Prashanth Baskaran, Helena Geirinhas Ramos, Artur Lopes Ribeiro
Probability of Detection (PoD) models, in general, take into consideration one or multiple flaw parameters such as its length, maximum depth, and/or maximum surface area, and one flaw signal. However, due to correlation between the response signals, it might be necessary to consider multiple flaw response signals simultaneously. Hence, in this work, we demonstrate the possibility of including multiple correlated flaw signals, features, towards the construction of a PoD curve. The flaw features considered are the 3 components of the magnetic flux density. This is a simulation based PoD estimation for a narrow opening notch type flaw located in the sub-surface of a two-layer geometry. The inspection is carried out by an uniform eddy current probe that induces a spatially uniform fields into the conducting space, around the region of interest. The analysis was performed using the semi-analytical boundary element method (BEM).
检测概率（PoD）模型一般考虑一个或多个缺陷参数，如长度、最大深度和/或最大表面积，以及一个缺陷信号。然而，由于响应信号之间存在相关性，可能有必要同时考虑多个缺陷响应信号。因此，在这项工作中，我们展示了将多个相关缺陷信号（特征）纳入 PoD 曲线构建的可能性。考虑的缺陷特征是磁通密度的 3 个分量。这是对位于双层几何体次表层的窄开口缺口型缺陷进行的基于模拟的 PoD 估算。检测是通过一个均匀的涡流探头进行的，该探头会在相关区域周围的导电空间中产生一个空间均匀的磁场。分析采用半解析边界元法（BEM）进行。
{"title":"Evaluation of the detectability of flaws in a two layer structure – A simulation-based PoD study incorporating correlated variables","authors":"Prashanth Baskaran, Helena Geirinhas Ramos, Artur Lopes Ribeiro","doi":"10.3233/jae-230134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-230134","url":null,"abstract":"Probability of Detection (PoD) models, in general, take into consideration one or multiple flaw parameters such as its length, maximum depth, and/or maximum surface area, and one flaw signal. However, due to correlation between the response signals, it might be necessary to consider multiple flaw response signals simultaneously. Hence, in this work, we demonstrate the possibility of including multiple correlated flaw signals, features, towards the construction of a PoD curve. The flaw features considered are the 3 components of the magnetic flux density. This is a simulation based PoD estimation for a narrow opening notch type flaw located in the sub-surface of a two-layer geometry. The inspection is carried out by an uniform eddy current probe that induces a spatially uniform fields into the conducting space, around the region of interest. The analysis was performed using the semi-analytical boundary element method (BEM).","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a portable device based on an Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) sensor for Steel Health Monitoring. The system operates by detecting magnetic anomalies in ferromagnetic materials caused by strain, corrosion, etc. This sensor can have various applications in the transportation,building, and aerospace fields for safety and maintenance monitoring of ferromagnetic materials. In this work, a low-cost device, that combines a high-sensitivity AMR sensor, a microcontroller, and supporting electronics has been designed and implemented. This sensor allows the contactless measurement of the magnetic flux density along three axes, when placed above the material under test, while the microcontroller and the required electronics enable real-time analysis and monitoring of measurements. In order to house and protect the sensor under various circumstances, a 3D-printed enclosure has also been created. This device can be used along with rehabilitation techniques for treatment of defective areas of an under-test material. Its versatility allows it to be employed in a variety of testing conditions for both single-point and scanning mode monitoring. The device’s portability, ease of use and applicability to on-site measurements make it accessible to a wide range of users, requiring only a personal computer to display the measurements. Finally, measurements are presented to prove the device’s accuracy for steel health monitoring.
{"title":"Development of a steel health monitoring device based on anisotropic magnetoresistance sensors","authors":"Georgia Stamou, Spyridon Angelopoulos, Evangelos Hristoforou","doi":"10.3233/jae-230137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-230137","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a portable device based on an Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) sensor for Steel Health Monitoring. The system operates by detecting magnetic anomalies in ferromagnetic materials caused by strain, corrosion, etc. This sensor can have various applications in the transportation,building, and aerospace fields for safety and maintenance monitoring of ferromagnetic materials. In this work, a low-cost device, that combines a high-sensitivity AMR sensor, a microcontroller, and supporting electronics has been designed and implemented. This sensor allows the contactless measurement of the magnetic flux density along three axes, when placed above the material under test, while the microcontroller and the required electronics enable real-time analysis and monitoring of measurements. In order to house and protect the sensor under various circumstances, a 3D-printed enclosure has also been created. This device can be used along with rehabilitation techniques for treatment of defective areas of an under-test material. Its versatility allows it to be employed in a variety of testing conditions for both single-point and scanning mode monitoring. The device’s portability, ease of use and applicability to on-site measurements make it accessible to a wide range of users, requiring only a personal computer to display the measurements. Finally, measurements are presented to prove the device’s accuracy for steel health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"69 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138503710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shanyi Jiang, Xinliang Pang, Yunfen Chang, Jie Cui, Yubing Han
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the coupling features of the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP) on overhead cables in the middle-and-far regions, different from the transmission line model commonly used for field-line coupling in high-frequency cases, using a simpler lumped approximation to solve the electrically small size model in low-frequency cases. To verify its effectiveness, a simulation model with the same conditions was set up using the software of Computer Simulation Technology (CST), and cable coupling experiments were performed in a laboratory environment using a bounded-wave electromagnetic pulse simulator. The calculated results of the lumped approximation circuit were compared with the CST simulation and measured results, and the agreement was good. The results also shows that the load exhibits a differential response in the case of the low impedance and it is consistent with the excitation signal in the case of the high impedance. Finally, some more experiments were constructed to analyzed the effect of different cable parameters on the cable load response through experiments, and the experimental results are also in general agreement with the theoretical analysis, in which the induced signal of the low-impedance load is mainly determined by the magnetic field in the direction normal to the cable and the ground loop and the induced signal of the high-impedance load is mainly determined by the electric field in the direction of the height of the cable erection.
{"title":"Analysis on the low-frequency electromagnetic pulse coupling to horizontal electrically short lines","authors":"Shanyi Jiang, Xinliang Pang, Yunfen Chang, Jie Cui, Yubing Han","doi":"10.3233/jae-230010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-230010","url":null,"abstract":"<h4><span>Abstract</span></h4><p>In this study, we investigated the coupling features of the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP) on overhead cables in the middle-and-far regions, different from the transmission line model commonly used for field-line coupling in high-frequency cases, using a simpler lumped approximation to solve the electrically small size model in low-frequency cases. To verify its effectiveness, a simulation model with the same conditions was set up using the software of Computer Simulation Technology (CST), and cable coupling experiments were performed in a laboratory environment using a bounded-wave electromagnetic pulse simulator. The calculated results of the lumped approximation circuit were compared with the CST simulation and measured results, and the agreement was good. The results also shows that the load exhibits a differential response in the case of the low impedance and it is consistent with the excitation signal in the case of the high impedance. Finally, some more experiments were constructed to analyzed the effect of different cable parameters on the cable load response through experiments, and the experimental results are also in general agreement with the theoretical analysis, in which the induced signal of the low-impedance load is mainly determined by the magnetic field in the direction normal to the cable and the ground loop and the induced signal of the high-impedance load is mainly determined by the electric field in the direction of the height of the cable erection. </p>","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"240 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138684006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paolo Di Barba, Fabrizio Dughiero, Michele Forzan, David A. Lowther, Antonio Marconi, Maria Evelina Mognaschi, Jan K. Sykulski
The authors explore the possibility of applying a convolutional Naeural Network (CNN) to the solution of coupled electromagnetic and thermal problem, focusing on the classical problem of induction heating systems, traditionally solved by resorting to Finite Element (FE) models. In fact, FE modelling is widely used in the design of induction heating systems due its accuracy, even if the solution of a coupled nonlinear problem is expensive in terms of computational time and hardware resources, notably in 3D analysis. A model based on CNN could be an interesting alternative; in fact, CNN is a learning model selected for its excellent ability to converge, even when trained with a limited dataset. CNNs are able to treat images as input and they are used here as follows: given a temperature map in the workpiece, identify the corresponding vector of current, frequency and process heating time; this mapping is a model of the inverse induction heating problem. Specifically, we consider as an example the induction heating of a cylindrical steel billet, made of C45 steel, placed in a solenoidal inductor coil exhibiting the same axial length of the billet (TEAM 36 problem). A thorough heating process is usually applied before hot working of the billet, as in an extrusion process, but this methodology can be applied also in the design of induction hardening processes. First, a CNN has been trained from scratch by means of a dataset of FE solutions of coupled electromagnetic and thermal problems. For the sake of a comparison, a transfer learning technique is applied using GoogLeNet, i.e. a Deep Convolutional Neural Network able to classify images: starting from the pre-trained GoogLeNet, its training has been subsequently refined with the dataset of solutions from FE analyses. When the training dataset contains a limited number of samples, GoogleNet shows good accuracy in predicting the process parameters; in the case of a high number of samples in the training set, namely beyond a threshold like e.g. 1500, both CNNs show good accuracy of the result.
{"title":"Neural metamodels and transfer learning for induction heating processes (TEAM 36 problem)","authors":"Paolo Di Barba, Fabrizio Dughiero, Michele Forzan, David A. Lowther, Antonio Marconi, Maria Evelina Mognaschi, Jan K. Sykulski","doi":"10.3233/jae-230087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-230087","url":null,"abstract":"The authors explore the possibility of applying a convolutional Naeural Network (CNN) to the solution of coupled electromagnetic and thermal problem, focusing on the classical problem of induction heating systems, traditionally solved by resorting to Finite Element (FE) models. In fact, FE modelling is widely used in the design of induction heating systems due its accuracy, even if the solution of a coupled nonlinear problem is expensive in terms of computational time and hardware resources, notably in 3D analysis. A model based on CNN could be an interesting alternative; in fact, CNN is a learning model selected for its excellent ability to converge, even when trained with a limited dataset. CNNs are able to treat images as input and they are used here as follows: given a temperature map in the workpiece, identify the corresponding vector of current, frequency and process heating time; this mapping is a model of the inverse induction heating problem. Specifically, we consider as an example the induction heating of a cylindrical steel billet, made of C45 steel, placed in a solenoidal inductor coil exhibiting the same axial length of the billet (TEAM 36 problem). A thorough heating process is usually applied before hot working of the billet, as in an extrusion process, but this methodology can be applied also in the design of induction hardening processes. First, a CNN has been trained from scratch by means of a dataset of FE solutions of coupled electromagnetic and thermal problems. For the sake of a comparison, a transfer learning technique is applied using GoogLeNet, i.e. a Deep Convolutional Neural Network able to classify images: starting from the pre-trained GoogLeNet, its training has been subsequently refined with the dataset of solutions from FE analyses. When the training dataset contains a limited number of samples, GoogleNet shows good accuracy in predicting the process parameters; in the case of a high number of samples in the training set, namely beyond a threshold like e.g. 1500, both CNNs show good accuracy of the result.","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"69 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138503696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dynamic response and operational reliability of high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) for diesel engine injector are the main indicators to measure their performance. At high-frequency, the eddy current energy and Joule energy generated by the HSV will be converted into heat, which has a significantimpact on the service life of HSV. The optimization of HSV involves the interaction between energy loss and the dynamic response of HSV. To optimize the HSV dynamic response time considering energy loss, the HSV work process simulation model was established in this paper, and the model was verified based on armature lift experimental data. Without changing the structural parameters of the HSV, the four parameters of electroconductibility, spring stiffness, damping coefficient, and coil resistance were selected as the key parameters affecting the dynamic response and energy loss. The response surface models (RSMs) of opening response time, closing response time, eddy current energy and Joule energy of the HSV were constructed by using the smoothing spline-analysis of variance method. The multi-objective cooperation optimization of HSV under the interaction of dynamic response characteristics and energy loss was completed by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms. After optimization, the opening and closing response times of HSV were reduced by 15.1% and 16.6% respectively, while the eddy current energy and Joule energy were reduced by 5.2% and 48.4% respectively. In this paper, the dynamic response and energy loss were jointly optimized. The presented results provide theory instruction for multi-objective cooperative optimization of HSV.
{"title":"Multi-objective cooperation optimization research on dynamic response and energy loss of high-speed solenoid valve for diesel engine injector","authors":"Zhiqing Yu, Jianhui Zhao, Rongqiang Wei","doi":"10.3233/jae-230099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-230099","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic response and operational reliability of high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) for diesel engine injector are the main indicators to measure their performance. At high-frequency, the eddy current energy and Joule energy generated by the HSV will be converted into heat, which has a significantimpact on the service life of HSV. The optimization of HSV involves the interaction between energy loss and the dynamic response of HSV. To optimize the HSV dynamic response time considering energy loss, the HSV work process simulation model was established in this paper, and the model was verified based on armature lift experimental data. Without changing the structural parameters of the HSV, the four parameters of electroconductibility, spring stiffness, damping coefficient, and coil resistance were selected as the key parameters affecting the dynamic response and energy loss. The response surface models (RSMs) of opening response time, closing response time, eddy current energy and Joule energy of the HSV were constructed by using the smoothing spline-analysis of variance method. The multi-objective cooperation optimization of HSV under the interaction of dynamic response characteristics and energy loss was completed by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms. After optimization, the opening and closing response times of HSV were reduced by 15.1% and 16.6% respectively, while the eddy current energy and Joule energy were reduced by 5.2% and 48.4% respectively. In this paper, the dynamic response and energy loss were jointly optimized. The presented results provide theory instruction for multi-objective cooperative optimization of HSV.","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"179 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138684154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In modern wireless telecommunication systems, antenna arrays are widely used as elements of multiple – input multiple – output technology. In the fifth-generation systems, arrays are utilized to realize beamforming that forms the radiation pattern of the base station in the direction of the mobileuser. This requires the utilization of many-element antenna arrays that are precisely controlled to achieve the required radiation properties. In this paper we apply the concept of deep neural network to model antenna array radiation properties. In this proof-of-concept research we aim at investigating to what extent it is possible to use deep neural networks for modeling antenna arrays. We consider a full-wave model of linear array with a reflector, which was controlled by the phase and amplitude of the signals feeding the elementary radiators. The applied method made it possible to solve the direct and inverse problems. The results that we obtained show that deep neural networks are able to model antenna array properties.
{"title":"Linear antenna array modeling with deep neural networks","authors":"Paolo Di Barba, Łukasz Januszkiewicz","doi":"10.3233/jae-230086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-230086","url":null,"abstract":"In modern wireless telecommunication systems, antenna arrays are widely used as elements of multiple – input multiple – output technology. In the fifth-generation systems, arrays are utilized to realize beamforming that forms the radiation pattern of the base station in the direction of the mobileuser. This requires the utilization of many-element antenna arrays that are precisely controlled to achieve the required radiation properties. In this paper we apply the concept of deep neural network to model antenna array radiation properties. In this proof-of-concept research we aim at investigating to what extent it is possible to use deep neural networks for modeling antenna arrays. We consider a full-wave model of linear array with a reflector, which was controlled by the phase and amplitude of the signals feeding the elementary radiators. The applied method made it possible to solve the direct and inverse problems. The results that we obtained show that deep neural networks are able to model antenna array properties.","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138503695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jose L. Alvarez-Flores, Gustavo Vera-Reveles, Francisco R. Castillo Soria, L. Soriano-Equigua, F.M. Maciel Barboza, Pablo A. Alcaraz Valencia, Marco Cardenas-Juarez, E.S. Hernandez-Gomez, Jorge Simon
The knowledge of dielectric properties of organic materials at microwave frequencies is important for different applications in agriculture, food, or other similar research areas. The method of the low-cost disturbed cylindrical cavity resonator is a common measurement technique that considers resonant frequency shift when inserting samples of materials inside the cavity. Frequency shifts together with the knowledge of the complex permittivity of a reference material allow the estimation of the permittivity of a material under test. In this paper, the complex permittivity, and the loss tangent of dried and powdered agricultural wastes from the state of Colima in Mexico are obtained at 1.2853. The materials under test are coir and skins of rice, banana, lemon, watermelon, pineapple, and papaya since they are one of the most abundant agricultural wastes in the state of Colima in Mexico.
{"title":"Cylindrical cavity resonator for complex permittivity estimation at 1.2853 GHz: Coir and skins of rice, banana, lemon, watermelon, pineapple, and papaya","authors":"Jose L. Alvarez-Flores, Gustavo Vera-Reveles, Francisco R. Castillo Soria, L. Soriano-Equigua, F.M. Maciel Barboza, Pablo A. Alcaraz Valencia, Marco Cardenas-Juarez, E.S. Hernandez-Gomez, Jorge Simon","doi":"10.3233/jae-230027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-230027","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of dielectric properties of organic materials at microwave frequencies is important for different applications in agriculture, food, or other similar research areas. The method of the low-cost disturbed cylindrical cavity resonator is a common measurement technique that considers resonant frequency shift when inserting samples of materials inside the cavity. Frequency shifts together with the knowledge of the complex permittivity of a reference material allow the estimation of the permittivity of a material under test. In this paper, the complex permittivity, and the loss tangent of dried and powdered agricultural wastes from the state of Colima in Mexico are obtained at 1.2853. The materials under test are coir and skins of rice, banana, lemon, watermelon, pineapple, and papaya since they are one of the most abundant agricultural wastes in the state of Colima in Mexico.","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135665278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benzhen Guo, Desheng Li, Jinshan Tian, Lezhi Ye, Bin Wang, Zequn Li
In this article, a clear and concise analytical method for predicting the performance of a Liquid-cooling eddy current brake (LC-ECB) is proposed. The LC-ECB has a coolant channel in the rotor to allow direct cooling of the inner surface of the stator. The static air-gap magnetic field distribution is obtained by the dynamic magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) method, and the magnetic flux leakage and global magnetic saturation effects are fully considered. The magnetic field intensity distribution function of the eddy current reaction magnetic field is derived for the first time based on Ampere circuital theorem. Considering the local magnetic saturation and skin effect, a novel double-iteration algorithm based on the conservation principle of magnetic pressure drop is applied to obtain the transient air-gap flux density distribution, and then the brake torque expression is obtained. The finite element method (FEM) and experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective. The new model is easy to program and can be easily used in the initial design and optimization of LC-ECB.
{"title":"Analytical calculation method of a liquid-cooling eddy current brake considering magnetic saturation and skin effect","authors":"Benzhen Guo, Desheng Li, Jinshan Tian, Lezhi Ye, Bin Wang, Zequn Li","doi":"10.3233/jae-220246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-220246","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a clear and concise analytical method for predicting the performance of a Liquid-cooling eddy current brake (LC-ECB) is proposed. The LC-ECB has a coolant channel in the rotor to allow direct cooling of the inner surface of the stator. The static air-gap magnetic field distribution is obtained by the dynamic magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) method, and the magnetic flux leakage and global magnetic saturation effects are fully considered. The magnetic field intensity distribution function of the eddy current reaction magnetic field is derived for the first time based on Ampere circuital theorem. Considering the local magnetic saturation and skin effect, a novel double-iteration algorithm based on the conservation principle of magnetic pressure drop is applied to obtain the transient air-gap flux density distribution, and then the brake torque expression is obtained. The finite element method (FEM) and experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective. The new model is easy to program and can be easily used in the initial design and optimization of LC-ECB.","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"45 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135665283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of coaxial magnetic gear (CMG) in wave generator instead of traditional variable speed gearbox can effectively improve torque density and reduce torque ripple. Thus, the operation principle of CMG from the perspective of magnetic field modulation is firstly analyzed in this paper. Then the air gap magnetic fields induced by high-speed and low-speed rotors are studied. And the radial height, inner diameter angle, and outer diameter angle of the modulating pieces (MPs) are optimized by using the combination of response surface method (RSM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to improve the torque transmission capacity of CMG. The CMG is combined with the permanent magnet synchronous machine to get the magnetic-gear permanent magnet synchronous generator (MG-PMSG). The design feasibility of the MG-PMSG is verified from four aspects: static magnetic field analysis, no-load characteristics, load characteristics and load disturbance analysis.
{"title":"Optimization of coaxial magnetic gear and its application in wave power generation","authors":"Hongwei Fang, Ziyan Li","doi":"10.3233/jae-220082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-220082","url":null,"abstract":"The application of coaxial magnetic gear (CMG) in wave generator instead of traditional variable speed gearbox can effectively improve torque density and reduce torque ripple. Thus, the operation principle of CMG from the perspective of magnetic field modulation is firstly analyzed in this paper. Then the air gap magnetic fields induced by high-speed and low-speed rotors are studied. And the radial height, inner diameter angle, and outer diameter angle of the modulating pieces (MPs) are optimized by using the combination of response surface method (RSM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to improve the torque transmission capacity of CMG. The CMG is combined with the permanent magnet synchronous machine to get the magnetic-gear permanent magnet synchronous generator (MG-PMSG). The design feasibility of the MG-PMSG is verified from four aspects: static magnetic field analysis, no-load characteristics, load characteristics and load disturbance analysis.","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135769128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ilkin Goksal, Hasan Piskin, Bayram Kocaman, Kutay Akın, Dogukan Cay, Ege Selvi, Vedat Karakas, Sergi Lendinez, Hilal Saglam, Yi Li, John E. Pearson, Ralu Divan, Wei Zhang, Valentine Novosad, Axel Hoffmann, Ozhan Ozatay
Manipulation of antiferromagnetic sublattice orientations, a key challenge in spintronic device applications, requires unconventional methods such as current induced torques including Spin Transfer Torque (STT) and Spin-Orbit Torque (SOT). In order to observe the deviation of the Néel vector from the anisotropy axis, one of the simplest approaches is the electrical detection, whereby one monitors the change in resistance as a function of applied current. In this work, we have investigated the conditions under which an ultra-thin metallic antiferromagnet, Ir20Mn80 becomes susceptible to SOT effects by studying antiferromagnetic layer structure and thickness dependence in antiferromagnetic metal (Ir20Mn80)/heavy metal (Pt) superlattices. Our electrical measurements reveal that in bilayer structures there exists a shallow range of Ir20Mn80 thicknesses (∼1–2 nm) for which SOT driven control of spins is apparent, whereas for lower thicknesses incomplete sublattice formation and for higher thicknesses improved thermal stability prohibits vulnerability to spin currents. Furthermore, in multilayers, structural changes in Ir20Mn80 layer quenches local torques due to stronger (111) magnetocrystalline anisotropy. These results suggest that an exhaustive optimization of the antiferromagnet parameters is crucial for the successful deployment of spintronic devices.
{"title":"Challenges in electrical detection of spin-orbit torque in Ir20Mn80/Pt hetero-structures","authors":"Ilkin Goksal, Hasan Piskin, Bayram Kocaman, Kutay Akın, Dogukan Cay, Ege Selvi, Vedat Karakas, Sergi Lendinez, Hilal Saglam, Yi Li, John E. Pearson, Ralu Divan, Wei Zhang, Valentine Novosad, Axel Hoffmann, Ozhan Ozatay","doi":"10.3233/jae-220298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jae-220298","url":null,"abstract":"Manipulation of antiferromagnetic sublattice orientations, a key challenge in spintronic device applications, requires unconventional methods such as current induced torques including Spin Transfer Torque (STT) and Spin-Orbit Torque (SOT). In order to observe the deviation of the Néel vector from the anisotropy axis, one of the simplest approaches is the electrical detection, whereby one monitors the change in resistance as a function of applied current. In this work, we have investigated the conditions under which an ultra-thin metallic antiferromagnet, Ir20Mn80 becomes susceptible to SOT effects by studying antiferromagnetic layer structure and thickness dependence in antiferromagnetic metal (Ir20Mn80)/heavy metal (Pt) superlattices. Our electrical measurements reveal that in bilayer structures there exists a shallow range of Ir20Mn80 thicknesses (∼1–2 nm) for which SOT driven control of spins is apparent, whereas for lower thicknesses incomplete sublattice formation and for higher thicknesses improved thermal stability prohibits vulnerability to spin currents. Furthermore, in multilayers, structural changes in Ir20Mn80 layer quenches local torques due to stronger (111) magnetocrystalline anisotropy. These results suggest that an exhaustive optimization of the antiferromagnet parameters is crucial for the successful deployment of spintronic devices.","PeriodicalId":50340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136263532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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