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Assumptions of twentieth-century neuroscience: reductionist and computational paradigms 二十世纪神经科学的假设:还原论和计算范式
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2149736
D. Parker
ABSTRACT The term neuroscience originated in the early 1960s, but the questions it asks date to antiquity. The nineteenth-century reticular view of the brain as a diffuse net-like synctium was negated by the neuron doctrine, but certain aspects (e.g. glial cells) are better described as a synctium. System views of the brain were popular in the first half of the twentieth century, but a reductionist focus has since dominated with the development of experimental tools that focus on components. This article will begin by considering twentieth-century views of both philosophers and scientists that highlight the tension between integrating in a field while retaining the ability to think critically. This will be illustrated by considering two common assumptions in neuroscience: that reductionist approaches will explain the brain; and the technological metaphor that sees the brain as a computer.
神经科学这个术语起源于20世纪60年代初,但它提出的问题可以追溯到古代。19世纪的网状观点认为大脑是一个弥散的网状合体,这一观点被神经元学说所否定,但某些方面(如神经胶质细胞)被更好地描述为一个合体。大脑的系统观点在20世纪上半叶很流行,但自那以后,随着专注于组成部分的实验工具的发展,还原论的焦点占据了主导地位。本文将首先考虑20世纪哲学家和科学家的观点,这些观点强调了在一个领域整合与保持批判性思维能力之间的紧张关系。这将通过考虑神经科学中的两个常见假设来说明:还原论方法将解释大脑;以及把大脑看作一台计算机的技术隐喻。
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引用次数: 0
The most important thing about science is values 科学最重要的是价值观
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2150414
H. Collins
ABSTRACT Science is the search for truth about the observable world. But it rests on values. The only thing that can be discovered by observation is the immediate here and now. Otherwise, knowledge about the observable world is based on hearsay, spoken or recorded, about others' observations. Apart from small and fleeting observations, science rests on trust. Our scientific lives and scientific knowledge depend on choosing who and what to trust. Since we can meet only a few scientists at best, we have to decide whether to trust science as an institution. Science is a good bet because its aim is to create truth, perhaps posthumously; truth is its end as well as its means. In today's world, science is vitally important as a check and balance on democratic power and an object lesson for decision-makers. To do good, honest, science is to support democracy in the face of populism.
科学是对可观察世界真相的探索。但这取决于价值观。唯一能通过观察发现的是眼前的事物。否则,关于可观察世界的知识是建立在对他人观察的道听途说、口头或记录的基础上的。除了微小而短暂的观察,科学还建立在信任之上。我们的科学生活和科学知识取决于选择信任谁和什么。由于我们最多只能见到少数科学家,我们必须决定是否信任科学作为一个机构。科学是一个很好的选择,因为它的目的是创造真理,也许是在死后;真理既是目的,也是手段。在当今世界,科学作为对民主权力的制衡和决策者的实物课程至关重要。做好事,诚实地说,科学就是在民粹主义面前支持民主。
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引用次数: 1
Putting scientific realism into perspective 透视科学现实主义
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2156150
Rafael Ambríz González, L. Bortolotti
ABSTRACT In this paper, we offer a brief overview of the debate between realism and anti-realism in the philosophy of science. On the background of that debate, we consider two recently developed approaches aimed at vindicating realist intuitions while acknowledging the limitations of scientific knowledge. Perspectivalists explain disagreement in science without giving up the idea that currently accepted scientific theories describe reality largely accurately: they posit the existence of different perspectives within which scientific claims can be produced and tested. The integrative approach instead encourages researchers to embrace pluralism: conflicting frameworks and methodologies can be integrated when new knowledge is gained. In the natural and human sciences, researchers sometimes behave as if perspectivism is true; at other times, they hope for a reconciliation between conflicting frameworks and believe that this can be achieved by progressively filling knowledge gaps.
本文对科学哲学中实在论与反实在论之争进行了简要概述。在这场辩论的背景下,我们考虑了两种最近发展起来的方法,它们旨在为现实主义直觉辩护,同时承认科学知识的局限性。透视主义者在解释科学中的分歧时,并没有放弃目前公认的科学理论在很大程度上准确地描述现实的观点:他们假设存在不同的观点,在这些观点中,科学主张可以产生和检验。相反,综合方法鼓励研究人员拥抱多元化:当获得新知识时,可以整合相互冲突的框架和方法。在自然科学和人文科学中,研究人员有时表现得好像透视主义是正确的;在其他时候,他们希望在相互冲突的框架之间达成和解,并相信这可以通过逐步填补知识空白来实现。
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引用次数: 0
Scientism and scientific fundamentalism: what science can learn from mainstream religion 科学主义与科学原教旨主义:科学可以从主流宗教中学到什么
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2152246
R. Peels
ABSTRACT An increasing number of scientists, philosophers, and popular science writers claim that science is the measure of all. They assert that science can answer all questions, that there are no limits to science, or that only science provides reliable knowledge, either in a particular realm, such as morality, or about any subject matter whatsoever. This view is often referred to as ‘scientism’. But what exactly is scientism? What is to be said in favour of it and against it? This paper suggests, after a careful evaluation of the arguments for and against scientism, that a helpful way to think of scientism is as of a variety of fundamentalism. It turns out that scientism meets nearly all conditions formulated in family resemblance accounts of fundamentalism. Finally, it is suggested that science and scientists can learn much from religion when it comes to how to deal with scientific fundamentalism.
越来越多的科学家、哲学家和科普作家声称科学是衡量一切的标准。他们断言科学可以回答所有问题,科学没有限制,或者只有科学才能提供可靠的知识,无论是在特定领域,如道德,还是关于任何主题。这种观点通常被称为“科学主义”。但科学主义到底是什么?赞成和反对它有什么可说的呢?在仔细评估了支持和反对科学主义的论点之后,本文认为,将科学主义视为各种原教旨主义是一种有益的方式。事实证明,科学主义几乎满足了原教旨主义家族相似性描述中所表述的所有条件。最后,有人建议,当涉及到如何处理科学原教旨主义时,科学和科学家可以从宗教中学到很多东西。
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引用次数: 1
From researching to making futures: a design mindset for transdisciplinary collaboration 从研究到创造未来:跨学科合作的设计思维
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-11-17 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2131086
G. M. Mejía, D. Henriksen, Yumeng Xie, Alex García-Topete, R. Malina, Kendon Jung
ABSTRACT Addressing complex future challenges requires transdisciplinary practices. However, existing approaches for transdisciplinary collaboration tend to be limited to science-expert directions. Successful collaboration across disciplines and diverse contexts requires community agency, blurring disciplinary boundaries, and combining sciences and arts. We argue that traditional and emergent design practices provide a powerful mindset to support productive transdisciplinary collaborations for addressing complex societal problems such as climate change and social justice. Designers, historically, have struggled to translate the practices of arts and sciences into professional practice; and design can be understood as a third way of knowing that is unique from arts and sciences. Designers may use evidence, but they also generate proposals that are about preferred possibilities. We propose components of a design mindset (synthesis, modelling, speculation, facilitation, and implementation) for transdisciplinary teams to enhance future-oriented collaboration outcomes. These guidelines expand research-oriented approaches and can be used for co-designing futures in collaborative work.
摘要应对复杂的未来挑战需要跨学科的实践。然而,现有的跨学科合作方法往往仅限于科学专家指导。跨学科和不同背景的成功合作需要社区代理,模糊学科界限,并将科学和艺术结合起来。我们认为,传统和新兴的设计实践提供了一种强大的心态,支持富有成效的跨学科合作,以解决气候变化和社会正义等复杂的社会问题。从历史上看,设计师一直在努力将艺术和科学实践转化为专业实践;设计可以被理解为第三种了解艺术和科学的方式。设计师可能会使用证据,但他们也会提出关于首选可能性的建议。我们为跨学科团队提出了设计思维的组成部分(综合、建模、推测、促进和实施),以增强面向未来的合作成果。这些指导方针扩展了以研究为导向的方法,可用于在合作工作中共同设计未来。
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引用次数: 2
Daring to disentangle: towards a framework for art-science-technology collaborations 敢于理清:走向艺术与科技合作的框架
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2134539
Zeynep Birsel, L. Marques, E. Loots
ABSTRACT This conceptual paper focuses on understanding the interactions between art, science, and technology as forms of wide interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary collaboration. There is scarce knowledge about how the wide interdisciplinary interaction between artists, scientists, and technologists can be conceptualized through a shared framework for collaboration. The ecology of collaboration involves a complex set of social structures varying between autonomous individually organized teams and institutional programmes. By using a social ecological approach, integrating social, organizational, and cultural factors, art, science, and technology (AST) collaborations can be characterized by a sequence of antecedent, process, and outcome conditions. These elements are organized to form a conceptual framework for art-science collaborations, elaborating on AST in its relationship to knowledge, aesthetics, interdependence, and experimentalism as antecedent conditions, while outlining the process elements and possible outcomes of the collaborations. The framework can be a vehicle for evaluation and reflection for practitioners, researchers, educators, and policymakers.
这篇概念性论文的重点是理解艺术、科学和技术之间的相互作用,作为广泛的跨学科或跨学科合作的形式。关于艺术家、科学家和技术人员之间广泛的跨学科互动如何通过共享的合作框架被概念化的知识很少。协作生态涉及一套复杂的社会结构,在自主的个人组织团队和机构计划之间变化。通过使用社会生态学方法,整合社会、组织和文化因素,艺术、科学和技术(AST)合作可以通过一系列先决条件、过程和结果条件来表征。这些元素被组织起来,形成一个艺术与科学合作的概念框架,详细阐述了AST与知识、美学、相互依存和实验主义的关系,作为先决条件,同时概述了合作的过程元素和可能的结果。该框架可以成为实践者、研究人员、教育工作者和政策制定者进行评估和反思的工具。
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引用次数: 2
Stuart Kauffman’s metaphysics of the adjacent possible: a critique 斯图尔特·考夫曼对相邻可能性的形而上学批判
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2125614
R. van der Merwe
ABSTRACT Stuart Kauffman has, in recent writings, developed a thought-provoking and influential argument for strong emergence. The outcome is his Theory of the Adjacent Possible (TAP). According to TAP, the biosphere constitutes a non-physical domain qualitatively distinct from the physical domain. The biosphere exhibits strongly emergent properties such as agency, meaning, value and creativity that cannot, in principle, be reduced to the physical. In this paper, I argue that TAP includes various (explicit or implicit) metaphysical commitments: commitments to (1) scientific realism, (2) downward causation and teleology, and (3) modal realism. If TAP is to hang together as the kind of robust philosophical thesis it evidently aspires to be, it needs an account – an account that is currently absent – of its metaphysical commitments. It is, however, unclear how such an account can be developed since various dilemmas present themselves when one explores how subscribers to TAP might do so.
摘要斯图尔特·考夫曼(Stuart Kauffman)在最近的著作中为强势崛起提出了一个发人深省且颇具影响力的论点。其结果是他的邻接可能理论。根据TAP的说法,生物圈是一个非物理领域,在性质上与物理领域不同。生物圈表现出强烈的涌现性质,如能动性、意义、价值和创造力,原则上不能归结为物理性质。在本文中,我认为TAP包括各种(明确或隐含的)形而上学承诺:对(1)科学现实主义的承诺,(2)向下因果关系和目的论的承诺,以及(3)模态现实主义。如果TAP要成为它显然渴望成为的那种强有力的哲学论文,它需要一个关于其形而上学承诺的解释——一个目前缺乏的解释。然而,目前尚不清楚如何开发这样一个账户,因为当人们探索TAP的订户可能会遇到各种各样的困境。
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引用次数: 1
Absent Archimedes – what? 没有阿基米德——什么?
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2124347
I. Morris
ABSTRACT Reviel Netz offers a radically contingent counterfactual history in which the absence of Archimedes would have prevented early modern Europe's scientific revolution and perhaps the nineteenth-century industrial revolution too. I argue that we need to be more explicit about methods in counterfactual arguments. Techniques developed by economic historians and political scientists seem to point toward a more constrained range of possibilities, and also favor assigning more importance to external material forces. Absent Archimedes, I suggest, we would live in a different world from this one, but not very different.
摘要Reviel Netz提供了一个完全偶然的反事实历史,在这个历史中,阿基米德的缺席可能会阻止现代欧洲早期的科学革命,也许还会阻止19世纪的工业革命。我认为,我们需要更明确地说明反事实论点中的方法。经济历史学家和政治科学家开发的技术似乎指向了一个更受限制的可能性范围,也有利于更加重视外部物质力量。我认为,如果没有阿基米德,我们将生活在一个与现在不同的世界,但并没有太大的不同。
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引用次数: 0
One or many? Genealogies of the mathematical sciences 一个还是多个?数学科学谱系
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2120236
Dhruv Raina
ABSTRACT This essay engages with some of the central arguments presented in the essay by Reviel Netz. The intention is not to disagree with his arguments but to raise an additional set of questions and salient concerns. The first section discusses the importance of an iterative praxis in the transformation of scientific or mathematical concepts within a school or tradition. In a subsequent section, this is linked with the interpretation of classical texts and the possible sources of anachronism. The essay discusses the multiplicity of genealogies of mathematics and the exact sciences in order to foreground other possible traditions and styles and their role in constituting the identity of the exact sciences. Similarly, the essay closes with a brief discussion of the consequences of recent studies on South Asian history in order to pluralize the narratives of the origins of the exact and modern sciences.
摘要本文涉及Reviel Netz在文章中提出的一些核心论点。其目的不是不同意他的论点,而是提出一系列额外的问题和突出的关切。第一节讨论了迭代实践在一个学派或传统中科学或数学概念转变的重要性。在下一节中,这与经典文本的解释以及时代错误的可能来源联系在一起。本文讨论了数学和精确科学谱系的多样性,以展望其他可能的传统和风格,以及它们在构成精确科学身份中的作用。同样,本文最后简要讨论了最近对南亚历史研究的结果,以使精确科学和现代科学起源的叙述多样化。
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引用次数: 0
Thirteen scholars reply to Reviel Netz’s ‘The Place of Archimedes in World History’ 13位学者对内兹的《阿基米德在世界历史上的地位》的回答
IF 1.1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2133399
K. Chemla
ABSTRACT This introduction to the issue of Interdisciplinary Science Reviews outlines the rules of the game on which all contributors agreed. Thirteen scholars have responded to a root essay written by Reviel Netz, under the title ‘The Place of Archimedes in World History.’ The introduction outlines the main lines of the arguments they put forward.
这篇《跨学科科学评论》的引言概述了所有撰稿人都同意的游戏规则。13位学者对里维尔·内兹写的一篇题为《阿基米德在世界历史中的地位》的论文做出了回应。引言部分概述了他们提出的论点的主线。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
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