比喻表达的,但在很大程度上,人们仍然不知道在语法上有创造性的句子是如何被实时处理的。在两个阅读实验中,我们调查了说话者是如何理解配价强制的例子的,当一个动词与非规范的语法论点结合在一起时(例如,弗兰克打喷嚏时把餐巾从桌子上弄掉了)。实验1 (N = 80)包括一个预注册的重复实验(N = 120),采用了自定节奏阅读任务的“迷宫”变体。我们发现,与原型(非创造性)对照相比,强迫句子在动词后立即产生处理困难,然而,在介词短语处迅速缓解。实验2 (N = 55)使用眼动记录显示,与完全异常对照相比,强迫句子的加工困难得到了更成功的解决,并且这种解决同时发生在加工的早期和后期阶段。我们的研究结果表明,在实时增量句子理解中,动词论点结构的组成是灵活的和可计算的。理解者通过快速整合动词及其小句语境中的信息来理解创造性的动词-论点组合。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Language choice and naming difficulty: Evidence from bilingual degraded picture naming. 语言选择与命名困难:来自双语退化图片命名的证据。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001571
Nora Kennis, Sabila R Hantoni, Martin J Pickering, Holly P Branigan

We investigated how anticipated naming difficulty affects voluntary language choice and switching behavior in three experiments. L2 speakers of English (E1: 87 native Dutch speakers, E2: 105 native Dutch speakers, and E3: 65 native Indonesian speakers) performed an online picture-naming task with free language choice. We used image degradation to manipulate the early, prelexical stages of word production to be easy (intact image) or difficult (degraded image). In Experiment 2, we also manipulated word frequency. We hypothesized participants would use English (their nondominant language) and switch languages less on degraded- versus intact-image trials. Participants took longer to name degraded than intact images and lower than higher frequency words, as predicted. They also responded faster on English trials (reverse dominance effect) and language repeat trials (voluntary switch cost) and used English more for higher than lower frequency words (all ps < .001). Crucially, though, results refuted our other predictions: There was no effect of image degradation on language choice or switch choice (p > .05). This suggests that early prelexical sources of naming difficulty do not affect voluntary language selection. These data support modular theories of language production, meaning language decisions at the lexical stage occur independently from the visual processing or conceptual stages. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

我们在三个实验中研究了预期命名困难如何影响自愿语言选择和转换行为。L2英语使用者(E1: 87名荷兰语母语者,E2: 105名荷兰语母语者,E3: 65名印度尼西亚语母语者)在自由语言选择的情况下完成了一项在线图片命名任务。我们使用图像退化来操纵单词生成的早期、前词汇阶段,使其变得容易(完整的图像)或困难(退化的图像)。在实验2中,我们也操纵了词频。我们假设参与者会使用英语(他们的非主导语言),并且在退化图像与完整图像的试验中较少切换语言。正如预测的那样,参与者花了更长的时间来命名退化的图像,而不是完整的图像,并且比高频率的单词更少。他们在英语试验(反向优势效应)和语言重复试验(自愿转换成本)中反应更快,在高频词上使用英语的频率高于低频词(均p < 0.001)。然而,关键的是,结果驳斥了我们的其他预测:图像退化对语言选择或开关选择没有影响(p < 0.05)。这表明命名困难的早期前词汇来源并不影响自发语言选择。这些数据支持语言产生的模块化理论,即词汇阶段的语言决策独立于视觉加工或概念阶段。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Task sets serve as boundaries for the list-wide proportion congruency effect. 任务集作为列表范围比例一致性效应的边界。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001578
Daniel H Weissman, Katherine Ni

Context influences how people cope with distraction. For example, a parent might "tune out" a child's voice more while reading than while cooking. The contextual boundaries of control processes that enable people to cope with distraction over relatively long (e.g., minutes) timescales, however, remain unclear, especially in cross-modal tasks. Therefore, we conducted three experiments with a prime-probe task (N = 144) to investigate the boundaries of a laboratory index of these control processes called the list-wide proportion congruency effect (LWPCE). Specifically, we investigated whether (a) sensory modalities on their own or (b) task sets based on sensory modalities serve as boundaries for the LWPCE. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that the control processes underlying the LWPCE transfer from trials with auditory distractors to trials with visual distractors only when the task structure biases participants to think of auditory and visual stimuli as belonging to the same task. Experiment 3 revealed that participants exhibit such a bias when they cannot classify most of the trials as "purely visual" or "purely auditory." These findings support the view that task sets serve as boundaries for the LWPCE. They also reveal the precise conditions under which control processes transfer across different sensory modalities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

环境影响人们应对分心的方式。例如,父母可能会在阅读时“忽略”孩子的声音,而不是做饭时。然而,使人们能够在相对较长(例如,几分钟)的时间尺度上应对分心的控制过程的上下文边界仍然不清楚,特别是在跨模式任务中。因此,我们通过启动探针任务(N = 144)进行了三个实验,以研究这些控制过程的实验室指标的边界,称为列表范围比例一致性效应(LWPCE)。具体来说,我们研究了(a)感官模式本身还是(b)基于感官模式的任务集作为LWPCE的边界。实验1和2显示,只有当任务结构偏向于将听觉和视觉刺激视为同一任务时,LWPCE的控制过程才会从听觉干扰转移到视觉干扰。实验3显示,当参与者不能将大多数试验分类为“纯视觉”或“纯听觉”时,他们就会表现出这种偏见。这些发现支持了任务集作为LWPCE边界的观点。它们还揭示了控制过程在不同感官模式之间转移的精确条件。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Language control during free sentence production: Cued and voluntary switching. 自由造句过程中的语言控制:主动和主动转换。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001579
L María Sánchez, Esli Struys, David Peeters, Mathieu Declerck

Language control is the process that manages cross-language interference, helping multilinguals to successfully adapt their language choice to a given linguistic environment. Traditionally, language control has been investigated using language-switching experiments that rely on cued picture naming. However, in real-life settings, language choice is not always externally imposed, and language production involves complex and varied syntactic constructions beyond the single-word level. Here, we present findings from French-English bilinguals who switched between languages from one sentence to the other, parting from an action description task. We compared findings from two linguistic contexts: one wherein participants could freely choose when to switch (voluntary language switching) and one wherein they were told when to switch (cued language switching). Overall, our reaction time and filled pause analyses showed no significant switch costs during cued language switching. During voluntary language switching, we observed significant switch costs in second language and a repetition cost in first language. Our findings contrast with those encountered in single-word production experiments and highlight the importance of studying bilingual language control in ecologically valid environments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

语言控制是管理跨语言干扰的过程,帮助多语言者成功地使他们的语言选择适应给定的语言环境。传统上,语言控制是通过依赖于提示图片命名的语言转换实验来研究的。然而,在现实生活中,语言选择并不总是外部强加的,语言的产生涉及到复杂多样的句法结构,超出了单个单词的水平。在这里,我们展示了法英双语者的研究结果,他们从一个句子切换到另一个句子,离开一个动作描述任务。我们比较了两种语言环境的结果:一种是参与者可以自由选择何时切换(自愿语言切换),另一种是参与者被告知何时切换(提示语言切换)。总的来说,我们的反应时间和填充停顿分析表明,在提示语言转换过程中没有显著的转换成本。在自愿语言转换过程中,我们观察到第二语言的显著转换成本和第一语言的重复成本。我们的研究结果与单词生成实验的结果形成对比,强调了在生态有效环境中研究双语语言控制的重要性。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Reconstruction of temporal and spatial order information. 重构时空秩序信息。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001575
Madison D Paron, Alice F Healy, Michael J Kahana

A reconstruction-of-order task illuminated the dynamics and strategies that underlie serial order recall. An initial benchmark experiment, either with no variation in spatial positions or with spatial positions coinciding with temporal positions, yielded bowed symmetrical serial position functions in each case, consistent with both simple chaining and simple positional coding models. In contrast, these simple models were challenged by two additional experiments, which orthogonally varied temporal and spatial positions. These experiments yielded large performance differences between recalling temporal and spatial information. In the temporal condition, participants attempted to reconstruct the temporal order of words that were positioned alphabetically within a vertical array. In the spatial condition, participants attempted to reconstruct the spatial positions of words presented in a temporal sequence based on their alphabetical order. After viewing each list, all the words appeared alphabetically, and participants reconstructed the order of the words according to their instructed condition. Compared to temporal recall, spatial recall exhibited superior performance and a more bowed symmetrical serial position function. Analyses showed the effects of temporal contiguity in the spatial condition and spatial contiguity in the temporal condition. These findings suggest the theoretical conclusion that participants do not focus on the words' identities but rather on the temporal-spatial pattern in which the words occur during the study display (i.e., the temporal sequence of the spatial locations in which the words are shown). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

顺序重建任务阐明了序列顺序回忆背后的动态和策略。在初始基准实验中,无论是空间位置没有变化,还是空间位置与时间位置重合,每种情况下都得到了弯曲的对称序列位置函数,这与简单链和简单位置编码模型都是一致的。相反,这些简单的模型受到另外两个实验的挑战,这两个实验正交地改变了时间和空间位置。这些实验表明,记忆时间和空间信息的表现差异很大。在时间条件下,参与者试图重建垂直排列中按字母顺序排列的单词的时间顺序。在空间条件下,参与者试图根据字母顺序重建在时间序列中出现的单词的空间位置。在看完每个列表后,所有的单词按字母顺序出现,参与者根据他们的指示条件重建单词的顺序。与时间回忆相比,空间回忆表现出更优越的表现,并且具有更弯曲的对称序列位置函数。分析表明,时间连续性对空间条件的影响和空间连续性对时间条件的影响。这些发现提出了一个理论结论,即参与者并不关注单词的身份,而是关注单词在研究展示过程中出现的时空模式(即,单词出现的空间位置的时间顺序)。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
A cross-task comparison of transposed letter effects with consonants and vowels using visible targets. 使用可见目标对转置字母对辅音和元音的影响进行跨任务比较。
IF 2.1 2区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001569
Stephen J Lupker, Zian Chi, Lucia Colombo, Jiahui Jiang, Giacomo Spinelli

A now well-documented finding is that nonwords created by transposing two internal letters (e.g., vetrical, vercital) are perceived as being more similar to their base word (i.e., vertical) than nonwords created by substituting other letters for the transposed letters (e.g., vefsical, versifal). Most of the relevant research on transposed letter (TL) effects has involved a masked priming procedure with a lexical decision task. The results have typically been explained in terms of the interactions between the orthographic coding process and the lexical access process. The present research was an investigation of TL effects when the TL nonword is a target in both lexical decision tasks and same-different matching tasks in an attempt to determine whether the effect patterns could be explained in a way that is reasonably similar to how current orthographic coding models explain TL effects in masked priming experiments. Essentially parallel results of large TL effects for consonant-consonant transpositions and smaller, but highly significant, TL effects for vowel-vowel transpositions were observed in the two tasks for both adjacent and nonadjacent transpositions. The implications of our data pattern, particularly the large consonant-vowel effect size difference, for accounts of the relevant processes are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

现在一个有充分证据的发现是,通过调换两个内部字母(例如,vertical)创建的非单词被认为比用其他字母替换调换后的字母(例如,vefsical, versial)创建的非单词更类似于它们的基词(例如,vertical)。大多数关于转置字母效应的相关研究都涉及一个带有词汇决策任务的隐藏启动过程。这些结果通常被解释为正字法编码过程和词汇获取过程之间的相互作用。本研究旨在探讨在词法决策任务和相同-不同匹配任务中,当非词性词作为目标时的译入效应,并试图确定这种效应模式是否可以用与当前正字法编码模型解释隐启动实验中译入效应的合理相似的方式来解释。在相邻和非相邻转位的两个任务中,观察到基本上平行的结果:辅音-辅音转位的大TL效应和元音-元音转位的小但非常显著的TL效应。我们的数据模式的含义,特别是大的辅音-元音效应大小差异,对相关过程的说明进行了讨论。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2026 APA,版权所有)。
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Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition
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