Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2020.1868684
Fabio Fossa
ABSTRACT Artificial agents are commonly described by using words that traditionally belong to the semantic field of life. I call this phenomenon the game of semantic extension. However, the semantic extension of words as crucial as ‘autonomous’, ‘intelligent’, ‘creative’, ‘moral’, and so on, is often perceived as unsatisfactory, which is signalled with the extensive use of inverted commas or other syntactical cues. Such practice, in turn, has provoked harsh criticism that usually refers back to the literal meaning of the words to show their inappropriateness in describing artificial agents. Hence the question: how can we choose our words appropriately and wisely while making sense of artificial agents? This paper tries to answer by sketching the main features of the game of semantic extension in relation to artificial agency, reviewing the related opportunities and risks, and advancing some practical suggestions on how to play the game well.
{"title":"Artificial agency and the game of semantic extension","authors":"Fabio Fossa","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2020.1868684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2020.1868684","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Artificial agents are commonly described by using words that traditionally belong to the semantic field of life. I call this phenomenon the game of semantic extension. However, the semantic extension of words as crucial as ‘autonomous’, ‘intelligent’, ‘creative’, ‘moral’, and so on, is often perceived as unsatisfactory, which is signalled with the extensive use of inverted commas or other syntactical cues. Such practice, in turn, has provoked harsh criticism that usually refers back to the literal meaning of the words to show their inappropriateness in describing artificial agents. Hence the question: how can we choose our words appropriately and wisely while making sense of artificial agents? This paper tries to answer by sketching the main features of the game of semantic extension in relation to artificial agency, reviewing the related opportunities and risks, and advancing some practical suggestions on how to play the game well.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"440 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41919252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2021.1877502
Sébastien Plutniak
ABSTRACT Community detection is a major issue in network analysis. This paper combines a socio-historical approach with an experimental reconstruction of programs to investigate the early automation of clique detection algorithms, which remains one of the unsolved NP-complete problems today. The research led by the archaeologist Jean-Claude Gardin from the 1950s on non-numerical information and graph analysis is retraced to demonstrate the early contributions of social sciences and humanities. The limited recognition and reception of Gardin's innovative computer application to the humanities are addressed through two factors, in addition to the effects of historiography and bibliographies on the recording, discoverability, and reuse of scientific productions: (1) funding policies, evidenced by the transfer of research effort on graph applications from temporary interdisciplinary spaces to disciplinary organizations related to the then-emerging field of computer science; and (2) the erratic careers of algorithms, in which efficiency, flaws, corrections, and authors' status, were determining factors.
{"title":"Assyrian merchants meet nuclear physicists: history of the early contributions from social sciences to computer science. The case of automatic pattern detection in graphs (1950s–1970s)","authors":"Sébastien Plutniak","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2021.1877502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2021.1877502","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Community detection is a major issue in network analysis. This paper combines a socio-historical approach with an experimental reconstruction of programs to investigate the early automation of clique detection algorithms, which remains one of the unsolved NP-complete problems today. The research led by the archaeologist Jean-Claude Gardin from the 1950s on non-numerical information and graph analysis is retraced to demonstrate the early contributions of social sciences and humanities. The limited recognition and reception of Gardin's innovative computer application to the humanities are addressed through two factors, in addition to the effects of historiography and bibliographies on the recording, discoverability, and reuse of scientific productions: (1) funding policies, evidenced by the transfer of research effort on graph applications from temporary interdisciplinary spaces to disciplinary organizations related to the then-emerging field of computer science; and (2) the erratic careers of algorithms, in which efficiency, flaws, corrections, and authors' status, were determining factors.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"547 - 568"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41998584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2021.1894545
Mario Verdicchio
The widespread adoption of GIS technology around the world and the fact that GIS systems are based on GML mean that the OGC has substantial control over how geographical data are expressed and treated in most computing machines. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a type of software for gathering, managing and analysing geographic data in the form of layers visualized on top of maps or inside three-dimensional scenes. This thematic issue of I Interdisciplinary Science Reviews i , titled "Computing in the World", stems from the Fifth International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Computing (HaPoC), which took place in the end of October 2019 in Bergamo, Italy, a few months before that town and the surrounding province became one of the regions hit the hardest in the world by the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. [Extracted from the article] Copyright of Interdisciplinary Science Reviews is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
{"title":"Computing in this world","authors":"Mario Verdicchio","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2021.1894545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2021.1894545","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread adoption of GIS technology around the world and the fact that GIS systems are based on GML mean that the OGC has substantial control over how geographical data are expressed and treated in most computing machines. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a type of software for gathering, managing and analysing geographic data in the form of layers visualized on top of maps or inside three-dimensional scenes. This thematic issue of I Interdisciplinary Science Reviews i , titled \"Computing in the World\", stems from the Fifth International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Computing (HaPoC), which took place in the end of October 2019 in Bergamo, Italy, a few months before that town and the surrounding province became one of the regions hit the hardest in the world by the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. [Extracted from the article] Copyright of Interdisciplinary Science Reviews is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"427 - 429"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44915305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2020.1865662
M.P. Vianna
ABSTRACT In the 1970s, Brazil sought to establish State policies aimed at technological autonomy in the field of Informatics, resulting in the origin of a national industry of computers. This paper will explore another measure that has been little explored by historiography: the control over imports of data processing equipment. Our research intends to show the control exerted by the Commission for Coordination of Electronic Processing Activities (CAPRE) and to discuss how its technicians performed the analysis of user requests, resulting in decisions that either allowed or not the installation of the requested systems. When analysing computer purchase contracts and evaluating the intended uses for the imported systems, they defined the ‘merit' of each order and sought to raise users' awareness on the problem of technological dependence. They reveal different discourses on the technological modernization (‘efficient/lowercost' imported technologies versus ‘self–determination/autonomy' views influencing society’s perceptions on Informatics in the country.
{"title":"Coordinating users to generate the base of the national industry – CAPRE’s role in controlling imports of computers and peripherals (1976–1979)","authors":"M.P. Vianna","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2020.1865662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2020.1865662","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the 1970s, Brazil sought to establish State policies aimed at technological autonomy in the field of Informatics, resulting in the origin of a national industry of computers. This paper will explore another measure that has been little explored by historiography: the control over imports of data processing equipment. Our research intends to show the control exerted by the Commission for Coordination of Electronic Processing Activities (CAPRE) and to discuss how its technicians performed the analysis of user requests, resulting in decisions that either allowed or not the installation of the requested systems. When analysing computer purchase contracts and evaluating the intended uses for the imported systems, they defined the ‘merit' of each order and sought to raise users' awareness on the problem of technological dependence. They reveal different discourses on the technological modernization (‘efficient/lowercost' imported technologies versus ‘self–determination/autonomy' views influencing society’s perceptions on Informatics in the country.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"501 - 521"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47376296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2020.1865659
Crystal Hall, E. Chown, Fernando Nascimento
ABSTRACT The Faculty of Digital and Computational Studies (DCS) at Bowdoin College proposes a critical, analytical framework, referred to as the ‘4As,’ as an interdisciplinary means to interpret, evaluate, and create the data, operations, and devices of computing across all domains of knowledge production. Following other disciplines that have developed in symbiotic relationships to one another, DCS puts computation in conversation with fields from across the arts, humanities, physical, and social sciences. Our foundational premise is the bidirectional influence between these disciplines and digital artifacts and computation. The 4As (artifact, architecture, abstraction, and agency) benefit from both the scepticism of the liberal arts in the face of ubiquitous digital processes and the analytical opening for examining questions pertaining to creative and imaginative alternatives to the digital and computational status quo. We provide an ultra-contemporary case study to demonstrate the framework in use.
{"title":"A critical, analytical framework for the digital machine","authors":"Crystal Hall, E. Chown, Fernando Nascimento","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2020.1865659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2020.1865659","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Faculty of Digital and Computational Studies (DCS) at Bowdoin College proposes a critical, analytical framework, referred to as the ‘4As,’ as an interdisciplinary means to interpret, evaluate, and create the data, operations, and devices of computing across all domains of knowledge production. Following other disciplines that have developed in symbiotic relationships to one another, DCS puts computation in conversation with fields from across the arts, humanities, physical, and social sciences. Our foundational premise is the bidirectional influence between these disciplines and digital artifacts and computation. The 4As (artifact, architecture, abstraction, and agency) benefit from both the scepticism of the liberal arts in the face of ubiquitous digital processes and the analytical opening for examining questions pertaining to creative and imaginative alternatives to the digital and computational status quo. We provide an ultra-contemporary case study to demonstrate the framework in use.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"458 - 476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48717839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2021.1890484
Juan Luis Gastaldi, L. Pellissier
ABSTRACT The recent success of deep neural network techniques in natural language processing rely heavily on the so-called distributional hypothesis. We suggest that the latter can be understood as a simplified version of the classic structuralist hypothesis, at the core of a programme aiming at reconstructing grammatical structures from first principles and corpus analysis. Then, we propose to reinterpret the structuralist programme with insights from proof theory, especially associating paradigmatic relations and units with formal types defined through an appropriate notion of interaction. In this way, we intend to build original conceptual bridges between computational logic and classic structuralism, which can contribute to understanding the recent advances in NLP.
{"title":"The calculus of language: explicit representation of emergent linguistic structure through type-theoretical paradigms","authors":"Juan Luis Gastaldi, L. Pellissier","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2021.1890484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2021.1890484","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The recent success of deep neural network techniques in natural language processing rely heavily on the so-called distributional hypothesis. We suggest that the latter can be understood as a simplified version of the classic structuralist hypothesis, at the core of a programme aiming at reconstructing grammatical structures from first principles and corpus analysis. Then, we propose to reinterpret the structuralist programme with insights from proof theory, especially associating paradigmatic relations and units with formal types defined through an appropriate notion of interaction. In this way, we intend to build original conceptual bridges between computational logic and classic structuralism, which can contribute to understanding the recent advances in NLP.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"569 - 590"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44127644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2020.1838212
Deborah G. Johnson
ABSTRACT The question of how a technology can generate an ethical issue generally goes unasked. The question is interesting in its own right and also important for understanding the two things that are brought together in the question, technology and ethics. Focusing on computer technology, the question is answered here first by examining the language used to introduce computer ethical issues and, second, by examining the debate about who should teach and do research on computer ethics. The answer involves acknowledging the complex relationship between computer technology, society, and ethics. Computer technologies shape (and are shaped by) social contexts, social arrangements and values, and these are the subject matter of ethical analysis.
{"title":"What is the relationship between computer technology and ethical issues?","authors":"Deborah G. Johnson","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2020.1838212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2020.1838212","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The question of how a technology can generate an ethical issue generally goes unasked. The question is interesting in its own right and also important for understanding the two things that are brought together in the question, technology and ethics. Focusing on computer technology, the question is answered here first by examining the language used to introduce computer ethical issues and, second, by examining the debate about who should teach and do research on computer ethics. The answer involves acknowledging the complex relationship between computer technology, society, and ethics. Computer technologies shape (and are shaped by) social contexts, social arrangements and values, and these are the subject matter of ethical analysis.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"430 - 439"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44681840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2020.1865661
A. Trybus
ABSTRACT We argue that the ideas of Bertrand Russell, a famous English philosopher and logician, have a bearing on the philosophical foundations of one of the sub–fields of AI, called qualitative spatial reasoning. The research conducted within that field focuses on non–numerical reasoning about regions of space designed to mimic human spatial behaviour and thus avoid the artificiality of the numerical approach. After briefly describing the main characteristics of this field, we analyse Russell's works on geometry. We show that despite major differences in how the subject matter is treated, these publications do have a common core that is related to the non–numerical, qualitative parts of geometry. Therefore, we argue that Russell should be viewed as a forefather of qualitative spatial reasoning on par with Whitehead or Leśniewski. Moreover, we believe that the efforts within qualitative spatial reasoning should be geared more towards the types of geometry he describes.
{"title":"Russell and the foundations of qualitative spatial reasoning: the first steps","authors":"A. Trybus","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2020.1865661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2020.1865661","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We argue that the ideas of Bertrand Russell, a famous English philosopher and logician, have a bearing on the philosophical foundations of one of the sub–fields of AI, called qualitative spatial reasoning. The research conducted within that field focuses on non–numerical reasoning about regions of space designed to mimic human spatial behaviour and thus avoid the artificiality of the numerical approach. After briefly describing the main characteristics of this field, we analyse Russell's works on geometry. We show that despite major differences in how the subject matter is treated, these publications do have a common core that is related to the non–numerical, qualitative parts of geometry. Therefore, we argue that Russell should be viewed as a forefather of qualitative spatial reasoning on par with Whitehead or Leśniewski. Moreover, we believe that the efforts within qualitative spatial reasoning should be geared more towards the types of geometry he describes.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"591 - 608"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47888260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2021.1872144
Patrick Egan (Pádraig Mac Aodhgáin)
ABSTRACT This paper considers debates that have taken place in ethnomusicology as a result of engagement with the classification of data. Landmark projects over the past century introduced various classification systems and initiated important debates within the field. From the author’s perspective, classification of data is understood as a necessary precursor to computation in these projects. Classificatory thinking is used here as a theme to explore debates that have arisen when abstractions of musical practice have been suggested for use with ethnomusicology. The paper proposes that a recent approach to research practice for embedding computation adds to ongoing interdisciplinary work, demonstrating novel ways of contextualizing archival materials with ethnography alongside computation. The approach attempted to strike a balance for engaging large amounts of data in ethnomusicology. The paper argues that some resulting tensions arising from classification lead to insights, which cannot be drawn by ethnomusicological methods alone.
{"title":"Insider or outsider? Exploring some digital challenges in ethnomusicology","authors":"Patrick Egan (Pádraig Mac Aodhgáin)","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2021.1872144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2021.1872144","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper considers debates that have taken place in ethnomusicology as a result of engagement with the classification of data. Landmark projects over the past century introduced various classification systems and initiated important debates within the field. From the author’s perspective, classification of data is understood as a necessary precursor to computation in these projects. Classificatory thinking is used here as a theme to explore debates that have arisen when abstractions of musical practice have been suggested for use with ethnomusicology. The paper proposes that a recent approach to research practice for embedding computation adds to ongoing interdisciplinary work, demonstrating novel ways of contextualizing archival materials with ethnography alongside computation. The approach attempted to strike a balance for engaging large amounts of data in ethnomusicology. The paper argues that some resulting tensions arising from classification lead to insights, which cannot be drawn by ethnomusicological methods alone.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"46 1","pages":"477 - 500"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43122610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-25DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2021.1956798
Qian Wang, Junyi Luo
ABSTRACT This work aimed to study the short- and long-term effects of listening to Chinese folk music on mathematical thinking skills. The central research methodology was based on an independent assessment of respondents’ success in mathematics with reference to the amount of overall time spent listening to Chinese folk music. The results obtained for the experimental group reported a positive correlation between individuals’ mathematical skills and Chinese folk music listening duration, while the control group outcomes turned out to be practically time-independent. The s2 vale for the Student's t-test, used for the hypothesis testing, for each of the intervals of the mathematical tests ranges from 0.015 to 0.06 for the experimental group and from 0.01 to 0.19 for the control group. An alternative hypothesis about a direct correlation between passive listening to Chinese traditional music and mathematical thinking skills was confirmed using the independent two-sample Student’s t-test.
{"title":"Chinese folk music and its effect on human mathematical thinking skills","authors":"Qian Wang, Junyi Luo","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2021.1956798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2021.1956798","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This work aimed to study the short- and long-term effects of listening to Chinese folk music on mathematical thinking skills. The central research methodology was based on an independent assessment of respondents’ success in mathematics with reference to the amount of overall time spent listening to Chinese folk music. The results obtained for the experimental group reported a positive correlation between individuals’ mathematical skills and Chinese folk music listening duration, while the control group outcomes turned out to be practically time-independent. The s2 vale for the Student's t-test, used for the hypothesis testing, for each of the intervals of the mathematical tests ranges from 0.015 to 0.06 for the experimental group and from 0.01 to 0.19 for the control group. An alternative hypothesis about a direct correlation between passive listening to Chinese traditional music and mathematical thinking skills was confirmed using the independent two-sample Student’s t-test.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":"47 1","pages":"97 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43185140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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