Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第4页

Modelling fire-induced damage in limestone masonry walls using thermomechanical finite and discrete element method approaches 用热力有限元和离散元方法模拟石灰石砌体墙体的火灾损伤

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104600

Colin Guenser , Pierre Morenon , Nathalie Domede , Stéphane Corn , Marie Salgues

Fire severely affects the structural integrity of masonry structures, particularly in heritage buildings where post-fire assessment is essential for conservation and restoration efforts. While the fire behaviour of concrete has been widely studied, the thermomechanical response of masonry walls remains less documented. This study explores the behaviour of limestone masonry walls from the literature, subjected to fire and vertical compression, using Finite Element Method and hybrid finite/discrete simulations. These numerical models help analyse deformation mechanisms, crack propagation, and load-bearing capacity after fire exposure. Results show that out-of-plane displacements are highly dependent on boundary conditions and mechanical constraints. Thermal expansion leads to vertical cracking through both stones and joints, with cracks typically initiating near the lateral edges due to high tensile stresses. Post-fire residual behaviour indicates a reduction in compressive strength of about 45 %, aligning with experimental data. The stress-displacement curve of the heated wall reveals a complex failure process marked by multiple load drops, associated with crack closure and shear-induced cracking. In contrast, the unheated wall fails primarily through diagonal shear cracks, forming compression struts and confinement cones that influence its load-bearing response. These findings underline the importance of accounting for altered failure mechanisms when assessing and reinforcing fire-damaged masonry.

火灾严重影响砖石结构的结构完整性，特别是在文物建筑中，火灾后的评估对保护和修复工作至关重要。虽然混凝土的火灾行为已被广泛研究，但砖石墙的热力学响应仍然较少记录。本研究利用有限元法和有限/离散混合模拟，从文献中探索石灰石砌体墙在火灾和垂直压缩下的行为。这些数值模型有助于分析变形机制、裂纹扩展和火灾后的承载能力。结果表明，面外位移高度依赖于边界条件和力学约束。热膨胀导致石材和节理垂直开裂，由于高拉应力，裂缝通常在侧面边缘附近开始。火灾后的残余行为表明，抗压强度降低了约45%，与实验数据一致。热壁的应力-位移曲线显示了一个以多重荷载下降为特征的复杂破坏过程，并伴有裂纹闭合和剪切开裂。相比之下，未加热的墙体主要通过对角剪切裂缝破坏，形成压缩支撑和约束锥，影响其承载响应。这些发现强调了在评估和加固火灾破坏砌体时考虑破坏机制变化的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Applying timber-insulation mixed ceiling strategy in CFD simulation of large open-plan compartment with non-uniform fuel load 木材-绝热混合顶棚策略在非均匀燃油负荷大型开舱CFD模拟中的应用

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104599

Cheng Chen , Felix Wiesner , Panagiotis Kotsovinos , Tianwei Chu , Yifan Nie , Asif Usmani , Liming Jiang

Engineered timber products are increasingly popular in modern architecture due to their sustainability, ease of installation, and visual appeal. However, the combustibility of exposed timber elements presents significant fire safety challenges, particularly in modern large open-plan compartments. Previous experiments demonstrate rapid fire spread once timber ceilings ignite, highlighting the urgent need for effective fire mitigation strategies. Using a CFD fire model validated against a full-scale compartment fire test, the performance of the previous study on the proposed design strategy for the ceiling involving a mixed surface of timber and non-combustible insulation strips, complemented by a reinforced concrete upper layer, for mitigating fire spread has been demonstrated. Given that real-world fuel distributions are often non-uniform, this research specifically further investigates the effectiveness of the mixed ceiling strategy under non-uniform fuel scenarios, which may pose higher fire risks than conventional uniform arrangements. Results confirm that the mixed ceiling effectively delays fire growth and maintains localized burning for extended periods, especially when coupled with optimized fuel spacing and enhanced ventilation conditions. Parametric analyses further reveal that increasing the proportion of insulation relative to timber enhances fire mitigation, even under extreme fire scenarios. The flexible design principles inherent to the mixed ceiling strategy thus provide substantial structural and safety benefits, demonstrating reliable performance under challenging fire scenarios and supporting performance-based fire safety design.

由于其可持续性、易于安装和视觉吸引力，工程木制品在现代建筑中越来越受欢迎。然而，暴露的木材元件的可燃性提出了重大的消防安全挑战，特别是在现代大型开放式隔间中。先前的实验表明，一旦木材天花板着火，火势会迅速蔓延，这突出了有效的防火策略的迫切需要。通过CFD火灾模型对全尺寸隔间火灾测试进行验证，先前对天花板设计策略的研究的性能得到了证明，该设计策略涉及木材和不燃隔热条的混合表面，并辅以钢筋混凝土上层，以减轻火势蔓延。考虑到现实世界的燃料分布往往是不均匀的，本研究专门进一步研究了混合天花板策略在非均匀燃料场景下的有效性，这可能比传统的均匀布置带来更高的火灾风险。结果证实，混合顶棚有效地延缓了火势的蔓延，并在较长时间内保持局部燃烧，特别是在优化燃料间距和增强通风条件的情况下。参数分析进一步表明，即使在极端火灾情况下，增加绝缘材料相对于木材的比例也能增强防火效果。因此，混合天花板策略固有的灵活设计原则提供了实质性的结构和安全优势，在具有挑战性的火灾场景下展示了可靠的性能，并支持基于性能的消防安全设计。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the effects of porous materials synergistically combined with inert gas on the explosion characteristics of combustible gas 多孔材料与惰性气体协同作用对可燃气体爆炸特性影响的研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104598

Zehao Yin, Lingjun Xu, Zhi Zhai, Zengliang Zhang

To elucidate the combined influence of porous materials and inert gases on combustible gas explosions, a customized explosion pipeline system was designed to systematically investigate the effects of porous materials with varying pore densities (10-40PPI) and nitrogen concentrations on flame intensity, propagation velocity, structural dynamics, and overpressure. The results demonstrate a dual-mode interaction: 10PPI porous materials were found to exhibit flame-enhancing properties, amplifying combustion intensity, while higher pore densities (20-40PPI) were observed to transition from flame acceleration to suppression as pore dimensions approach or even falling below the methane quenching diameter. This transition mechanism is governed by dominant wall effects and thermal quenching. The addition of nitrogen was shown to further suppress upstream flame intensity and velocity through synergistic mechanisms, including radical scavenging, kinetic energy dissipation, and fuel dilution, resulting in a peak overpressure attenuation of 75.6 %. The optimal explosion mitigation was achieved using 40PPI porous materials and 10 % nitrogen concentration. This study provides a mechanistic framework for explosion suppression strategies, offering actionable insights for industrial safety applications.

为了阐明多孔材料和惰性气体对可燃气体爆炸的综合影响，设计了一套定制爆炸管道系统，系统研究了不同孔隙密度（10-40PPI）和氮气浓度的多孔材料对火焰强度、传播速度、结构动力学和超压的影响。结果显示了一种双模式相互作用：10PPI多孔材料表现出火焰增强特性，放大了燃烧强度，而更高孔隙密度（20-40PPI）的孔隙尺寸接近甚至低于甲烷淬火直径时，从火焰加速向抑制转变。这种转变机制受主导壁效应和热猝灭控制。结果表明，氮气的加入通过自由基清除、动能耗散和燃料稀释等协同机制进一步抑制了上游火焰强度和速度，峰值超压衰减75.6%。使用40PPI多孔材料和10%的氮浓度达到最佳的防爆效果。该研究为爆炸抑制策略提供了一个机制框架，为工业安全应用提供了可操作的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study on the dynamic development of burning parameters of an unbounded fuel layer on a steel substrate 钢基体上无界燃料层燃烧参数动态发展的实验研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104597

Chen Wang, Chunxiao Li, Weixin Tong, Jie Ji

If liquid fuel leaks onto a metal surface (such as the ship's deck), it may lead to the burning behavior of an unbounded fuel layer. This work carried out the burning experiment of an unbounded fuel layer on a steel substrate. The evolutions of flame height, burning diameter, fuel mass and fuel thickness etc., are revealed. The unbounded fuel layer on the steel substrate ranges from 0.18 mm to 0.76 mm. There is a positive correlation between the fuel thickness and the burning diameter. The difference of leakage rate or burning diameter does not have a significant impact on the burning rate during the quasi-steady burning stage, and the average burning rate is about 14.0 g/(m²s). The classical formula for pool fires cannot accurately calculate the burning rate of unbounded oil. In addition, if the classical formulas for the burning rate and flame height of pool fires are used to predict the flame height of a burning unbounded oil layer, the accuracy is rather poor; if the fuel burning rate directly obtained from the experiment and the classical formulas of flame height for pool fires are used, the accuracy of the predicted flame height is high.

如果液体燃料泄漏到金属表面（如船舶甲板），则可能导致无界燃料层的燃烧行为。本文进行了无界燃料层在钢基体上的燃烧实验。揭示了火焰高度、燃烧直径、燃料质量和燃料厚度等参数的变化规律。钢基体上的无界燃料层厚度为0.18 ~ 0.76 mm。燃料厚度与燃烧直径呈正相关。在准稳态燃烧阶段，泄漏率和燃烧直径的差异对燃烧速率没有显著影响，平均燃烧速率约为14.0 g/(m2s)。经典的池火计算公式不能准确地计算无界油的燃烧速率。此外，如果用经典的池火燃烧速率和火焰高度公式来预测燃烧无界油层的火焰高度，精度较差；如果使用直接从实验中得到的燃料燃烧速率和经典的火焰高度公式，预测火焰高度的精度很高。

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引用次数: 0

LLM and VR empowering the building fire safety training: performance comparison between virtual reality and video-based methods LLM和VR增强建筑消防安全培训：虚拟现实和基于视频的方法的性能比较

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104596

Can Huang, Jun Zhang, Weiguo Song

Proper fire safety training methods can improve the understanding and responses of people to building fires and thus reduce casualties to some extent. This study introduces and evaluates a system based on virtual reality (VR) integrated with large language models (LLMs). The innovation of the system lies in simulating conversations with an AI fire dispatcher to generate communications, which is expected to enhance trainees’ response capabilities especially in terms of reporting fire information, extinguishing initial fires, and choosing escape strategies. Through a group of controlled experiments, the performances of LLM + VR training, VR training and traditional video training on fire safety skills are compared. A meta-analysis was used to further investigate the impact of LLM-based interactive tasks on enhancing knowledge acquisition and retention. The results indicate that the innovative method demonstrates comparable effectiveness to traditional methods in knowledge acquisition, yet exhibits superior learning performance one-month post-training. The findings reveal the great potential of LLM in VR training systems, which provides new directions for future fire safety preparedness.

适当的消防安全培训方法可以提高人们对建筑火灾的认识和反应，从而在一定程度上减少人员伤亡。本文介绍并评估了一个基于虚拟现实（VR）与大型语言模型（llm）相结合的系统。该系统的创新之处在于模拟与人工智能消防调度员的对话，以产生通信，这有望提高学员的反应能力，特别是在报告火灾信息、扑灭初期火灾和选择逃生策略方面。通过一组对照实验，比较了LLM + VR培训、VR培训和传统视频培训的消防安全技能培训效果。采用元分析进一步探讨基于法学硕士的互动任务对提高知识获取和保留的影响。结果表明，创新方法在知识获取方面的效果与传统方法相当，但在培训后一个月表现出更优异的学习效果。研究结果揭示了LLM在VR培训系统中的巨大潜力，为未来的消防安全准备提供了新的方向。

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引用次数: 0

A quantitative assessment model of the ignition probability of leaked flammable liquids on hot surfaces in aircraft under still air combining causal diagram and experimental data 结合因果图和实验数据的静态空气条件下飞机热表面泄漏可燃液体着火概率定量评估模型

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104595

Xin Li, Long Ding, Jie Ji, Chen Wang, Weixin Tong

Aircraft operations are faced with fire accident caused by the ignition of leaked flammable liquids on hot surfaces. This type of accident could cause catastrophic consequences. To predict and identify the potential risk of flammable liquid ignition, a quantitative assessment model based on system dynamics is proposed in this work. Firstly, the ignition-related parameters in the flammable liquid leakage and hot surface ignition scenario are identified by leakage characteristics and ignition characteristics. Secondly, the causal relationship between flammable liquid leakage and hot surface ignition scenarios is constructed based on mathematical relationship for leakage volume, hot surface temperature and ignition probability. Among them, the key coefficients of the mathematical relationships are determined by hot surface experiments. Finally, a causal diagram is constructed using system dynamics to calculate the ignition probability and analyze the fire risk. A case study is used to illustrate the developed model and a discussion based on the case study is presented to identify the key influencing parameters of ignition probability. The proposed model can provide a new idea for the assessment of the ignition probability of flammable liquid leakage on hot surface, as well as a new perspective for the aviation safety.

飞机运行中经常会遇到由于易燃液体泄漏在热表面而引起的火灾事故。这种事故可能造成灾难性的后果。为了预测和识别可燃液体着火的潜在危险，提出了一种基于系统动力学的可燃液体着火定量评估模型。首先，通过泄漏特性和点火特性识别可燃液体泄漏和热表面着火场景下的点火相关参数；其次，基于泄漏量、热面温度和着火概率的数学关系，构建了可燃液体泄漏与热面着火情景的因果关系；其中，数学关系的关键系数由热表面实验确定。最后，利用系统动力学方法建立了着火概率因果图，并对火灾危险性进行了分析。通过实例对所建立的模型进行了说明，并在此基础上进行了讨论，确定了影响着火概率的关键参数。该模型可为热表面可燃液体泄漏着火概率的评估提供新的思路，为航空安全研究提供新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced fire-extinguishing performance of struvite powder through modulation of its thermal-decomposition characteristics 通过调节鸟粪石粉的热分解特性来提高其灭火性能

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104594

Lijing Wang, Shaowen Du, Sai Yao, Yibo Guo, Qi Yang, Haijun Zhang

Struvite (MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O) exhibits strong fire-extinguishing properties due to its chemical structure, which resembles that of the widely used ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP). The crystalline water within struvite contributes to its enhanced cooling effect. However, its relatively low pyrolysis temperature range (60 °C–300 °C) restricts its efficiency in high-temperature fires (e.g., 600 °C), where pure struvite struggles to penetrate the flame base. To overcome this limitation, a composite powder was developed by coating struvite with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a compound known for its high thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and TGA-IR were used to investigate the fire-extinguishing mechanism. Results showed that the incorporation of APP extended the thermal decomposition range of struvite, with the 15 wt% APP composite demonstrating optimal performance. This composite exhibited a multifaceted fire-extinguishing action: releasing water vapor for cooling, ammonia for flame suppression, and solid residues that formed a protective layer to isolate the flame from the fuel. Consequently, the composite powder demonstrated superior fire-extinguishing performance, outperforming traditional ADP powder in oil pool fire tests, demonstrating its potential for practical fire suppression applications.

鸟粪石（MgNH4PO4·6H2O）具有较强的灭火性能，其化学结构与广泛使用的磷酸二氢铵（ADP）相似。鸟粪石中的结晶水有助于增强其冷却效果。然而，其相对较低的热解温度范围（60°C - 300°C）限制了其在高温火灾（例如600°C）中的效率，在高温火灾中，纯鸟粪石很难穿透火焰底部。为了克服这一限制，用聚磷酸铵（APP）包覆鸟粪石制成了一种复合粉末，聚磷酸铵是一种以其高热稳定性而闻名的化合物。采用热重分析（TGA）、差示扫描量热分析（DSC）和热重红外（TGA - ir）对其灭火机理进行了研究。结果表明，APP的加入扩大了鸟粪石的热分解范围，其中15%的APP复合材料的热分解性能最佳。这种复合材料表现出多方面的灭火作用：释放用于冷却的水蒸气，用于抑制火焰的氨，以及形成保护层将火焰与燃料隔离的固体残留物。结果表明，该复合粉末的灭火性能优于传统的ADP粉末，在油池火灾试验中表现出优异的灭火性能，显示了其在实际灭火应用中的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “An experimental and numerical study of fire and plume characteristics of pool fires fueled by diesel-canola oil mixture” [Fire Saf. J., 159 (2026), 104560] “柴油-菜籽油混合燃料池火和羽流特性的实验和数值研究”[消防安全]的勘误表。[J] .中国生物医学工程学报，2009,32 (1),344 - 344]

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104592

Navya Muniraj , Weixuan Gong , Muthu Kumaran Selvaraj , William Ruddy Mell , Albert Simeoni

引用次数: 0

Thermal response of hybrid steel-timber floor cross-sections exposed to standard fire: experimental and numerical investigations 暴露在标准火灾下的混合钢-木材地板截面的热响应：实验和数值研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104593

Deonisius P. Aprisa , Ankit Agrawal , Ana Sauca , Ian Pope , Renaud Blondeau-Pâtissier , Luke Bisby , Martyn S. McLaggan

Hybrid systems that combine steel beams with cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor slabs can be vulnerable to fire, given the combustible nature of timber. Specifically, when unprotected, heat from a fire can conduct through steel beams to the CLT panels, which in turn may experience loss of mechanical properties, and possible charring (and combustion) in the connection zone between the CLT panel and the steel beam. Accordingly, this paper aims to establish thermal profiles in hybrid steel-timber floor cross-sections exposed to fire through experimental and numerical investigations. Results from fire tests and numerical validation studies on hybrid cross-sections exposed to a standard fire are presented; a total of six experiments with unprotected, partially protected, and fully protected steel sections were conducted following an ISO 834-1 standard fire exposure. Furthermore, a two-dimensional numerical heat transfer model was developed using SAFIR software, to predict the evolution of temperatures in the hybrid cross-section. The results confirm that passive fire protection of the steelwork using intumescent coatings plays a key role in determining the extent of charring in the connection region between the CLT panel and the steel section. In addition, temperature predictions from the developed numerical model show reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements.

考虑到木材的可燃性，结合钢梁和交叉层压木材（CLT）楼板的混合系统容易受到火灾的影响。具体来说，当不受保护时，来自火灾的热量可以通过钢梁传导到CLT板，而CLT板反过来可能会失去机械性能，并可能在CLT板和钢梁之间的连接区域发生炭化（和燃烧）。因此，本文旨在通过实验和数值研究建立钢-木混合地板在火灾下的截面热分布。从火测试结果和数值验证研究的混合截面暴露在一个标准的火；按照ISO 834-1标准进行了六次无保护、部分保护和完全保护钢截面的实验。此外，利用SAFIR软件建立了二维数值传热模型，预测了混合截面内温度的演变。结果表明，膨胀涂层对钢结构的被动防火是决定CLT板与钢截面连接区域炭化程度的关键。此外，所建立的数值模型的温度预测结果与实验测量结果吻合较好。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical simulation of the action of fire-induced wind on wildfire behaviour 火致风对野火影响的数值模拟

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104591

Gilbert Accary

The development of fire-induced wind and its action on wildfire behaviour are studied by numerical simulation of fire spread on sloping terrain. The simulations, conducted using a physics-based fire model, are based on a shrubland fire experiment carried out on a 28° sloping terrain under a 1.67 m/s wind-speed, resulting in a high-intensity fire (about 10 MW/m). Three lengths of the ignition line were considered: infinite fire line (simulated using periodic boundary conditions), 30-m-long fire line (as in the experiment), and 90-m-long fire line. Results show that fire-induced wind only occurs in the case of a large fire-front length and that its interaction with the fire front changes fire-spread regime. The highest intensity of fire-induced wind was obtained for an infinite fire front leading to a wind-driven fire with Byram's number less than 2. Induced wind was practically cancelled for a 30-m-long fire line as the fire draws fresh air into the flaming zone from the lateral sides, yielding a plume-dominated fire with Byram's number greater than 10. For a 90-m-long fire line, the intensity of fire-induced wind increased compared to the 30-m-long fire line case, resulting in a transitional fire-spread regime with Byram's number between 2 and 10.

通过对斜坡地形上火灾蔓延的数值模拟，研究了火风的发展及其对野火行为的影响。模拟使用基于物理的火灾模型，基于在28°斜坡地形上进行的灌木丛火灾实验，风速为1.67 m/s，导致高强度火灾（约10 MW/m）。考虑三种长度的着火线：无限火线（使用周期性边界条件模拟），30米长的火线（与实验一样）和90米长的火线。结果表明，火灾诱导风只在较大的火线长度下发生，其与火线的相互作用改变了火灾的蔓延状态。在无限火锋处，当拜拉姆数小于2时，火致风强度最大。在30米长的火线上，诱导风实际上被取消了，因为火焰从侧面吸引新鲜空气进入燃烧区域，产生了一种以羽状火焰为主的火灾，Byram数大于10。对于90米长的火线，与30米长的火线情况相比，火灾诱发风的强度增加，导致过渡的火灾蔓延状态，Byram数在2到10之间。

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引用次数: 0