Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第3页

FireMAS: Improving fire detection system by leveraging vision language models using multi-agent system framework FireMAS：利用多智能体系统框架利用视觉语言模型改进火灾探测系统

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104648

Keyur Joshi , Subhash Chandra Pujari , Tjark Windisch , Markus König

In industrial fire detection scenarios characterized by high-ceiling environments, deep learning-based methods exhibit superior efficacy by relying on visual data rather than on smoke density or thermal gradients. However, these models are prone to generating a high rate of false alarms, a problem that is difficult to mitigate due to their inherent black-box nature. To address this limitation, this paper introduces the FireMAS system, which utilizes state-of-the-art Vision-Language Models to incorporate environmental context into model predictions. The approach employs a multi-agent mechanism where independent agents analyze the scene from diverse global and local perspectives and collaboratively validate fire events, thereby reducing false alarms and improving robustness. This system achieves enhanced detection performance by decreasing false positives, resulting in a more reliable detection framework. To the best of our knowledge, FireMAS is the first work to integrate a multi-agent system for incorporating semantic contexts with a deep learning model at the inference stage in the industrial fire detection setting. The integration of our proposed system with a detection model improves the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) by an average of 0.18 points and, in low false alarm regions, by a margin of 11.24 points on industrial datasets. A detailed analysis of the system’s effectiveness confirms that our method can be effectively applied in industrial fire detection use-cases.

在以高天花板环境为特征的工业火灾探测场景中，基于深度学习的方法依赖于视觉数据而不是烟雾密度或热梯度，表现出优越的效果。然而，这些模型容易产生高比率的假警报，由于其固有的黑箱性质，这个问题很难缓解。为了解决这一限制，本文介绍了FireMAS系统，该系统利用最先进的视觉语言模型将环境上下文纳入模型预测。该方法采用多代理机制，其中独立代理从不同的全局和局部角度分析场景，并协同验证火灾事件，从而减少假警报并提高鲁棒性。该系统通过减少误报，提高了检测性能，使检测框架更加可靠。据我们所知，FireMAS是第一个集成多智能体系统的作品，用于在工业火灾探测设置的推理阶段将语义上下文与深度学习模型结合在一起。我们提出的系统与检测模型的集成将接收器工作特征曲线下的面积（AUROC）平均提高了0.18点，在低虚警区域，在工业数据集上提高了11.24点。对系统有效性的详细分析证实了我们的方法可以有效地应用于工业火灾探测用例。

{"title":"FireMAS: Improving fire detection system by leveraging vision language models using multi-agent system framework","authors":"Keyur Joshi , Subhash Chandra Pujari , Tjark Windisch , Markus König","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In industrial fire detection scenarios characterized by high-ceiling environments, deep learning-based methods exhibit superior efficacy by relying on visual data rather than on smoke density or thermal gradients. However, these models are prone to generating a high rate of false alarms, a problem that is difficult to mitigate due to their inherent black-box nature. To address this limitation, this paper introduces the FireMAS system, which utilizes state-of-the-art Vision-Language Models to incorporate environmental context into model predictions. The approach employs a multi-agent mechanism where independent agents analyze the scene from diverse global and local perspectives and collaboratively validate fire events, thereby reducing false alarms and improving robustness. This system achieves enhanced detection performance by decreasing false positives, resulting in a more reliable detection framework. To the best of our knowledge, FireMAS is the first work to integrate a multi-agent system for incorporating semantic contexts with a deep learning model at the inference stage in the industrial fire detection setting. The integration of our proposed system with a detection model improves the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) by an average of 0.18 points and, in low false alarm regions, by a margin of 11.24 points on industrial datasets. A detailed analysis of the system’s effectiveness confirms that our method can be effectively applied in industrial fire detection use-cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 104648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sensitivity of ELMFIRE to real-world input datasets for WUI fire modeling ELMFIRE对WUI火灾建模中真实输入数据集的敏感性

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104651

Dwi M.J. Purnomo , Maryam Zamanialaei , Melanie Earle , Maria Theodori , Yiren Qin , Chris Lautenberger , Arnaud Trouvé , Michael Gollner

Wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires pose significant threats to communities, and computational models are critical for their mitigation. These models depend strongly on input data, yet the impact of real-world input variability on operational models remains unquantified. To address this gap, we integrated an urban fire spread model into ELMFIRE and simulated three California WUI fires (Tubbs, Thomas, and Camp) to assess sensitivity to commonly used inputs, including wind, fuel moisture content (FMC), structures, and roadways. Real-world wind data varied by up to 40%, resulted in differences of over 50% in simulation accuracy, while downscaling had minor effects (

<

20%). FMC was equally influential, with multi-stage processing increasing uncertainty and reducing the accuracy of burned area (40%) and structure damage (70%). Simplified structure representations minimally affected burned area (

<

15%) but reduced structure damage accuracy (

>

40%), while misrepresented road firebreaks could significantly reduce accuracy (60%). Overall, wind and FMC effects are dominant; wind direction and speed control directionality and extent, while FMC governs vegetation ignitability. Some inputs can offset inaccuracies through compensation effects, while others (e.g., wind direction) have unique, non-compensable effects. Despite limitations such as variability in structure properties, this study provides practical guidance for selecting input data toward standardized operational WUI fire modeling.

荒地-城市界面（WUI）火灾对社区构成重大威胁，计算模型对其缓解至关重要。这些模型在很大程度上依赖于输入数据，但实际输入可变性对操作模型的影响仍未量化。为了解决这一差距，我们将城市火灾蔓延模型集成到ELMFIRE中，并模拟了三起加州WUI火灾（Tubbs、Thomas和Camp），以评估对常用输入的敏感性，包括风、燃料水分含量（FMC）、结构和道路。实际风数据差异高达40%，导致模拟精度差异超过50%，而缩小尺寸的影响较小（<20%）。FMC同样具有影响力，多阶段处理增加了不确定性，降低了烧伤面积（40%）和结构损伤（70%）的精度。简化的结构表示对烧伤面积影响最小（15%），但降低了结构损坏的准确性（40%），而错误表示的道路防火线可能会显著降低准确性（60%）。总体而言，风和FMC效应占主导地位；风向和风速控制植被的方向性和范围，FMC控制植被的可燃性。一些输入可以通过补偿效应抵消不准确性，而其他输入（例如，风向）具有独特的，不可补偿的影响。尽管存在结构属性可变性等限制，但本研究为选择面向标准化操作WUI火灾建模的输入数据提供了实用指导。

{"title":"Sensitivity of ELMFIRE to real-world input datasets for WUI fire modeling","authors":"Dwi M.J. Purnomo , Maryam Zamanialaei , Melanie Earle , Maria Theodori , Yiren Qin , Chris Lautenberger , Arnaud Trouvé , Michael Gollner","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires pose significant threats to communities, and computational models are critical for their mitigation. These models depend strongly on input data, yet the impact of real-world input variability on operational models remains unquantified. To address this gap, we integrated an urban fire spread model into ELMFIRE and simulated three California WUI fires (Tubbs, Thomas, and Camp) to assess sensitivity to commonly used inputs, including wind, fuel moisture content (FMC), structures, and roadways. Real-world wind data varied by up to 40%, resulted in differences of over 50% in simulation accuracy, while downscaling had minor effects (<span><math><mo><</mo></math></span>20%). FMC was equally influential, with multi-stage processing increasing uncertainty and reducing the accuracy of burned area (40%) and structure damage (70%). Simplified structure representations minimally affected burned area (<span><math><mo><</mo></math></span>15%) but reduced structure damage accuracy (<span><math><mo>></mo></math></span>40%), while misrepresented road firebreaks could significantly reduce accuracy (60%). Overall, wind and FMC effects are dominant; wind direction and speed control directionality and extent, while FMC governs vegetation ignitability. Some inputs can offset inaccuracies through compensation effects, while others (e.g., wind direction) have unique, non-compensable effects. Despite limitations such as variability in structure properties, this study provides practical guidance for selecting input data toward standardized operational WUI fire modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 104651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study and modelling on critical velocity, smoke temperature distribution and driving force in uphill tunnel fire with longitudinal ventilation 纵向通风上坡隧道火灾临界速度、烟温分布及驱动力的实验研究与模拟

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104604

Ping Li , Lingyue Shang , Dong Yang , Wengang Zhang

In this study, theoretical analysis and experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of various boundary conditions on critical velocity, smoke temperature distribution, stack effect, and fan-induced pressure rise in uphill inclined tunnel fires under longitudinal ventilation. The results demonstrate that the critical velocity is governed by both the heat release rate and the tunnel inclination. The critical Richardson number, corresponding to the critical velocity, exhibits a linear dependence on inclination. Based on this relationship, a theoretical correlation for predicting the critical velocity is proposed. Furthermore, it is observed that the smoke temperature beneath the ceiling downstream of the fire source increases with heat release rate, particularly in the near-fire region. In contrast, a greater tunnel inclination suppresses these temperatures. Consequently, a model for predicting the ceiling temperature distribution is established. Additionally, the dimensionless mean temperature rise within the smoke layer downstream of the fire source is correlated with the stack effect and is well-fitted by an exponential function of tunnel inclination. The combination of stack effect and fan-induced pressure rise required to achieve critical conditions in an uphill tunnel are estimated. This study contributes to the formulation of effective ventilation strategies for uphill tunnel fires.

本文通过理论分析和实验研究了纵向通风条件下不同边界条件对上坡倾斜隧道火灾临界速度、烟温分布、烟囱效应和风机压升的影响。结果表明，临界速度受放热速率和隧道倾角共同控制。临界理查德森数与临界速度相对应，与倾角呈线性关系。在此基础上，提出了预测临界速度的理论关系式。此外，观察到火源下游天花板下的烟雾温度随着放热速率的增加而增加，特别是在近火区域。相反，较大的隧道倾角抑制了这些温度。从而建立了一个预测顶棚温度分布的模型。此外，火源下游烟层内的无因次平均温升与烟囱效应相关，并与隧道倾斜度的指数函数拟合良好。估计了上坡隧道达到临界条件所需的堆效应和风机引起的压力上升的组合。研究结果有助于制定有效的上坡隧道火灾通风策略。

{"title":"Experimental study and modelling on critical velocity, smoke temperature distribution and driving force in uphill tunnel fire with longitudinal ventilation","authors":"Ping Li , Lingyue Shang , Dong Yang , Wengang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, theoretical analysis and experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of various boundary conditions on critical velocity, smoke temperature distribution, stack effect, and fan-induced pressure rise in uphill inclined tunnel fires under longitudinal ventilation. The results demonstrate that the critical velocity is governed by both the heat release rate and the tunnel inclination. The critical Richardson number, corresponding to the critical velocity, exhibits a linear dependence on inclination. Based on this relationship, a theoretical correlation for predicting the critical velocity is proposed. Furthermore, it is observed that the smoke temperature beneath the ceiling downstream of the fire source increases with heat release rate, particularly in the near-fire region. In contrast, a greater tunnel inclination suppresses these temperatures. Consequently, a model for predicting the ceiling temperature distribution is established. Additionally, the dimensionless mean temperature rise within the smoke layer downstream of the fire source is correlated with the stack effect and is well-fitted by an exponential function of tunnel inclination. The combination of stack effect and fan-induced pressure rise required to achieve critical conditions in an uphill tunnel are estimated. This study contributes to the formulation of effective ventilation strategies for uphill tunnel fires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New insights into burning regimes in a closed mechanically ventilated compartment through experimental and theoretical analysis 通过实验和理论分析，在一个封闭的机械通风室燃烧制度的新见解

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104602

Hugues Prétrel , Jeri At Thabari , Georgios Maragkos , Youk Moorthamers , Alexander Y. Snegirev , Bart Merci

The fire scenario in a closed, mechanically ventilated compartment is increasingly encountered in the industrial and residential sectors. In this work, the scenario is studied experimentally at a reduced scale using a gas burner and analysed with the support of the well-stirred reactor (WSR) model. The variables investigated are: the duration of the combustion phase; the oxygen and carbon monoxide mass fractions; and the gas temperature. The results show two different burning regimes from fuel controlled to ventilation-controlled characterized by the global equivalence ratio (GER). The transition between the two regimes corresponds to the most critical situation in terms of fire risk, with combustion at the extinguishing limit, yielding the highest temperature and carbon monoxide production. The results show the distinction of scenarios with mechanical ventilation, particularly regarding the critical GER value for transition. These scenarios differ from those with natural ventilation due to the way air is supplied to the fire. The WSR model provides a suitable support to interpret the global characteristics of the fire. These new results obtained in a closed, mechanically ventilated compartment can be used to identify the most complex and critical configurations in terms of risk assessment.

在工业和住宅部门中，在封闭的机械通风隔间中发生火灾的情况越来越多。在这项工作中，使用燃气燃烧器在缩小规模的情况下进行了实验研究，并在搅拌良好的反应器（WSR）模型的支持下进行了分析。研究的变量是：燃烧阶段的持续时间；氧和一氧化碳的质量分数；还有气体的温度。结果表明，燃料控制和通风控制两种不同的燃烧模式具有全局等效比（GER）特征。两种状态之间的过渡对应于火灾危险的最危急情况，燃烧达到灭火极限，产生最高温度和一氧化碳。结果显示了机械通气情况的区别，特别是关于过渡的临界GER值。这些情况与自然通风不同，因为空气供应给火的方式不同。WSR模型为解释火灾的全局特征提供了合适的支持。这些在封闭、机械通风的隔间中获得的新结果可用于识别风险评估中最复杂和最关键的配置。

{"title":"New insights into burning regimes in a closed mechanically ventilated compartment through experimental and theoretical analysis","authors":"Hugues Prétrel , Jeri At Thabari , Georgios Maragkos , Youk Moorthamers , Alexander Y. Snegirev , Bart Merci","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fire scenario in a closed, mechanically ventilated compartment is increasingly encountered in the industrial and residential sectors. In this work, the scenario is studied experimentally at a reduced scale using a gas burner and analysed with the support of the well-stirred reactor (WSR) model. The variables investigated are: the duration of the combustion phase; the oxygen and carbon monoxide mass fractions; and the gas temperature. The results show two different burning regimes from fuel controlled to ventilation-controlled characterized by the global equivalence ratio (GER). The transition between the two regimes corresponds to the most critical situation in terms of fire risk, with combustion at the extinguishing limit, yielding the highest temperature and carbon monoxide production. The results show the distinction of scenarios with mechanical ventilation, particularly regarding the critical GER value for transition. These scenarios differ from those with natural ventilation due to the way air is supplied to the fire. The WSR model provides a suitable support to interpret the global characteristics of the fire. These new results obtained in a closed, mechanically ventilated compartment can be used to identify the most complex and critical configurations in terms of risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modelling fire-induced damage in limestone masonry walls using thermomechanical finite and discrete element method approaches 用热力有限元和离散元方法模拟石灰石砌体墙体的火灾损伤

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104600

Colin Guenser , Pierre Morenon , Nathalie Domede , Stéphane Corn , Marie Salgues

Fire severely affects the structural integrity of masonry structures, particularly in heritage buildings where post-fire assessment is essential for conservation and restoration efforts. While the fire behaviour of concrete has been widely studied, the thermomechanical response of masonry walls remains less documented. This study explores the behaviour of limestone masonry walls from the literature, subjected to fire and vertical compression, using Finite Element Method and hybrid finite/discrete simulations. These numerical models help analyse deformation mechanisms, crack propagation, and load-bearing capacity after fire exposure. Results show that out-of-plane displacements are highly dependent on boundary conditions and mechanical constraints. Thermal expansion leads to vertical cracking through both stones and joints, with cracks typically initiating near the lateral edges due to high tensile stresses. Post-fire residual behaviour indicates a reduction in compressive strength of about 45 %, aligning with experimental data. The stress-displacement curve of the heated wall reveals a complex failure process marked by multiple load drops, associated with crack closure and shear-induced cracking. In contrast, the unheated wall fails primarily through diagonal shear cracks, forming compression struts and confinement cones that influence its load-bearing response. These findings underline the importance of accounting for altered failure mechanisms when assessing and reinforcing fire-damaged masonry.

火灾严重影响砖石结构的结构完整性，特别是在文物建筑中，火灾后的评估对保护和修复工作至关重要。虽然混凝土的火灾行为已被广泛研究，但砖石墙的热力学响应仍然较少记录。本研究利用有限元法和有限/离散混合模拟，从文献中探索石灰石砌体墙在火灾和垂直压缩下的行为。这些数值模型有助于分析变形机制、裂纹扩展和火灾后的承载能力。结果表明，面外位移高度依赖于边界条件和力学约束。热膨胀导致石材和节理垂直开裂，由于高拉应力，裂缝通常在侧面边缘附近开始。火灾后的残余行为表明，抗压强度降低了约45%，与实验数据一致。热壁的应力-位移曲线显示了一个以多重荷载下降为特征的复杂破坏过程，并伴有裂纹闭合和剪切开裂。相比之下，未加热的墙体主要通过对角剪切裂缝破坏，形成压缩支撑和约束锥，影响其承载响应。这些发现强调了在评估和加固火灾破坏砌体时考虑破坏机制变化的重要性。

{"title":"Modelling fire-induced damage in limestone masonry walls using thermomechanical finite and discrete element method approaches","authors":"Colin Guenser , Pierre Morenon , Nathalie Domede , Stéphane Corn , Marie Salgues","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fire severely affects the structural integrity of masonry structures, particularly in heritage buildings where post-fire assessment is essential for conservation and restoration efforts. While the fire behaviour of concrete has been widely studied, the thermomechanical response of masonry walls remains less documented. This study explores the behaviour of limestone masonry walls from the literature, subjected to fire and vertical compression, using Finite Element Method and hybrid finite/discrete simulations. These numerical models help analyse deformation mechanisms, crack propagation, and load-bearing capacity after fire exposure. Results show that out-of-plane displacements are highly dependent on boundary conditions and mechanical constraints. Thermal expansion leads to vertical cracking through both stones and joints, with cracks typically initiating near the lateral edges due to high tensile stresses. Post-fire residual behaviour indicates a reduction in compressive strength of about 45 %, aligning with experimental data. The stress-displacement curve of the heated wall reveals a complex failure process marked by multiple load drops, associated with crack closure and shear-induced cracking. In contrast, the unheated wall fails primarily through diagonal shear cracks, forming compression struts and confinement cones that influence its load-bearing response. These findings underline the importance of accounting for altered failure mechanisms when assessing and reinforcing fire-damaged masonry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental method for evaluating the heat release rate of external flames in the case of an under-ventilated fire 在不通风火灾情况下评定外火焰放热率的实验方法

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104623

Bouaza Lafdal , Rabah Mehaddi , ElMehdi Koutaiba , Tarek Beji , Pascal Boulet , Gilles Parent , Arnaud Trouvé

A comprehensive set of fifty experimental tests has been carried out to study liquid pool fire dynamics in a naturally-ventilated compartment (dimensions:

0.47 m \times 0.47 m \times 0.84 m

) with a

0.19 m

wide open doorway. The pool diameter varied from 5 to

15 cm

and the ventilation factor,

A H^{1 / 2}

, varied from 0.006 to

0.128 m^{5 / 2}

by varying the door height from 0.10 to

0.77 m

. The well-known fuel-controlled and ventilation-controlled regimes were observed, the latter leading to external flaming. Additionally, extinction occurred for the lowest ventilation factor when the pool diameter varied from 11 to

15 cm

. The HRR inside the compartment was estimated using gas temperature measurements and the well-known MQH correlation. For the scenarios at hand, it is shown that the maximum HRR inside the enclosure is about

900 A H^{1 / 2}

. A novel experimental method was developed to estimate the ‘external’ HRR. The geometry of the external flame was reconstructed using an image processing technique. Then, the view factor from the flame to a radiative heat flux sensor, positioned outside the enclosure, was estimated using a Monte Carlo method. Subsequently, the radiative HRR of the external flame was calculated from the radiative heat flux measurement, the view factor and the area of the sensor. Finally, assuming a specific value for the radiative fraction allowed to obtain the total external HRR from the radiative HRR. The sum of the estimated ‘internal’ and ‘external’ HRR was consistent with the theoretical total HRR from mass loss rate measurements.

在一个0.19m宽开门的自然通风隔间（尺寸：0.47m×0.47m×0.84m）中进行了50项综合实验，研究了液体池火灾动力学。当门高从0.10到0.77m变化时，池直径从5到15cm变化，通风系数ah /2从0.006到0.128m5/2变化。观察到众所周知的燃料控制和通风控制制度，后者导致外部燃烧。另外，当池径在11 ~ 15cm范围内变化时，最低通风系数发生消光。使用气体温度测量和众所周知的MQH相关性来估计隔间内的HRR。对于手头的场景，显示出机箱内的最大HRR约为900ah /2。提出了一种新的实验方法来估计“外部”HRR。利用图像处理技术重建了外火焰的几何形状。然后，使用蒙特卡罗方法估计了火焰到位于外壳外的辐射热通量传感器的视野因子。然后，根据测量的辐射热通量、视因子和传感器的面积计算外火焰的辐射HRR。最后，假设辐射分数的特定值允许从辐射HRR中获得总外部HRR。估计的“内部”和“外部”HRR的总和与质量损失率测量的理论总HRR一致。

{"title":"Experimental method for evaluating the heat release rate of external flames in the case of an under-ventilated fire","authors":"Bouaza Lafdal , Rabah Mehaddi , ElMehdi Koutaiba , Tarek Beji , Pascal Boulet , Gilles Parent , Arnaud Trouvé","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive set of fifty experimental tests has been carried out to study liquid pool fire dynamics in a naturally-ventilated compartment (dimensions: <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>47</mn><mtext>m</mtext><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>47</mn><mtext>m</mtext><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>84</mn><mtext>m</mtext></mrow></math></span>) with a <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>19</mn><mtext>m</mtext></mrow></math></span> wide open doorway. The pool diameter varied from 5 to <span><math><mrow><mn>15</mn><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow></math></span> and the ventilation factor, <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><msup><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, varied from 0.006 to <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>128</mn><msup><mrow><mtext>m</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> by varying the door height from 0.10 to <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>77</mn><mtext>m</mtext></mrow></math></span>. The well-known fuel-controlled and ventilation-controlled regimes were observed, the latter leading to external flaming. Additionally, extinction occurred for the lowest ventilation factor when the pool diameter varied from 11 to <span><math><mrow><mn>15</mn><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow></math></span>. The HRR inside the compartment was estimated using gas temperature measurements and the well-known MQH correlation. For the scenarios at hand, it is shown that the maximum HRR inside the enclosure is about <span><math><mrow><mn>900</mn><mi>A</mi><msup><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. A novel experimental method was developed to estimate the ‘external’ HRR. The geometry of the external flame was reconstructed using an image processing technique. Then, the view factor from the flame to a radiative heat flux sensor, positioned outside the enclosure, was estimated using a Monte Carlo method. Subsequently, the radiative HRR of the external flame was calculated from the radiative heat flux measurement, the view factor and the area of the sensor. Finally, assuming a specific value for the radiative fraction allowed to obtain the total external HRR from the radiative HRR. The sum of the estimated ‘internal’ and ‘external’ HRR was consistent with the theoretical total HRR from mass loss rate measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of the impact of diluent addition on radiation, soot volume fraction, and flow dynamics of a buoyant turbulent line fire 稀释剂添加对浮力湍流线火辐射、烟尘体积分数和流动动力学影响的研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104627

Sagar Singhal, Pratikash P. Panda

The study of buoyant turbulent diffusion flames requires a detailed understanding of their complex dynamics, including soot formation, radiative heat transfer, and flow field behavior. Accurate prediction of fire radiation and mechanisms of fire suppression demands high-fidelity data across realistic fire scenarios — such as turbulent pool fires and line fires. This work presents a combined experimental and numerical investigation into the effects of

N_{2}

and

{CO}_{2}

dilution on the far-field radiation, soot volume fraction (SVF), and the velocity field of a 15 kW buoyant turbulent line fire. Complementary one-dimensional opposed-flow diffusion flame (1D OFDF) simulations are used to interpret soot formation trends under varying dilution conditions. Planar SVF measurements show that

{CO}_{2}

exerts a significantly stronger soot-inhibiting effect than

N_{2}

. For 20% dilution in the oxidizer stream, the peak mean SVF decreases by 58% with

N_{2}

and by 92% with

{CO}_{2}

. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements reveal that

{CO}_{2}

dilution leads to higher peak axial velocities and enhanced flow intermittency — attributed to reduced dissipation and sustained buoyancy-driven motion. Conditional statistics and velocity probability density functions confirm the increased unsteadiness in

{CO}_{2}

-diluted flames. 1D OFDF simulations further indicate that the pronounced soot suppression by

{CO}_{2}

arises from both stronger thermal effects and additional chemical pathways, such as

{CO}_{2} + H \to CO + H_{2}

and

{CO}_{2} + {CH}_{2} \to {CH}_{2} O + CO

. At lower dilution levels (5%–10%), these chemical reactions influence flame kinetics, whereas at higher dilution levels (20%–30%), inert and thermal effects dominate.

浮力湍流扩散火焰的研究需要详细了解其复杂的动力学，包括烟灰形成，辐射传热和流场行为。准确预测火灾辐射和灭火机制需要跨越真实火灾场景的高保真数据，例如湍流池火灾和线火灾。本文结合实验和数值研究了N2和CO2稀释对15kw浮力湍流线火远场辐射、烟尘体积分数（SVF）和速度场的影响。互补一维反流扩散火焰（1D OFDF）模拟用于解释不同稀释条件下烟尘的形成趋势。平面SVF测量结果表明，CO2的抑烟效果明显强于N2。在氧化剂流中稀释20%时，峰值平均SVF在N2中降低58%，在CO2中降低92%。粒子图像测速（PIV）测量显示，二氧化碳稀释导致更高的峰值轴向速度和增强的流动间歇性，这归因于耗散减少和持续的浮力驱动运动。条件统计和速度概率密度函数证实了co2稀释火焰的不稳定性增加。一维OFDF模拟进一步表明，CO2对烟尘的明显抑制来自于更强的热效应和额外的化学途径，如CO2+H→CO+H2和CO2+CH2→CH2O+CO。在较低稀释水平（5%-10%）下，这些化学反应影响火焰动力学，而在较高稀释水平（20%-30%）下，惰性和热效应占主导地位。

{"title":"Investigation of the impact of diluent addition on radiation, soot volume fraction, and flow dynamics of a buoyant turbulent line fire","authors":"Sagar Singhal, Pratikash P. Panda","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of buoyant turbulent diffusion flames requires a detailed understanding of their complex dynamics, including soot formation, radiative heat transfer, and flow field behavior. Accurate prediction of fire radiation and mechanisms of fire suppression demands high-fidelity data across realistic fire scenarios — such as turbulent pool fires and line fires. This work presents a combined experimental and numerical investigation into the effects of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> dilution on the far-field radiation, soot volume fraction (SVF), and the velocity field of a 15 kW buoyant turbulent line fire. Complementary one-dimensional opposed-flow diffusion flame (1D OFDF) simulations are used to interpret soot formation trends under varying dilution conditions. Planar SVF measurements show that <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> exerts a significantly stronger soot-inhibiting effect than <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. For 20% dilution in the oxidizer stream, the peak mean SVF decreases by 58% with <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and by 92% with <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements reveal that <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> dilution leads to higher peak axial velocities and enhanced flow intermittency — attributed to reduced dissipation and sustained buoyancy-driven motion. Conditional statistics and velocity probability density functions confirm the increased unsteadiness in <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-diluted flames. 1D OFDF simulations further indicate that the pronounced soot suppression by <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> arises from both stronger thermal effects and additional chemical pathways, such as <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>H</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>CO</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>CH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>→</mo><msub><mrow><mi>CH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mi>O</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>CO</mi></mrow></math></span>. At lower dilution levels (5%–10%), these chemical reactions influence flame kinetics, whereas at higher dilution levels (20%–30%), inert and thermal effects dominate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study on the charring behavior of glued laminated timber under large-space fire scenarios 大空间火灾条件下胶合层合木材炭化性能试验研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104605

Xiuzhi Zheng , Guo-Qiang Li , Yong Du , Guobiao Lou

Fire safety stands as a paramount concern in the design of timber building structures. Given that the charring behavior of timber significantly influences the fire resistance of timber structures, the current fire design of timber structures is mainly based on the charring rate observed under standard fire conditions (similar to small compartment fire). However, for large-span timber and steel-timber hybrid structures affected by large-space fire, adopting charring rates under standard fire will be conservative because the temperature of gas surrounding structural members under large-space fire is commonly lower than that under standard fire. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the charring behavior of timber under large-space fire scenarios. In this study, a number of glued laminated timber (GLT) specimens were tested under ISO 834 standard fire and large-space fire scenarios. Different heating characteristics of large-space fire like peak gas temperature and growth rate were considered for comparison. The key data including time to ignition, time-dependent temperature profiles and charring rate of the specimens were recorded and systematically analyzed in this experimental investigation. Subsequently, the effect of large-space fire on the charring behavior of GLT was revealed. Based on the experimental results, a simplified approach was proposed to predict the charring rate of GLT under large-space fire scenarios. This study demonstrated that the charring rate of GLT under large-space fire exhibited a significant reduction compared to that under ISO 834 standard fire. The findings from this study are useful for the performance-based fire safety evaluation of large-span timber and steel-timber hybrid structures.

消防安全是木结构建筑设计中最重要的问题。考虑到木材的炭化行为对木结构的耐火性能影响很大，目前木结构的防火设计主要基于标准火灾条件下（类似于小隔间火灾）观察到的炭化率。然而，对于受大空间火灾影响的大跨度木结构和钢木混合结构，采用标准火灾下的炭化率将是保守的，因为大空间火灾下构件周围气体的温度通常低于标准火灾下的温度。因此，有必要对大空间火灾下木材的炭化行为进行研究。在本研究中，对若干胶合层合木材（GLT）试件在ISO 834标准火灾和大空间火灾场景下进行了测试。考虑了大空间火灾的不同加热特性，如气体峰值温度和生长速率进行了比较。实验记录并系统分析了样品的着火时间、随时间变化的温度曲线和炭化速率等关键数据。随后，揭示了大空间火灾对GLT炭化行为的影响。在实验结果的基础上，提出了一种预测大空间火灾情景下GLT炭化速率的简化方法。本研究表明，与ISO 834标准火灾相比，大空间火灾下GLT的炭化率显著降低。研究结果可为大跨度木结构和钢木混合结构的防火性能评价提供参考。

{"title":"Experimental study on the charring behavior of glued laminated timber under large-space fire scenarios","authors":"Xiuzhi Zheng , Guo-Qiang Li , Yong Du , Guobiao Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fire safety stands as a paramount concern in the design of timber building structures. Given that the charring behavior of timber significantly influences the fire resistance of timber structures, the current fire design of timber structures is mainly based on the charring rate observed under standard fire conditions (similar to small compartment fire). However, for large-span timber and steel-timber hybrid structures affected by large-space fire, adopting charring rates under standard fire will be conservative because the temperature of gas surrounding structural members under large-space fire is commonly lower than that under standard fire. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the charring behavior of timber under large-space fire scenarios. In this study, a number of glued laminated timber (GLT) specimens were tested under ISO 834 standard fire and large-space fire scenarios. Different heating characteristics of large-space fire like peak gas temperature and growth rate were considered for comparison. The key data including time to ignition, time-dependent temperature profiles and charring rate of the specimens were recorded and systematically analyzed in this experimental investigation. Subsequently, the effect of large-space fire on the charring behavior of GLT was revealed. Based on the experimental results, a simplified approach was proposed to predict the charring rate of GLT under large-space fire scenarios. This study demonstrated that the charring rate of GLT under large-space fire exhibited a significant reduction compared to that under ISO 834 standard fire. The findings from this study are useful for the performance-based fire safety evaluation of large-span timber and steel-timber hybrid structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104605"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Explicit thermal creep in modeling of steel structures in fire 火灾中钢结构显式热蠕变建模

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104617

Michał Malendowski , Tomasz Jankowiak , Daria Wstawska , Kamila Cabová , Wojciech Szymkuć , Jakub Šejna , Vladimír Mózer , František Wald

This study investigates the influence of thermal creep in numerical modeling of steel structures exposed to fire. Current design standards, such as Eurocode 3, typically incorporate creep implicitly within stress–strain relationships, an approach that may lead to inaccuracies, particularly under varying heating rates. To address these limitations, the paper proposes an explicit creep modeling method, which decomposes the total strain into distinct components, including a creep strain governed by a hyperbolic sine law. The model is calibrated against Eurocode 3 data to replicate anisothermal creep behavior and is validated through case studies, including a steel beam subjected to thermal and mechanical loading. The material model has been validated using numerical examples of a single truss element and a tensile specimen model. The structural model has been examined on the basis of a beam model composed of shell elements. The results demonstrate that explicit modeling is critical to accurately predict structural failure due to creep, which may be overlooked by implicit models. In addition, the findings highlight the increased impact of creep in slower heating scenarios. The proposed approach improves existing fire engineering methodologies by allowing for more reliable predictions of creep-induced structural failure.

本文研究了热蠕变对火灾下钢结构数值模拟的影响。目前的设计标准，如欧洲规范3，通常将蠕变隐含在应力-应变关系中，这种方法可能导致不准确，特别是在不同的加热速率下。为了解决这些限制，本文提出了一种显式蠕变建模方法，该方法将总应变分解为不同的组件，包括由双曲正弦律控制的蠕变应变。该模型根据欧洲规范3的数据进行校准，以复制非等温蠕变行为，并通过案例研究进行验证，包括钢梁受到热载荷和机械载荷。通过单个桁架单元和拉伸试件模型的数值算例对材料模型进行了验证。在壳单元组成的梁模型的基础上对结构模型进行了检验。结果表明，显式建模对于准确预测结构蠕变破坏至关重要，而隐式模型可能会忽略这一点。此外，研究结果强调了蠕变在缓慢加热情况下的影响。提出的方法改进了现有的消防工程方法，允许对蠕变引起的结构破坏进行更可靠的预测。

{"title":"Explicit thermal creep in modeling of steel structures in fire","authors":"Michał Malendowski , Tomasz Jankowiak , Daria Wstawska , Kamila Cabová , Wojciech Szymkuć , Jakub Šejna , Vladimír Mózer , František Wald","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of thermal creep in numerical modeling of steel structures exposed to fire. Current design standards, such as Eurocode 3, typically incorporate creep implicitly within stress–strain relationships, an approach that may lead to inaccuracies, particularly under varying heating rates. To address these limitations, the paper proposes an explicit creep modeling method, which decomposes the total strain into distinct components, including a creep strain governed by a hyperbolic sine law. The model is calibrated against Eurocode 3 data to replicate anisothermal creep behavior and is validated through case studies, including a steel beam subjected to thermal and mechanical loading. The material model has been validated using numerical examples of a single truss element and a tensile specimen model. The structural model has been examined on the basis of a beam model composed of shell elements. The results demonstrate that explicit modeling is critical to accurately predict structural failure due to creep, which may be overlooked by implicit models. In addition, the findings highlight the increased impact of creep in slower heating scenarios. The proposed approach improves existing fire engineering methodologies by allowing for more reliable predictions of creep-induced structural failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104617"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intelligent early-stage fire detection system for enhanced safety in large warehouse environments 智能早期火灾探测系统，提高大型仓库环境的安全性

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104618

Wei-De Chen , Yen-Chiu Chen , Kun-Ming Yu , Ching-Lin Lee , Ming-Lun Wu , Min-Zhe Feng , Wen-Feng Chiu , Ming-Yuan Lei , Shun-Chih Wang

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated the global transition toward e-commerce, driving rapid growth in the logistics sector and a corresponding increase in the number and scale of warehouses. However, this expansion has been accompanied by a rise in warehouse fire incidents, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced fire safety measures. This study presents the development of an intelligent early-stage fire detection system specifically designed for large-scale warehouse environments. By integrating YOLOv7 object detection with infrared thermography, the proposed system detects smoldering heat sources—often undetectable by traditional smoke sensors—during the incipient stage of a fire. Designed to run on edge computing devices, the system enables real-time data acquisition and processing from warehouse racks during routine patrols. Experimental evaluations conducted in a simulated warehouse scenario demonstrate the system's high detection accuracy, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.9 at an Intersection over Union (IoU) threshold of 0.5. The findings confirm that the system effectively identifies low-temperature smoldering sources, thereby empowering warehouse managers and emergency responders to take proactive measures before a fire fully develops.

新冠肺炎疫情显著加速了全球向电子商务的转型，推动了物流业的快速增长，仓库的数量和规模也相应增加。然而，这一扩张伴随着仓库火灾事件的增加，强调了加强消防安全措施的迫切需要。本研究提出了一种专门为大型仓库环境设计的智能早期火灾探测系统的开发。通过将YOLOv7目标探测与红外热成像相结合，该系统可以在火灾初期探测到传统烟雾传感器无法探测到的阴燃热源。该系统设计在边缘计算设备上运行，可以在日常巡逻期间从仓库货架上实时采集和处理数据。在模拟仓库场景中进行的实验评估表明，该系统的检测精度很高，在十字路口（IoU）阈值为0.5的情况下，平均精度（mAP）达到0.9。研究结果证实，该系统有效地识别低温阴燃源，从而使仓库管理人员和应急人员能够在火灾全面发展之前采取积极措施。

{"title":"Intelligent early-stage fire detection system for enhanced safety in large warehouse environments","authors":"Wei-De Chen , Yen-Chiu Chen , Kun-Ming Yu , Ching-Lin Lee , Ming-Lun Wu , Min-Zhe Feng , Wen-Feng Chiu , Ming-Yuan Lei , Shun-Chih Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated the global transition toward e-commerce, driving rapid growth in the logistics sector and a corresponding increase in the number and scale of warehouses. However, this expansion has been accompanied by a rise in warehouse fire incidents, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced fire safety measures. This study presents the development of an intelligent early-stage fire detection system specifically designed for large-scale warehouse environments. By integrating YOLOv7 object detection with infrared thermography, the proposed system detects smoldering heat sources—often undetectable by traditional smoke sensors—during the incipient stage of a fire. Designed to run on edge computing devices, the system enables real-time data acquisition and processing from warehouse racks during routine patrols. Experimental evaluations conducted in a simulated warehouse scenario demonstrate the system's high detection accuracy, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.9 at an Intersection over Union (IoU) threshold of 0.5. The findings confirm that the system effectively identifies low-temperature smoldering sources, thereby empowering warehouse managers and emergency responders to take proactive measures before a fire fully develops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0