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Creep deformation and rupture behavior of high-strength structural steel over 500 MPa at elevated temperature 高温下500mpa以上高强度结构钢的蠕变变形和断裂行为

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104646

Jun Yan , Chao Zhang , Shu-jian Yu

High-temperature creep deformations and rupture critically affect the fire response of high-strength structural steel (HSSS) structures. Limited data exist on the influence of temperature and stress on creep behavior in HSSS used in construction. This study presents an experimental investigation of temperature-induced creep in Q550, Q690, and Q890 steels commonly employed in structural members. Creep tests were conducted at various stress levels within the 550–700 °C range, a temperature span commonly encountered in fire-exposed structures. The results show that temperature and stress strongly influence creep deformations in HSSSs. At high temperatures, all three HSSSs fail by ductile fracture, characterized by pronounced plastic elongation and necking. A critical temperature exists for each stress level, below which creep is confined to the primary and secondary stages; above this temperature, HSSSs enter tertiary creep, ultimately leading to rupture. The creep mechanisms and damage modes of HSSSs are strongly temperature dependent. Below 650 °C, creep is dominated by dislocation-controlled mechanisms with damage mainly from void growth, whereas at temperatures above 650 °C, creep transitions to diffusion- or grain-boundary-dominated processes accompanied by accelerated damage evolution and reduced creep resistance.

高温蠕变变形和断裂对高强结构钢（HSSS）结构的火灾响应具有重要影响。关于温度和应力对建筑用高速钢蠕变性能影响的研究资料有限。本研究提出了Q550， Q690和Q890钢的温度诱发蠕变的实验研究，通常用于结构构件。蠕变试验在550-700°C范围内的不同应力水平下进行，这是火灾暴露结构中常见的温度范围。结果表明，温度和应力对高温高温合金的蠕变变形影响较大。在高温下，这三种HSSSs均发生韧性断裂，其特征是明显的塑性伸长和颈缩。每个应力水平都存在一个临界温度，低于该温度，蠕变仅限于初级和次级阶段；在此温度以上，hsss进入三级蠕变，最终导致断裂。高温ssss的蠕变机理和损伤模式与温度有很强的相关性。650℃以下，蠕变以位错控制为主，损伤主要来自空洞生长；650℃以上，蠕变转变为扩散或晶界为主，损伤演化加速，蠕变抗力降低。

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引用次数: 0

FireMAS: Improving fire detection system by leveraging vision language models using multi-agent system framework FireMAS：利用多智能体系统框架利用视觉语言模型改进火灾探测系统

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104648

Keyur Joshi , Subhash Chandra Pujari , Tjark Windisch , Markus König

In industrial fire detection scenarios characterized by high-ceiling environments, deep learning-based methods exhibit superior efficacy by relying on visual data rather than on smoke density or thermal gradients. However, these models are prone to generating a high rate of false alarms, a problem that is difficult to mitigate due to their inherent black-box nature. To address this limitation, this paper introduces the FireMAS system, which utilizes state-of-the-art Vision-Language Models to incorporate environmental context into model predictions. The approach employs a multi-agent mechanism where independent agents analyze the scene from diverse global and local perspectives and collaboratively validate fire events, thereby reducing false alarms and improving robustness. This system achieves enhanced detection performance by decreasing false positives, resulting in a more reliable detection framework. To the best of our knowledge, FireMAS is the first work to integrate a multi-agent system for incorporating semantic contexts with a deep learning model at the inference stage in the industrial fire detection setting. The integration of our proposed system with a detection model improves the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) by an average of 0.18 points and, in low false alarm regions, by a margin of 11.24 points on industrial datasets. A detailed analysis of the system’s effectiveness confirms that our method can be effectively applied in industrial fire detection use-cases.

在以高天花板环境为特征的工业火灾探测场景中，基于深度学习的方法依赖于视觉数据而不是烟雾密度或热梯度，表现出优越的效果。然而，这些模型容易产生高比率的假警报，由于其固有的黑箱性质，这个问题很难缓解。为了解决这一限制，本文介绍了FireMAS系统，该系统利用最先进的视觉语言模型将环境上下文纳入模型预测。该方法采用多代理机制，其中独立代理从不同的全局和局部角度分析场景，并协同验证火灾事件，从而减少假警报并提高鲁棒性。该系统通过减少误报，提高了检测性能，使检测框架更加可靠。据我们所知，FireMAS是第一个集成多智能体系统的作品，用于在工业火灾探测设置的推理阶段将语义上下文与深度学习模型结合在一起。我们提出的系统与检测模型的集成将接收器工作特征曲线下的面积（AUROC）平均提高了0.18点，在低虚警区域，在工业数据集上提高了11.24点。对系统有效性的详细分析证实了我们的方法可以有效地应用于工业火灾探测用例。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of mixing ratio on smoldering rate for wood-plastic mixture materials 混合比例对木塑混合材料阴燃率的影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104644

Takuya Yamazaki , Daiki Matsugi , Yuji Nakamura

This study investigates the relationship between mixing ratio and smoldering behavior in wood–polypropylene (PP) mixtures. Test samples were prepared by varying the proportion of wood to PP powder. Burning tests revealed that the smoldering rate decreased almost linearly with increasing PP content up to 40wt%, beyond which smoldering combustion was no longer sustained. Thermal analysis indicated a co-pyrolysis effect, characterized by enhanced heating value and altered reaction kinetics in the mixtures. A heat balance model was applied to evaluate the influence of PP addition on smoldering rate with and without co-pyrolysis. When co-pyrolysis was considered, the estimated smoldering rate increased with PP content compared to the case without co-pyrolysis, highlighting its significant role in smoldering combustion. These findings provide critical insights for fire safety risk assessment of wood/plastic composites and landfill fires.

研究了木材-聚丙烯（PP）混合料中混合比例与阴燃行为的关系。通过改变木材与PP粉的比例来制备测试样品。燃烧试验表明，随着PP含量的增加，阴燃率几乎呈线性下降，达到40wt%后，阴燃不再持续。热分析表明存在共热解效应，其特征是热值升高，反应动力学改变。采用热平衡模型评价了PP添加量对共热解和不共热解阴燃速率的影响。当考虑共热解时，与不考虑共热解的情况相比，预估的阴燃速率随PP含量的增加而增加，这突出了PP对阴燃的重要作用。这些发现为木材/塑料复合材料和垃圾填埋场火灾的火灾安全风险评估提供了重要的见解。

引用次数: 0

B number for near-limit steady laminar diffusion flames over a solid surface 固体表面上近极限稳定层流扩散火焰的B值

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104647

Chuanjia Wu , Yuhan Jiang , Yutao Li , Feng Zhu , Shuangfeng Wang

Near-limit steady laminar diffusion flames over a solid surface was investigated under various near-limit conditions. Detailed measurements of gas-phase temperature, solid-phase temperature, surface temperature, and mass loss rate were conducted. The heat flux at the fuel surface and the mass transfer number (B) were calculated to assess the flammability of the fuel. The results indicate that as the ambient pressure decreases and the Limit Oxygen Concentration (LOC) increases, the flame temperature, flame radiation, and solid-phase conductive heat flux all increase, while the gas convective heat flux decreases. Notably, the surface temperature and radiant heat flux remain unaffected by changes in environmental conditions. Meanwhile, the heat loss increases with the LOC. The critical B number exhibits a non-monotonic trend with the increase of the oxygen concentration: it initially decreases, reaches a minimum, and then increases. Both theoretical calculations and experimental measurements show this same trend. However, the theoretical calculation B number is affected by the fraction of flame radiation, which leads to the different values between them.

研究了不同近极限条件下固体表面上的近极限稳定层流扩散火焰。详细测量了气相温度、固相温度、表面温度和质量损失率。通过计算燃料表面的热流密度和传质数(B)来评价燃料的可燃性。结果表明：随着环境压力的降低和极限氧浓度（LOC）的增大，火焰温度、火焰辐射和固相导热热流密度均增大，而气体对流热流密度减小；值得注意的是，地表温度和辐射热通量不受环境条件变化的影响。同时，热损失随LOC的增大而增大。随着氧浓度的增加，临界B值呈现出先减小，达到最小值，再增大的非单调趋势。理论计算和实验测量都表明了这一趋势。但理论计算的B值受火焰辐射比例的影响，导致两者值不同。

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引用次数: 0

Association of walking speed with psychological state: An experiment in smoke-filled full-scale tunnel 行走速度与心理状态的关系：在烟雾弥漫的全尺寸隧道中的实验

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104645

Wenhao Li , Miho Seike , Akimasa Fujiwara , Takafumi Sasaoka , Makoto Chikaraishi , Shigeto Yamawaki

This study investigated correlations among several feelings (fear, worry, tension, and confusion) and their impact on walking speed in smoke by a full-scale tunnel evacuation experiment and questionnaires, with the aim of clarifying the mechanisms behind changes in walking speed from an emotional aspect. The results obtained through structural equation modeling indicated that feelings were mutually correlated; 72% of the participants reported experiencing multiple feelings, in which the most common combination was worry and tension. Furthermore, fear increased walking speed; the mean walking speed declined as the number of feelings increased. These findings suggest that rapid evacuation could be achieved by controlling evacuees’ feelings.

本研究通过隧道疏散实验和问卷调查，研究了烟雾中几种情绪（恐惧、担忧、紧张和困惑）之间的相关性及其对步行速度的影响，旨在从情绪方面阐明步行速度变化的机制。通过结构方程建模得到的结果表明，情感是相互关联的；72%的参与者报告说经历了多种感觉，其中最常见的组合是担心和紧张。此外，恐惧增加了行走速度；平均步行速度随着感受次数的增加而下降。这些发现表明，可以通过控制疏散人员的情绪来实现快速疏散。

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of FDS scaling-pyrolysis model in predicting ignition, self-extinguishment and heat release contribution in timber compartments FDS结垢-热解模型预测木室着火、自燃和放热贡献的评价

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104640

Ouassim Benaroussi , Gildas Auguin , Alain Coimbra , François Consigny

Predicting fire behavior in compartments with exposed timber surfaces is of critical importance to the fire safety community, given the widespread use of timber in modern buildings as both a structural and valuated for environmental aspect and the overall quality of space it creates when exposed. Fire safety engineers are particularly interested in understanding fire initiation and growth, heat release contribution, self-extinguishment conditions, and the charring behavior of wood. This study evaluates the predictive performance of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and its recently integrated pyrolysis model, S-Pyro, with respect to these key parameters. Experimental tests were conducted in medium- and large-scale compartments with exposed timber elements. A parameter sensitivity analysis was first performed on one medium-scale configuration. The results demonstrate that FDS provides accurate predictions of ignition times, fire growth rates, and heat release rates across both scales. The model also reproduced char layer thickness qualitatively at the end of the experiments. However, FDS exhibited limitations in predicting self-extinguishment in certain scenarios, highlighting the need for further investigation into this complex phenomenon in future studies.

考虑到木材在现代建筑中广泛使用，作为结构和环境方面的评估，以及它在暴露时创造的整体空间质量，预测具有暴露木材表面的隔间的火灾行为对消防安全社区至关重要。消防安全工程师特别感兴趣的是了解火灾的引发和生长，热释放贡献，自熄条件和木材的炭化行为。本研究针对这些关键参数，评估了Fire Dynamics Simulator （FDS）及其最新集成的热解模型S-Pyro的预测性能。实验测试是在中、大型木构件暴露的舱室中进行的。首先对一个中型配置进行了参数敏感性分析。结果表明，FDS可以准确预测两种尺度下的点火时间、火焰生长速率和热释放速率。该模型还在实验结束时定性地再现了炭层厚度。然而，FDS在预测某些情况下的自熄方面表现出局限性，这突出了在未来的研究中进一步研究这一复杂现象的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Full-scale and numerical study on the indoor-outdoor temperature difference-induced smoke Re-stratification in naturally ventilated tunnel fires 自然通风隧道火灾室内外温差引起烟气再分层的全尺寸数值研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104642

Jiangdong Li , Mingjian Yin , Kai Zhu , Ke Wu , Tianhang Zhang

High-temperature and toxic smoke is the primary factor of casualties in tunnel fires, particularly caused by the smoke descent due to the disruption of smoke stratification. In this work, the smoke stratification behavior is investigated considering the effects of indoor-outdoor temperature difference (ΔT_ie) and heat release rate (HRR) in naturally ventilated tunnel fires through full-scale experiments and numerical simulations. Results show that thermodynamic balance between internal hot smoke and external hot air induces the symmetrical temperature field and “double cycle” flow field structure, which causes the smoke re-stratification behavior. This process is characterized by smoke accumulating and spreading along the floor, while a clear air layer is maintained above. The critical boundary cooling length to trigger the smoke re-stratification (i.e., the distance between the fire source and the smoke stagnation point) increases with increasing heat release rate and decreasing indoor-outdoor temperature difference, indicating that even small fires can pose significant risks as the smoke descends more easily. By analyzing the dominant factors affecting longitudinal ceiling temperature distribution, a quantitative correlation for predicting the critical boundary cooling length through ΔT_ie and HRR is proposed. The prediction shows a good agreement with both the full-scale experimental and numerical results within ±5 % error. These findings uncover a novel smoke dynamic mechanism and provide a deeper understanding of the fire risks in the naturally ventilated tunnels.

高温有毒烟雾是隧道火灾中造成人员伤亡的主要因素，特别是由于烟雾分层破坏造成的烟气下降。本文通过全尺寸实验和数值模拟，研究了考虑室内外温差（ΔTie）和热释放率（HRR）影响的自然通风隧道火灾烟气分层行为。结果表明：内部热烟与外部热空气的热力学平衡导致了对称的温度场和“双循环”流场结构，导致了烟气的再分层行为；这个过程的特点是烟雾沿着地板积聚和扩散，而上面保持着一个干净的空气层。触发烟雾重新分层的临界边界冷却长度（即火源与烟雾滞止点之间的距离）随着放热速率的增加和室内外温差的减小而增加，这表明即使是小型火灾也会造成重大风险，因为烟雾更容易下降。通过分析影响纵向顶板温度分布的主要因素，提出了通过ΔTie和HRR预测临界边界冷却长度的定量相关性。预测结果与全尺寸实验和数值结果吻合较好，误差在±5%以内。这些发现揭示了一种新的烟气动力学机制，并对自然通风隧道的火灾风险有了更深入的认识。

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引用次数: 0

Research on the framed glass under tilted installation: Thermal breakage mechanism 倾斜安装下框架玻璃的热破坏机理研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104639

Yanni Zhang , Dan Yang , Shixi Nie , Yunchao Hou

Tilted glass is widely used in modern buildings, but its brittleness makes it prone to breakage in fires. This research used four-sided shielded glass as object, employing the self-built thermal radiation experimental bench to analyze the macro-fracture process of tilted glass, and using self-developed tilt effect + PFC2D coupling model, the micro-damage process was simulated. Results show the first breakage time of glass follows a trend of 200-290-227-188 s with inclination. At 0° and 5°, surface temperature and height factor exhibit a full-domain quadratic relationship, with cracks expanding from top to bottom. At 10° and 15°, a segmented quadratic relationship appears, and crack initiation shifts to bottom. Simulation results further indicate heating at 0° causes tensile stress to expand from the glass edges in a “ring” toward the center; at 10°, tensile stress acts vertically upward in a “relay” manner. Crack initiation temperature ranges are 100–210 °C for 0° and 210–320 °C for 10°. And revealed the evolution mechanism of glass microcrack loading behavior: microcracks mainly extend along grain boundaries in length and width, and glass structure becomes unstable when cracks connect in “polygonal crack network” morphology. The research findings provide a theoretical foundation for facade fire safety and fire accident investigation.

倾斜玻璃在现代建筑中得到了广泛的应用，但其易碎性使其在火灾中容易破碎。本研究以四面屏蔽玻璃为对象，采用自建热辐射试验台对倾斜玻璃的宏观断裂过程进行分析，并采用自行开发的倾斜效应+ PFC2D耦合模型对倾斜玻璃的微观损伤过程进行模拟。结果表明：玻璃的初次破碎时间随倾角的增大呈200 ~ 290 ~ 227 ~ 188 s的变化趋势；在0°和5°时，表面温度与高度因子呈全域二次关系，裂纹从上向下扩展。在10°和15°处，出现分段二次关系，裂纹萌生移至底部。模拟结果进一步表明，在0°温度下加热会导致拉应力从玻璃边缘呈“环形”向中心扩展；在10°时，拉应力以“继电器”方式垂直向上作用。裂纹起裂温度范围为：0℃时为100 ~ 210℃，10℃时为210 ~ 320℃。揭示了玻璃微裂纹加载行为的演化机制：微裂纹的长度和宽度主要沿晶界扩展，当裂纹以“多边形裂纹网络”形态连接时，玻璃结构变得不稳定。研究结果为建筑立面防火安全及火灾事故调查提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

A survey of commercial intumescent coating performance – contribution to the fire resistance of structural steel according to EN 13381 and BS 476 根据EN 13381和BS 476，对商业膨胀涂层性能的调查-对结构钢耐火性能的贡献

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104631

Emil O. Lidman Olsson , Peter Arendt Jensen , Kim Dam-Johansen , Jochen A.H. Dreyer

The fire resistance of structural steel can be improved if it is coated with intumescent coating. Many intumescent coatings, tested according to standardized large-scale tests, are available on the market. In this work, data for 62 coatings, tested according to EN 13381-8 and/or BS 476-20/21, was compiled and analyzed. This was done to provide an overview of what fire-resistance performance can be expected from commercially available technologies and to identify trends in the data. The data shows that the fire resistance time tend to be 10–15 % lower when testing according to EN compared to BS. A comparison of data for rectangular and circular hollow sections reveals no consistent difference in fire resistance performance, indicating that any differences are a consequence of the individual coating behavior. For a given design temperature, the fire resistance time of I/H-sections is almost always higher compared to that of a corresponding hollow section. The difference was shown to be more pronounced at high section factors and/or low dry-film thicknesses. For I/H-sections, 3-sided exposure has a performance similar to 4-sided exposure, whereas rectangular hollow sections tend to have a somewhat higher fire-resistance with 3-sided exposure. Possible explanations for the observed trends are discussed in this review.

在结构钢表面涂上膨胀涂层，可以提高其防火性能。市场上有许多膨胀涂料，都是按照标准化的大型试验进行测试的。在这项工作中，根据EN 13381-8和/或BS 476-20/21对62种涂层进行了数据汇编和分析。这样做是为了概述商用技术的耐火性能，并确定数据中的趋势。数据表明，根据EN测试时，耐火时间往往比BS低10 - 15%。矩形和圆形空心截面的数据比较显示，耐火性能没有一致的差异，表明任何差异都是个别涂层行为的结果。在给定的设计温度下，I/ h型钢截面的耐火时间几乎总是高于相应的空心截面。这种差异在高截面系数和/或低干膜厚度时更为明显。对于I/ h截面，3面暴露的性能与4面暴露相似，而矩形空心截面在3面暴露时往往具有更高的耐火性。本文讨论了对观测趋势的可能解释。

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引用次数: 0

Characteristics of water film flow on a vertical glass surface and its control of temperature rise in the glass 垂直玻璃表面水膜流动特性及其对玻璃温升的控制

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104632

Shuo Zhang, Shuhei Sonobe, Yu-hsiang Wang, Yoshifumi Ohmiya

In this study, full-scale experiments were conducted to confirm the characteristics of water film flow on a vertical glass surface and quantitatively evaluate the effect of water film flow on controlling the temperature rise of the glass when heated by a fire plume. The velocity of the water film flow was measured to confirm that the flow was laminar. As the Reynolds number increased, the average flow velocity increased with a slope of approximately 2/3, while the film thickness increased with a slope of approximately 1/3. The measured temperature and incident heat flux were used to confirm the characteristics of the fire plume and the necessary water supply rate for heat shielding. Furthermore, a model was proposed for how the water film flow controls the temperature rise in the glass.

本研究通过全尺寸实验，确定了垂直玻璃表面的水膜流动特性，定量评价了在火焰羽流加热下，水膜流动对玻璃温升的控制效果。测量了水膜流的速度，证实了水膜流是层流。随着雷诺数的增加，平均流速以约2/3的斜率增加，膜厚以约1/3的斜率增加。通过测量温度和入射热流来确定火羽的特征和热屏蔽所需的供水量。此外，提出了水膜流动如何控制玻璃温升的模型。

引用次数: 0

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