Fire Safety Journal最新文献

Nonlinear impacts of fuel load on rate of spread and residence time in forest surface fires 森林地表火灾中燃料负荷对蔓延速度和停留时间的非线性影响

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104404

Haiyan Wang, Junzhao Zhang, Cheng Fan, Hongbin Zhong, Lei Chen, Sixuan Huang, Mengen Zhao

Frequent and extreme forest fires not only damage the environment but also pose a serious threat to firefighting personnel. Understanding the rate of spread (ROS) is crucial for developing effective firefighting strategies. Surface fuel load serves as the foundation for forest combustion, yet its effect on the ROS of surface fires remains contentious. To investigate the impact of fuel load on surface fire ROS, this study uses pine needles as the fuel material, simulating the accumulation of surface combustibles in forests by increasing fuel load, while also examining fuel depth and packing ratio under each load condition. Using an experimental system capable of measuring the ROS at multiple points along the fire line, we evaluated the ROS of surface fires within a fuel load range of 0.4–3.0 kg/m². The effects of packing ratio and fuel depth on ROS under different load conditions were discussed, and the influence of fuel load on fire line residence time was also explored. The results indicate that increasing fuel load leads to higher packing ratios and greater fuel bed depth due to the compressibility and weight of the pine needles. Within the studied load range, ROS does not follow a simple linear trend; instead, it initially rises, then decreases, and finally shows a slow increase. This non-linear behavior arises from the combined, and at times opposing, effects of packing ratio and fuel depth on ROS. Additionally, as fuel load increases, the residence time of the fire line follows a pattern of slow increase, sharp rise, and gradual further increase. The growth in flame depth, driven by higher fuel loads, ultimately becomes the dominant factor in prolonging the residence time. These findings provide valuable experimental data to enhance the understanding of forest surface fire dynamics and fuel load effects.

森林火灾的频繁和极端，不仅破坏了环境，也给消防人员带来了严重的威胁。了解蔓延速率（ROS）对于制定有效的灭火策略至关重要。地表燃料负荷是森林燃烧的基础，但其对地表火灾活性氧的影响仍存在争议。为了研究燃料负荷对地表火灾活性氧的影响，本研究以松针为燃料材料，通过增加燃料负荷模拟森林地表可燃物的积累，同时考察各负荷条件下的燃料深度和填充比。利用一个能够测量火线沿线多个点ROS的实验系统，我们评估了在0.4-3.0 kg/m2的燃料负荷范围内表面火灾的ROS。讨论了不同负荷条件下填料比和燃料深度对活性氧的影响，并探讨了燃料负荷对火线停留时间的影响。结果表明，由于松针的可压缩性和重量的影响，燃料负荷的增加会导致更高的填料比和更大的燃料床深度。在研究的负荷范围内，ROS不遵循简单的线性趋势；相反，它开始上升，然后下降，最后显示缓慢增长。这种非线性行为源于填料比和燃料深度对活性氧的综合影响，有时是相反的影响。此外，随着燃料负荷的增加，火线停留时间呈缓慢增加-急剧上升-逐渐进一步增加的趋势。在高燃料负荷的驱动下，火焰深度的增长最终成为延长停留时间的主要因素。这些发现为加强对森林地表火灾动态和燃料负荷效应的理解提供了有价值的实验数据。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental impact of sprinklers and gravity smoke vents interaction — Review and probabilistic modelling approach 洒水喷头和重力排烟口相互作用对环境的影响。回顾和概率建模方法

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104386

Wojciech Kowalski, Adam Krasuski, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska

In the event of a fire in a typical industrial building, the systems deployed first are sprinklers and gravity smoke vents. Scientists and experts have not reached a firm consensus on the advantages or disadvantages of using sprinklers and gravity smoke vents together. While life-safety and property protection aspects have been already investigated, the environmental impact of these interactions has not yet been considered in research. This study identified and meticulously analysed several environmental issues related to the cooperation of these FPSs. A probabilistic model was then developed to efficiently assess emissions of selected pollutants from fires. The focus was on priority pollutants in terms of climate, toxicity and carcinogenicity. Various cost-optimization and monetization techniques were assessed to propose an appropriate method for evaluating the environmental impact of FPSs. A generic warehouse case study was conducted, comparing 24 different storage and FPS configurations. The applicability of the proposed approach was confirmed; however, the case study results indicates that the interference between sprinklers and gravity smoke vents is relatively insignificant compared to other factors. Additionally, four configurations of sprinklers and vents application were analysed. Sprinklers only have the lowest impact on environment for generic warehouse.

在典型的工业建筑发生火灾时，首先部署的系统是洒水装置和重力排烟口。科学家和专家们还没有就同时使用喷头和重力排烟口的利弊达成坚定的共识。虽然已经对生命安全和财产保护方面进行了调查，但这些相互作用的环境影响尚未在研究中得到考虑。这项研究确定并仔细分析了与这些FPSs合作有关的几个环境问题。然后开发了一个概率模型，以有效地评估火灾产生的选定污染物的排放。重点是气候、毒性和致癌性方面的优先污染物。评估了各种成本优化和货币化技术，提出了评估FPSs环境影响的适当方法。进行了一个通用仓库案例研究，比较了24种不同的存储和FPS配置。验证了所提方法的适用性；然而，实例研究结果表明，与其他因素相比，喷头与重力排烟口之间的干扰相对较小。此外，还分析了四种喷头配置和通风口的应用。洒水装置对一般仓库的环境影响最小。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of laps on the behaviour of a composite slab under membrane action in fire 火灾中膜作用下搭接对复合楼板行为的影响

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104401

Moe Horie , Takeo Hirashima , Haruka Kanada , Yusuke Shintani , Kei Kimura

Membrane action increases the load-bearing capacity of a two-way slab due to increased deflection. The composite slab must transfer enough tensile forces at the laps of reinforcements to ensure adequate load-bearing capacity under membrane action. This study conducted load-bearing fire tests on a large-scale floor system consisting of steel beams and a composite slab with welded wire mesh of guaranteed welded point strength in order to investigate the transfer of tensile forces within the laps under the membrane action. The lap length of meshes was the wire spacing plus 50 mm (150 mm), shorter than the 250 mm specified by 1992-1-1. Two specimens were subjected to loads that were tested with either 2 or 2.67 times the predicted load based on yield line theory. The floor system of the test specimens resisted the load not only during the 216-min heating phase but also during the cooling phase, despite experiencing the integrity failure. The temperature of the welded wire mesh exceeded 600 °C, and the maximum vertical deflection was 1/11 of the short span. The wires outside the lap failed, and the laps transferred sufficient tensile forces until the wires yielded. Therefore, the lap length of the wire spacing plus 50 mm (150 mm) was adequate for transferring tensile forces. The test results indicated that the load-bearing capacity of the floor system based on ECCS was conservative, considering the strength degradation of the welded wire mesh at high temperatures.

膜的作用增加了双向板的承载能力，因为增加了挠度。复合板必须在筋圈处传递足够的拉力，以确保在膜作用下有足够的承载能力。为了研究膜作用下搭接圈内拉力的传递，本文对大型钢梁与具有保证焊接点强度的钢丝网复合板楼盖系统进行了承重防火试验。网目的搭接长度为线间距加50mm (150mm)，比1992-1-1规定的250mm短。根据屈服线理论，两个试件分别承受2倍或2.67倍的荷载。试件的楼板系统不仅在216 min的加热阶段，而且在冷却阶段，尽管经历了完整性破坏，但仍能抵抗荷载。焊接钢丝网温度超过600℃，最大垂直挠度为短跨的1/11。搭接圈外的导线失效，搭接圈传递了足够的拉力，直到导线屈服。因此，搭接长度的线间距加上50毫米（150毫米）是足够的，以传递张力。试验结果表明，考虑到焊接网在高温下的强度退化，基于ECCS的楼板体系的承载能力是保守的。

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引用次数: 0

The performance of hot-dip galvanized composite beams made of high and higher strength steel in standard fire resistance tests 高、高强度钢热浸镀锌组合梁在标准耐火试验中的性能

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104400

Maria-Mirabela Firan , Justus Frenz , Jie Li , Annika Kapfhammer , Luke Bisby , Jochen Zehfuß , Martin Mensinger

The lower emissivity of hot-dip galvanized steel sections as compared with non-galvanized steel, particularly at temperatures below 500 °C, results in slower heating when exposed to fire, thus enabling fire resistance ratings of R30 for compact cross-sections without additional passive fire protection. Using galvanized high and higher-strength steels allows R30 fire resistance to be achieved in composite beams more efficiently and cost-effectively. These ideas are investigated experimentally and via numerical analyses in this paper.

Large-scale standard fire resistance tests are presented to evaluate the performance of hot-dip galvanized composite beams under thermal and mechanical loads. The tests include a variety of beam geometries and depths, using steel grades S460M and S690QL. Single-symmetrical beams were designed with a reduced top flange thicknesses and compact bottom flanges to optimize overall depth and improve thermal response during fire testing. The temperature-dependent material properties of the S460M and S690QL steels is characterised, including steady state and transient tensile tests on both steels, and the results are compared with those given in DIN EN 1993-1-2. Hot-dip galvanized secondary beams with different connection types were connected in the middle of the beams during the large scale fire resistance tests so as to investigate temperatures experienced by differing connection details. The collected test data are used to validate and verify finite element models for such composite beams when exposed to standard fire exposures, alongside further parametric studies examining elements such as cross sectional geometry of the composite beam, the degree of shear connection, and the overall length of the beams. The outcomes of these studies contribute to the determination of the minimum required degree of stud shear connection for hot-dip galvanized composite beams in standard fire scenarios.

与非镀锌钢相比，热浸镀锌钢板的发射率较低，特别是在温度低于500°C时，暴露在火中加热较慢，因此在没有额外被动防火保护的情况下，紧凑截面的耐火等级达到R30。使用镀锌高强度钢和更高强度钢，可以在复合梁中更有效、更经济地实现R30耐火。本文通过实验和数值分析对这些观点进行了研究。为评价热浸镀锌复合梁在热载荷和机械载荷下的性能，提出了大型标准耐火试验。测试包括各种梁的几何形状和深度，使用钢牌号S460M和S690QL。单对称梁的设计减少了顶部法兰厚度，底部法兰紧凑，以优化整体深度，改善火灾测试时的热响应。对S460M和S690QL钢的温度相关材料性能进行了表征，包括对两种钢进行稳态和瞬态拉伸试验，并将结果与DIN EN 1993-1-2中给出的结果进行了比较。在大型耐火试验中，采用不同连接方式的热浸镀锌二次梁连接在梁的中间，以研究不同连接方式所经历的温度。收集的测试数据用于验证和验证这种复合梁在暴露于标准火灾时的有限元模型，以及进一步的参数研究，检查复合梁的横截面几何形状、剪切连接程度和梁的总长度等元素。这些研究的结果有助于确定在标准火灾情况下热浸镀锌复合梁的螺柱剪切连接的最小要求程度。

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引用次数: 0

Lateral flame spread over thermally thin Fuels: Theoretical prediction of spread rate and experimental validation with PMMA and cellulosic fuels 横向火焰在热薄燃料上的传播：传播率的理论预测和PMMA和纤维素燃料的实验验证

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104389

Subrata Bhattacharjee, Felix Panzer, Simon Zielke

Flame spread over solid fuel is a fundamental problem in fire safety science. Although it has been studied in different orientations – downward, upward, horizontal, and lateral– closed-form formulas for predicting the flame spread rate were first proposed for the opposed-flow configuration and experimentally verified in downward configuration, a special case of opposed-flow flame spread. In this work we present a simplified theory to predict the flame spread rate when a vertical flame spreads sideways (laterally) on both sides (symmetrically) of a thermally thin sample held horizontally in a quiescent normal-gravity environment. The ratio of flame spread rates between the lateral and downward orientations are shown to depend only on the flame coefficient, a non-dimensional known temperature ratio, and the Prandtl number. Experiments are performed in both downward and lateral configurations with a series of PMMA (Poly-methyl metacrylate) samples with fuel thickness ranging from 400 through 1500 μm and width from 10 through 60 mm as parameters. Similar experiments are also performed with ashless filter paper. The spread rate ratio between the two configurations is compared to the theoretical prediction with reasonable agreement. As predicted by the theory, the spread rate ratio is found to be independent of fuel thickness and fuel width for laminar flame spread.

固体燃料上的火焰蔓延是火灾安全科学中的一个基本问题。虽然已经在不同的方向——向下、向上、水平和横向——进行了研究，但预测火焰蔓延速度的封闭形式公式是首先针对对流构型提出的，并在对流火焰蔓延的特殊情况下向下构型进行了实验验证。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个简化的理论来预测当垂直火焰在静止的正常重力环境中水平保持的热薄样品的两侧（对称）横向（横向）传播时的火焰传播速率。横向和向下方向之间的火焰蔓延率之比仅取决于火焰系数、无量纲已知温度比和普朗特数。实验采用了一系列PMMA（聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯）样品，燃料厚度从400到1500 μm，宽度从10到60 mm为参数，在向下和侧向配置下进行。用无灰滤纸也进行了类似的实验。将两种结构之间的扩散速率比与理论预测进行了比较，结果符合较好。正如理论预测的那样，层流火焰扩散速率比与燃料厚度和燃料宽度无关。

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引用次数: 0

Hybrid fire testing of concrete-filled steel tube columns: A large-scale experimental and numerical investigation 混凝土填充钢管柱的混合防火测试：大规模实验和数值研究

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104402

Majid Hamidi , Masoud Adelzadeh , Hamzeh Hajiloo

Hybrid Fire Testing (HFT) integrates experimental fire testing with numerical simulations to better capture the interaction between a physical sample in a furnace fire and the structure that would surround it in real-world conditions. Unlike traditional fire testing, HFT enables a more accurate analysis of complex structural behaviours by simulating the effect of adjacent structural elements, thus providing a realistic assessment of a structure's fire performance. This paper presents a full-scale experimental hybrid fire test of a concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) column using an advanced HFT framework developed in previous research. A three-story, four-bay structure with the steel moment-resisting frame was selected for the validation. One column of the structure was physically represented in the laboratory, while the remainder of the structure was modelled numerically through finite element software. The physical specimen was heated following a standard fire curve. The experimental results are compared with numerical predictions and fire resistance tests of a similar single column to validate the performance of the developed method in full-scale applications. This comparison also provides insight into the performance of the column when acting as part of the larger structural system. The test results confirmed the proposed method can accurately simulate the complicated behaviour of a CFST column at high temperatures and subsequent failure.

混合火灾测试（HFT）将实验火灾测试与数值模拟相结合，以更好地捕捉炉火中的物理样品与实际条件下其周围结构之间的相互作用。与传统的火灾测试不同，HFT通过模拟相邻结构元件的影响，能够更准确地分析复杂的结构行为，从而提供对结构防火性能的真实评估。本文介绍了采用先前研究中开发的先进HFT框架对钢管混凝土柱进行的全尺寸混合火灾试验。我们选择了一个三层、四舱的结构和钢抗弯矩框架进行验证。结构的一柱在实验室中进行了物理表征，而结构的其余部分则通过有限元软件进行了数值模拟。物理试样按照标准的火灾曲线加热。将实验结果与数值预测和类似单柱的耐火测试结果进行了比较，以验证所开发方法在全尺寸应用中的性能。这种比较也提供了洞察柱作为更大的结构系统的一部分时的性能。试验结果表明，该方法能较好地模拟钢管混凝土柱在高温和破坏下的复杂行为。

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引用次数: 0

Susceptibility to ignition of landscaping mulches exposed to firebrand piles or radiation 暴露在火把桩或辐射下的园林绿化覆盖物易着火

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104388

Shaorun Lin , Wuquan Cui , Siyan Wang , Yunzhu Qin , Yuying Chen , Yichao Zhang , Xinyan Huang , Stephen L. Quarles , Michael J. Gollner

Mulch products are widely used in landscaping at the wildland-urban interface (WUI), but burning mulch poses a significant ignition hazard to nearby structures. This study evaluates the ignition susceptibility of 10 mulches used in California, USA, exposed to smoldering firebrand piles or irradiation. The mulches included composted types, where products are piled and partially decomposed (bioretention, cal trans, marin vineyard, topper mulch, screened compost) and non-composted types (forest floor, redwood, black mulch, fir bark A and B). We found that all mulches except screened compost can be ignited to smolder by firebrand piles, with ignition more likely at higher firebrand mass and wind speeds. Following spotting ignition, non-composted mulches were more prone to transition from smoldering to flaming at critical wind speeds, which varied by mulch type. For piloted ignition, all mulches can sustain flames under irradiation, with non-composted mulches generally requiring lower critical heat fluxes due to the emission of more combustible gases. Particle size significantly influenced ignition thresholds, with smaller particles facilitating piloted flaming ignition and larger particles being more susceptible to spotting ignition and smoldering-to-flaming transition. This work deepens our understanding of ignition and burning behaviors of mulch, helping improve the prevention and suppression strategies against catastrophic WUI fires.

地膜产品被广泛应用于荒地-城市界面（WUI）的景观美化中，但燃烧地膜会对附近的建筑物造成严重的着火危险。本研究评估了在美国加利福尼亚州使用的10种地膜暴露于阴燃的火把堆或辐照下的着火易感性。地膜包括堆肥类型，其中产品堆放并部分分解（生物保留，cal trans, marin vineyard，顶部地膜，筛选堆肥）和非堆肥类型（森林地面，红木，黑色地膜，杉木树皮A和B）。我们发现，除了筛选堆肥外，所有地膜都可以被火焰堆点燃以闷烧，在更高的火焰质量和风速下更有可能着火。在发现点火后，非堆肥地膜更容易在临界风速下从阴燃过渡到燃烧，这因地膜类型而异。对于引燃，所有覆盖物都可以在照射下维持火焰，而非堆肥覆盖物由于排放更多可燃气体，通常需要较低的临界热通量。颗粒大小对点火阈值有显著影响，较小的颗粒有利于引燃点火，较大的颗粒更容易发生点燃和阴燃过渡。这项工作加深了我们对覆盖物着火和燃烧行为的理解，有助于改进对灾难性WUI火灾的预防和抑制策略。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of the influence of exhaust vent leakage on the efficiency of tunnel smoke evacuation 排风口泄漏对隧道排烟效率的影响分析

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104399

Xinyue Zhang , Mingrui Luo , Liangliang Tao , Yanhua Zeng , Yanping Yuan , Zhen Zhang

The ventilation section of an undersea road tunnel is extremely long. Air leakage from the exhaust vents significantly reduces the efficiency of the smoke exhaust system, which threatens the lives and safety of personnel. In this paper, a calculation model of exhaust vent leakage is established and the reliability of the calculation model is validated by field tests. Air leakage in the case tunnel reached 155.22 m³/s with a common type of exhaust vent, reducing the extraction efficiency of gas flow through smoke vents (extraction efficiency) by more than 40 %; the impact of air leakage cannot be ignored. The extraction efficiency of the exhaust vents is reduced from 89.59 % to 47.86 % as the leakage coefficient K₀ increases from 3 to 24 for the same smoke exhaust volume. As the number of opened smoke vents decreases, the extraction efficiency of the tunnel decreases. When the smoke vent spacing increases from 50 m to 90 m, the extraction efficiency increases from 52.51 % to 69.35 %. The proposed calculation model, which considers exhaust vent leakage, is important for evaluating the efficiency of the smoke exhaust system and will help to optimize the tunnel's fire safety design. An exhaust vent leakage prediction formula of the whole tunnel is also proposed.

海底公路隧道的通风段非常长。排烟口漏风严重降低排烟系统的工作效率，威胁人员的生命安全。本文建立了排气管泄漏计算模型，并通过现场试验验证了计算模型的可靠性。采用普通排气孔时，箱体隧道漏风量达到155.22 m3/s，使排烟口气流的抽气效率（抽气效率）降低40%以上；漏风的影响是不容忽视的。在相同排烟量下，随着泄漏系数K0由3增大到24，排烟效率由89.59%降低到47.86%。随着排烟口数量的减少，隧道的抽烟效率降低。当排烟间距由50 m增加到90 m时，抽烟效率由52.51%提高到69.35%。该计算模型考虑了排烟口泄漏，对评价排烟系统的效率和优化隧道防火安全设计具有重要意义。提出了全隧道排气口泄漏预测公式。

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引用次数: 0

Limiting lip-height of pool fires 限制池火的唇高

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104385

Einar A. Kolstad , Bjarne Chr. Hagen , Kim Christensen , Ulrich Krause , Vidar Frette

The lip height at which an unsteady pool fire self-extinguishes, called the limiting lip-height is investigated. Experiments have been conducted in 14 cylindrical containers with inner diameters from

2.5 mm

to

400 mm

and heptane as fuel. The dimensionless limiting lip-height (limiting lip-height divided by the container diameter) in unsteady pool fires increases from 2 for the smallest containers to almost 5 for the largest container. The values are higher than for corresponding experiments with steady pool fires (cold containers). The flame position and motion, laterally and vertically, are described. The fuel surface temperature increases weakly with container diameter.

Pool fires during industrial accidents and laboratory experiments will, in most cases, evolve according to an unsteady pool fire scheme with increasing lip height. For these situations, it is crucial to understand how various factors influence the evolution of the pool fire. Consequently, results are reported here for a wide range in container size.

研究了非定常池火自熄时的唇高度，即极限唇高度。实验在14个内径从2.5mm到400mm的圆柱形容器中进行，以庚烷为燃料。非定常池火的无量纲极限唇高（极限唇高除以容器直径）从最小容器的2增加到最大容器的近5。该数值高于用稳定池火（冷容器）进行的相应实验。描述了火焰在横向和纵向上的位置和运动。燃料表面温度随容器直径的增大而增加。在大多数情况下，工业事故和实验室实验中的池火将按照非定常池火方案随着唇高度的增加而演变。在这种情况下，了解各种因素如何影响池火的演变是至关重要的。因此，这里报告的结果适用于容器大小的广泛范围。

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引用次数: 0

Opposed flame spread over a thermally-thin charring material under varied flow velocities and ambient pressures in a narrow channel apparatus 在窄通道装置中，在不同的流速和环境压力下，相对火焰在热薄炭化材料上蔓延

IF 3.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104396

Wenlong Wang , Shangqing Tao , Jun Fang , Yi Zeng , Jiyun Wang , Yuhang Chen , Feng Zhu , Yueqin Zhu , Aichun Liu , Yongming Zhang

The opposed flame spread over thermally-thin filter paper under constrained buoyancy at varied flow velocities and ambient pressures was investigated, which will be conducive to develop ground-based techniques for simulating microgravity. With increasing flow velocity, three regimes can be roughly identified: 1) near quenching regime, the periodic fingering flamelets appear for oxygen starvation, expanding the flammability range; 2) steady-state spreading regime, symmetric flames occur among the sample surface due to buoyancy suppression, and the flame spread rate reaches its peak; 3) near blow-off regime, the flame is affected by finite chemical kinetics. The whole pyrolysis region is identified into the primary/secondary pyrolysis regions characterized by blue/orange attached flames, and the frequent transformation between them intensifies the flame instability. With increasing flow velocity, the global equivalence ratio increases firstly and decreases finally under higher pressures, while decreases monotonously under lower pressures. The optimal utilization of the narrow channel apparatus for suppressing the buoyancy effect should be located in the range of moderate flow velocities far away from the extinction limits, where the heat loss effect of the parallel plates can be neglected. By tracking the extinction limit, the flammability boundary under different pressures was obtained. It is found that the quenching boundary is dependent on the diffusion rate of fuel vapor, while the blow-off boundary is determined by the critical global equivalence ratio. The flammability range narrows with the decreasing pressure, and relatively higher ambient pressure is required to achieve better effectiveness of simulating microgravity in future space missions.

研究了在不同流速和环境压力条件下，受约束浮力作用下的对向火焰在热薄滤纸上的扩散，这将有助于地面微重力模拟技术的发展。随着流速的增加，可大致划分为三种状态：1)在接近淬灭状态时，由于缺氧而出现周期性指状小火焰，可燃性范围扩大；2)稳态蔓延状态下，由于浮力抑制，试样表面出现对称火焰，火焰蔓延速度达到峰值；3)在吹灭状态下，火焰受有限化学动力学影响。整个热解区被划分为以蓝色/橙色附着火焰为特征的一次/二次热解区，两者之间的频繁变换加剧了火焰的不稳定性。随着流速的增大，整体等效比在高压下先增大后减小，在低压下单调减小。窄通道装置抑制浮力效应的最佳利用应位于远离消光极限的中等流速范围内，在此范围内平行板的热损失效应可以忽略不计。通过对消光极限的跟踪，得到了不同压力下的可燃性边界。研究发现，淬火边界取决于燃料蒸气的扩散速率，而吹出边界由临界全局等效比决定。可燃性范围随着压力的减小而变窄，为了在未来空间任务中获得更好的微重力模拟效果，需要相对较高的环境压力。

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