Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第2页

Coupling effects of TPRD orifice diameter and residual hydrogen on deflagration overpressure peak in containerized transportation safety of HFCVs TPRD孔口直径和残余氢对重型燃料汽车集装箱运输安全爆燃超压峰值的耦合影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104629

Xiaolong Jiang , Wei Qi , Yuqing Li , Xiangbin Zhao , Yingchen Hong , Yuejuan Li

When a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is transported and an unintended hydrogen discharge occurs due to a fault scenario such as component aging, mechanical impact, or fire-induced TPRD activation, the peak deflagration overpressure depends on the remaining hydrogen quantity and TPRD diameter. Currently, neither TPRD diameters nor safe residual hydrogen levels during transport are standardized. To balance driving range and safety, numerical simulations were conducted to analyze peak overpressure under conservative accumulation–ignition conditions, examining various TPRD diameters and residual hydrogen levels. The results indicate that: Under the same residual hydrogen quantity, a significantly higher peak overpressure is produced during deflagration by a 5 mm TPRD orifice diameter compared to other smaller diameters. In the case of a TPRD with a diameter of 0.5 mm, the peak overpressure generated by the deflagration is significantly lower than that of larger diameters, and transport personnel have more time to respond to emergencies when the discharge occurs. Therefore, a higher residual hydrogen quantity is permissible.

当氢燃料电池汽车（HFCV）运输时，由于部件老化、机械冲击或火灾引起的TPRD激活等故障情况发生意外氢气排放时，爆燃峰值超压取决于剩余氢气量和TPRD直径。目前，TPRD的直径和运输过程中的安全残余氢含量都没有标准化。为了平衡续驶里程和安全性，采用数值模拟方法分析了保守蓄能点火工况下的峰值超压，考察了不同TPRD直径和残余氢含量。结果表明：在残余氢量相同的情况下，孔径为5mm的TPRD爆燃产生的峰值超压明显高于其他孔径较小的TPRD；在直径为0.5 mm的TPRD中，爆燃产生的峰值超压明显低于大直径的爆燃产生的峰值超压，并且在发生爆燃时运输人员有更多的时间来应对紧急情况。因此，允许较高的残余氢量。

{"title":"Coupling effects of TPRD orifice diameter and residual hydrogen on deflagration overpressure peak in containerized transportation safety of HFCVs","authors":"Xiaolong Jiang , Wei Qi , Yuqing Li , Xiangbin Zhao , Yingchen Hong , Yuejuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is transported and an unintended hydrogen discharge occurs due to a fault scenario such as component aging, mechanical impact, or fire-induced TPRD activation, the peak deflagration overpressure depends on the remaining hydrogen quantity and TPRD diameter. Currently, neither TPRD diameters nor safe residual hydrogen levels during transport are standardized. To balance driving range and safety, numerical simulations were conducted to analyze peak overpressure under conservative accumulation–ignition conditions, examining various TPRD diameters and residual hydrogen levels. The results indicate that: Under the same residual hydrogen quantity, a significantly higher peak overpressure is produced during deflagration by a 5 mm TPRD orifice diameter compared to other smaller diameters. In the case of a TPRD with a diameter of 0.5 mm, the peak overpressure generated by the deflagration is significantly lower than that of larger diameters, and transport personnel have more time to respond to emergencies when the discharge occurs. Therefore, a higher residual hydrogen quantity is permissible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 104629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structural fire performance of RC beams via direct coupled temperature-displacement nonlinear simulation 钢筋混凝土梁结构防火性能的直接耦合温度-位移非线性模拟

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104630

Mohamed Elshorbagi , Mohammad AlHamaydeh , Rafat Siddique

This research demonstrates the utility of the Direct Coupling Technique (DCT) for capturing the intricate, dynamic interplay between thermal and structural responses, particularly when fire induces significant geometric changes. Implemented in ABAQUS, the DCT integrates thermal and structural analyses, solving for temperature and displacement fields simultaneously. It incorporates critical material properties, including thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, stress-strain behavior, and thermal expansion, to model the performance of RC beams across heating, cooling, and post-fire phases. Validated against experimental data from two beams, one that failed during a fire and the other assessed for residual capacity, the approach proves highly accurate. Furthermore, validation of experimental data on an intumescent-coated steel substrate was conducted to demonstrate DCT's ability to capture the thermal-mechanical response for significant deformation problems, with an error of 3.4 % compared to 127.3 % for the Sequential Coupling Technique (SCT) model. A detailed parametric study further explores key factors, including concrete cover, lateral stiffness, and compressive strength, providing insights to optimize RC beams against fire hazards. The DCT application facilitates a deeper understanding of fire-structure interactions and lays the groundwork for practical design tools, thereby potentially enhancing structural safety and efficiency.

这项研究证明了直接耦合技术（DCT）在捕获热与结构响应之间复杂的动态相互作用方面的实用性，特别是当火灾引起显著的几何变化时。DCT在ABAQUS中实现，集成了热分析和结构分析，同时求解温度场和位移场。它结合了关键的材料性能，包括导热系数、比热、密度、应力-应变行为和热膨胀，来模拟RC梁在加热、冷却和火灾后阶段的性能。通过对两束的实验数据进行验证，其中一束在火灾中失效，另一束被评估为剩余容量，该方法证明了高度的准确性。此外，对膨胀涂层钢基板的实验数据进行了验证，以证明DCT能够捕获重大变形问题的热-机械响应，与顺序耦合技术（SCT）模型的127.3%相比，误差为3.4%。详细的参数研究进一步探讨了关键因素，包括混凝土覆盖层、横向刚度和抗压强度，为优化RC梁的火灾隐患提供了见解。DCT的应用有助于加深对火-结构相互作用的理解，并为实际设计工具奠定基础，从而潜在地提高结构的安全性和效率。

{"title":"Structural fire performance of RC beams via direct coupled temperature-displacement nonlinear simulation","authors":"Mohamed Elshorbagi , Mohammad AlHamaydeh , Rafat Siddique","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research demonstrates the utility of the Direct Coupling Technique (DCT) for capturing the intricate, dynamic interplay between thermal and structural responses, particularly when fire induces significant geometric changes. Implemented in ABAQUS, the DCT integrates thermal and structural analyses, solving for temperature and displacement fields simultaneously. It incorporates critical material properties, including thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, stress-strain behavior, and thermal expansion, to model the performance of RC beams across heating, cooling, and post-fire phases. Validated against experimental data from two beams, one that failed during a fire and the other assessed for residual capacity, the approach proves highly accurate. Furthermore, validation of experimental data on an intumescent-coated steel substrate was conducted to demonstrate DCT's ability to capture the thermal-mechanical response for significant deformation problems, with an error of 3.4 % compared to 127.3 % for the Sequential Coupling Technique (SCT) model. A detailed parametric study further explores key factors, including concrete cover, lateral stiffness, and compressive strength, providing insights to optimize RC beams against fire hazards. The DCT application facilitates a deeper understanding of fire-structure interactions and lays the groundwork for practical design tools, thereby potentially enhancing structural safety and efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 104630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of the impact of diluent addition on radiation, soot volume fraction, and flow dynamics of a buoyant turbulent line fire 稀释剂添加对浮力湍流线火辐射、烟尘体积分数和流动动力学影响的研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104627

Sagar Singhal, Pratikash P. Panda

The study of buoyant turbulent diffusion flames requires a detailed understanding of their complex dynamics, including soot formation, radiative heat transfer, and flow field behavior. Accurate prediction of fire radiation and mechanisms of fire suppression demands high-fidelity data across realistic fire scenarios — such as turbulent pool fires and line fires. This work presents a combined experimental and numerical investigation into the effects of

N_{2}

and

{CO}_{2}

dilution on the far-field radiation, soot volume fraction (SVF), and the velocity field of a 15 kW buoyant turbulent line fire. Complementary one-dimensional opposed-flow diffusion flame (1D OFDF) simulations are used to interpret soot formation trends under varying dilution conditions. Planar SVF measurements show that

{CO}_{2}

exerts a significantly stronger soot-inhibiting effect than

N_{2}

. For 20% dilution in the oxidizer stream, the peak mean SVF decreases by 58% with

N_{2}

and by 92% with

{CO}_{2}

. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements reveal that

{CO}_{2}

dilution leads to higher peak axial velocities and enhanced flow intermittency — attributed to reduced dissipation and sustained buoyancy-driven motion. Conditional statistics and velocity probability density functions confirm the increased unsteadiness in

{CO}_{2}

-diluted flames. 1D OFDF simulations further indicate that the pronounced soot suppression by

{CO}_{2}

arises from both stronger thermal effects and additional chemical pathways, such as

{CO}_{2} + H \to CO + H_{2}

and

{CO}_{2} + {CH}_{2} \to {CH}_{2} O + CO

. At lower dilution levels (5%–10%), these chemical reactions influence flame kinetics, whereas at higher dilution levels (20%–30%), inert and thermal effects dominate.

浮力湍流扩散火焰的研究需要详细了解其复杂的动力学，包括烟灰形成，辐射传热和流场行为。准确预测火灾辐射和灭火机制需要跨越真实火灾场景的高保真数据，例如湍流池火灾和线火灾。本文结合实验和数值研究了N2和CO2稀释对15kw浮力湍流线火远场辐射、烟尘体积分数（SVF）和速度场的影响。互补一维反流扩散火焰（1D OFDF）模拟用于解释不同稀释条件下烟尘的形成趋势。平面SVF测量结果表明，CO2的抑烟效果明显强于N2。在氧化剂流中稀释20%时，峰值平均SVF在N2中降低58%，在CO2中降低92%。粒子图像测速（PIV）测量显示，二氧化碳稀释导致更高的峰值轴向速度和增强的流动间歇性，这归因于耗散减少和持续的浮力驱动运动。条件统计和速度概率密度函数证实了co2稀释火焰的不稳定性增加。一维OFDF模拟进一步表明，CO2对烟尘的明显抑制来自于更强的热效应和额外的化学途径，如CO2+H→CO+H2和CO2+CH2→CH2O+CO。在较低稀释水平（5%-10%）下，这些化学反应影响火焰动力学，而在较高稀释水平（20%-30%）下，惰性和热效应占主导地位。

{"title":"Investigation of the impact of diluent addition on radiation, soot volume fraction, and flow dynamics of a buoyant turbulent line fire","authors":"Sagar Singhal, Pratikash P. Panda","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of buoyant turbulent diffusion flames requires a detailed understanding of their complex dynamics, including soot formation, radiative heat transfer, and flow field behavior. Accurate prediction of fire radiation and mechanisms of fire suppression demands high-fidelity data across realistic fire scenarios — such as turbulent pool fires and line fires. This work presents a combined experimental and numerical investigation into the effects of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> dilution on the far-field radiation, soot volume fraction (SVF), and the velocity field of a 15 kW buoyant turbulent line fire. Complementary one-dimensional opposed-flow diffusion flame (1D OFDF) simulations are used to interpret soot formation trends under varying dilution conditions. Planar SVF measurements show that <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> exerts a significantly stronger soot-inhibiting effect than <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. For 20% dilution in the oxidizer stream, the peak mean SVF decreases by 58% with <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and by 92% with <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements reveal that <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> dilution leads to higher peak axial velocities and enhanced flow intermittency — attributed to reduced dissipation and sustained buoyancy-driven motion. Conditional statistics and velocity probability density functions confirm the increased unsteadiness in <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-diluted flames. 1D OFDF simulations further indicate that the pronounced soot suppression by <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> arises from both stronger thermal effects and additional chemical pathways, such as <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>H</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>CO</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>CH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>→</mo><msub><mrow><mi>CH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mi>O</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>CO</mi></mrow></math></span>. At lower dilution levels (5%–10%), these chemical reactions influence flame kinetics, whereas at higher dilution levels (20%–30%), inert and thermal effects dominate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fire resistance of concrete columns: Meta-analysis of code-based methods 混凝土柱的耐火性能：基于规范方法的元分析

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104626

Mahadev Rokade, Tim Stratford, Dave Rush

A dataset of 165 fire tests on rectangular concrete columns, spanning five decades, was compiled to evaluate six design methods from five international codes (Eurocode Methods A and B (ECA, ECB), Australian (AS 3600), Chinese (DBJ/T), American (ACI), and Indian (NBC)). A meta-analysis assessed their predictive reliability using historical and recent results. ECA and AS 3600 gave the most consistent and conservative predictions, with ECA performing best overall. For fire resistance ratings (FRR) < 240 min, about 70 % of ECA (2019) predictions were within ±20 % of test outcomes, though accuracy declined at longer durations. AS 3600 produced similar results due to its related formulation. ECB changed notably: 2019 method was unreliable for FRR >140 min, whereas the 2023 version aligned better with recent tests and reduced excessive conservatism. DBJ/T performed adequately on older specimens but overestimated newer ones, while ACI and NBC showed high variability and frequent unconservative predictions. Assessment of the robustness of the ECA (2023) Method with respect to design parameters indicated best performance for 250–300 mm columns, reinforcement ratios of 2.5–3.5 %, effective lengths of 3–5 m, covers of 35–65 mm, and concretes of 20–60 MPa, with reduced accuracy at extreme conditions.

该研究收集了50年来165个矩形混凝土柱的防火测试数据集，以评估来自五个国际规范的六种设计方法(欧洲规范方法A和B （ECA， ECB)，澳大利亚（AS 3600），中国（DBJ/T），美国（ACI）和印度（NBC））。荟萃分析利用历史和最近的结果评估了他们的预测可靠性。ECA和as3600给出了最一致和保守的预测，其中ECA整体表现最好。对于防火等级（FRR） 240分钟，ECA（2019）的预测结果约有70%在测试结果的±20%以内，尽管准确性在较长的持续时间内下降。AS 3600由于其相关的配方也产生了类似的结果。欧洲央行的变化明显：2019年的方法对FRR >；140分钟不可靠，而2023年的版本更符合最近的测试，减少了过度的保守性。DBJ/T在较老样本上表现良好，但对较新样本估计过高，而ACI和NBC则表现出高变异性和频繁的非保守预测。ECA（2023）方法在设计参数方面的稳健性评估表明，最佳性能为250-300毫米柱，配筋率为2.5 - 3.5%，有效长度为3-5米，覆盖层为35-65毫米，混凝土为20-60 MPa，在极端条件下精度降低。

{"title":"Fire resistance of concrete columns: Meta-analysis of code-based methods","authors":"Mahadev Rokade, Tim Stratford, Dave Rush","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A dataset of 165 fire tests on rectangular concrete columns, spanning five decades, was compiled to evaluate six design methods from five international codes (Eurocode Methods A and B (ECA, ECB), Australian (AS 3600), Chinese (DBJ/T), American (ACI), and Indian (NBC)). A meta-analysis assessed their predictive reliability using historical and recent results. ECA and AS 3600 gave the most consistent and conservative predictions, with ECA performing best overall. For fire resistance ratings (FRR) < 240 min, about 70 % of ECA (2019) predictions were within ±20 % of test outcomes, though accuracy declined at longer durations. AS 3600 produced similar results due to its related formulation. ECB changed notably: 2019 method was unreliable for FRR >140 min, whereas the 2023 version aligned better with recent tests and reduced excessive conservatism. DBJ/T performed adequately on older specimens but overestimated newer ones, while ACI and NBC showed high variability and frequent unconservative predictions. Assessment of the robustness of the ECA (2023) Method with respect to design parameters indicated best performance for 250–300 mm columns, reinforcement ratios of 2.5–3.5 %, effective lengths of 3–5 m, covers of 35–65 mm, and concretes of 20–60 MPa, with reduced accuracy at extreme conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 104626"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flame extinction of thermally thick PMMA in Earth gravity versus microgravity: A comparison of Earth and on-orbit space experiments 热厚聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在地球重力和微重力下的消焰：地球和在轨空间实验的比较

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104625

Christina Liveretou , Jose Rivera , Madeleine Bardy , Carlos Fernandez-Pello , Michael Gollner , Lilly Etzenbach , Maria Thomsen , Sandra Olson , Paul Ferkul

Future spacecraft may operate at sub-atmospheric pressures and elevated oxygen concentrations to reduce preparation time for extra-vehicular activities. It is important to understand fire behavior and the fire risk of materials brought aboard a spacecraft. The limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) is one of the parameters used to determine the flammability of solid fuels. This work aims to compare the LOC for opposed flame spread extinction of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in sub-atmospheric microgravity and Earth-gravity environments. Experiments with cylindrical PMMA samples are conducted in a combustion chamber in the Integrated Combustion Rack (CIR) on the International Space Station (ISS), as well as on laboratory facilities on Earth, at sub-atmospheric pressures with a forced flow of 10 cm/s opposed (counter-current) to the flame spread direction. The oxygen concentration in the chamber decreases naturally at a constant ambient pressure as a result of the PMMA combustion until flame extinction. Results show the LOC in microgravity is lower than at Earth gravity, meaning that flame spread can be sustained at lower oxygen concentrations in reduced buoyancy. The findings confirm that flammability test methods conducted in normal gravity and atmospheric pressure are not conservative enough for the conditions future spacecraft are expected to operate in.

未来的航天器可能在亚大气压力和高氧浓度下运行，以减少舱外活动的准备时间。了解航天器上携带的材料的火灾行为和火灾风险非常重要。极限氧浓度（LOC）是测定固体燃料可燃性的参数之一。本研究的目的是比较聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）在亚大气微重力和地球重力环境下的对向火焰蔓延熄灭的LOC。圆柱形PMMA样品的实验在国际空间站（ISS）的综合燃烧架（CIR）的燃烧室以及地球上的实验室设施中进行，在亚大气压下，与火焰传播方向相反（逆流）的强制流量为10厘米/秒。由于PMMA燃烧直到火焰熄灭，室中的氧浓度在恒定的环境压力下自然降低。结果表明，微重力条件下的LOC比重力条件下的LOC要低，这意味着在较低的氧浓度和较低的浮力条件下，火焰可以持续传播。研究结果证实，在正常重力和大气压下进行的可燃性测试方法对于未来航天器预期的运行条件来说不够保守。

{"title":"Flame extinction of thermally thick PMMA in Earth gravity versus microgravity: A comparison of Earth and on-orbit space experiments","authors":"Christina Liveretou , Jose Rivera , Madeleine Bardy , Carlos Fernandez-Pello , Michael Gollner , Lilly Etzenbach , Maria Thomsen , Sandra Olson , Paul Ferkul","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Future spacecraft may operate at sub-atmospheric pressures and elevated oxygen concentrations to reduce preparation time for extra-vehicular activities. It is important to understand fire behavior and the fire risk of materials brought aboard a spacecraft. The limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) is one of the parameters used to determine the flammability of solid fuels. This work aims to compare the LOC for opposed flame spread extinction of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in sub-atmospheric microgravity and Earth-gravity environments. Experiments with cylindrical PMMA samples are conducted in a combustion chamber in the Integrated Combustion Rack (CIR) on the International Space Station (ISS), as well as on laboratory facilities on Earth, at sub-atmospheric pressures with a forced flow of 10 cm/s opposed (counter-current) to the flame spread direction. The oxygen concentration in the chamber decreases naturally at a constant ambient pressure as a result of the PMMA combustion until flame extinction. Results show the LOC in microgravity is lower than at Earth gravity, meaning that flame spread can be sustained at lower oxygen concentrations in reduced buoyancy. The findings confirm that flammability test methods conducted in normal gravity and atmospheric pressure are not conservative enough for the conditions future spacecraft are expected to operate in.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104625"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental method for evaluating the heat release rate of external flames in the case of an under-ventilated fire 在不通风火灾情况下评定外火焰放热率的实验方法

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104623

Bouaza Lafdal , Rabah Mehaddi , ElMehdi Koutaiba , Tarek Beji , Pascal Boulet , Gilles Parent , Arnaud Trouvé

A comprehensive set of fifty experimental tests has been carried out to study liquid pool fire dynamics in a naturally-ventilated compartment (dimensions:

0.47 m \times 0.47 m \times 0.84 m

) with a

0.19 m

wide open doorway. The pool diameter varied from 5 to

15 cm

and the ventilation factor,

A H^{1 / 2}

, varied from 0.006 to

0.128 m^{5 / 2}

by varying the door height from 0.10 to

0.77 m

. The well-known fuel-controlled and ventilation-controlled regimes were observed, the latter leading to external flaming. Additionally, extinction occurred for the lowest ventilation factor when the pool diameter varied from 11 to

15 cm

. The HRR inside the compartment was estimated using gas temperature measurements and the well-known MQH correlation. For the scenarios at hand, it is shown that the maximum HRR inside the enclosure is about

900 A H^{1 / 2}

. A novel experimental method was developed to estimate the ‘external’ HRR. The geometry of the external flame was reconstructed using an image processing technique. Then, the view factor from the flame to a radiative heat flux sensor, positioned outside the enclosure, was estimated using a Monte Carlo method. Subsequently, the radiative HRR of the external flame was calculated from the radiative heat flux measurement, the view factor and the area of the sensor. Finally, assuming a specific value for the radiative fraction allowed to obtain the total external HRR from the radiative HRR. The sum of the estimated ‘internal’ and ‘external’ HRR was consistent with the theoretical total HRR from mass loss rate measurements.

在一个0.19m宽开门的自然通风隔间（尺寸：0.47m×0.47m×0.84m）中进行了50项综合实验，研究了液体池火灾动力学。当门高从0.10到0.77m变化时，池直径从5到15cm变化，通风系数ah /2从0.006到0.128m5/2变化。观察到众所周知的燃料控制和通风控制制度，后者导致外部燃烧。另外，当池径在11 ~ 15cm范围内变化时，最低通风系数发生消光。使用气体温度测量和众所周知的MQH相关性来估计隔间内的HRR。对于手头的场景，显示出机箱内的最大HRR约为900ah /2。提出了一种新的实验方法来估计“外部”HRR。利用图像处理技术重建了外火焰的几何形状。然后，使用蒙特卡罗方法估计了火焰到位于外壳外的辐射热通量传感器的视野因子。然后，根据测量的辐射热通量、视因子和传感器的面积计算外火焰的辐射HRR。最后，假设辐射分数的特定值允许从辐射HRR中获得总外部HRR。估计的“内部”和“外部”HRR的总和与质量损失率测量的理论总HRR一致。

{"title":"Experimental method for evaluating the heat release rate of external flames in the case of an under-ventilated fire","authors":"Bouaza Lafdal , Rabah Mehaddi , ElMehdi Koutaiba , Tarek Beji , Pascal Boulet , Gilles Parent , Arnaud Trouvé","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive set of fifty experimental tests has been carried out to study liquid pool fire dynamics in a naturally-ventilated compartment (dimensions: <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>47</mn><mtext>m</mtext><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>47</mn><mtext>m</mtext><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>84</mn><mtext>m</mtext></mrow></math></span>) with a <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>19</mn><mtext>m</mtext></mrow></math></span> wide open doorway. The pool diameter varied from 5 to <span><math><mrow><mn>15</mn><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow></math></span> and the ventilation factor, <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><msup><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, varied from 0.006 to <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>128</mn><msup><mrow><mtext>m</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> by varying the door height from 0.10 to <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>77</mn><mtext>m</mtext></mrow></math></span>. The well-known fuel-controlled and ventilation-controlled regimes were observed, the latter leading to external flaming. Additionally, extinction occurred for the lowest ventilation factor when the pool diameter varied from 11 to <span><math><mrow><mn>15</mn><mtext>cm</mtext></mrow></math></span>. The HRR inside the compartment was estimated using gas temperature measurements and the well-known MQH correlation. For the scenarios at hand, it is shown that the maximum HRR inside the enclosure is about <span><math><mrow><mn>900</mn><mi>A</mi><msup><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. A novel experimental method was developed to estimate the ‘external’ HRR. The geometry of the external flame was reconstructed using an image processing technique. Then, the view factor from the flame to a radiative heat flux sensor, positioned outside the enclosure, was estimated using a Monte Carlo method. Subsequently, the radiative HRR of the external flame was calculated from the radiative heat flux measurement, the view factor and the area of the sensor. Finally, assuming a specific value for the radiative fraction allowed to obtain the total external HRR from the radiative HRR. The sum of the estimated ‘internal’ and ‘external’ HRR was consistent with the theoretical total HRR from mass loss rate measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of linearly increasing heat flux on the ignition of wildland fuels 线性增加的热通量对荒地燃料点火的影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104622

Javier Gallardo , Constanza Burgos , Pedro Reszka , Andrés Fuentes , Rodrigo Demarco

An experimental and theoretical study was conducted on the ignition delay time of a forest fuel layer under controlled varying radiative conditions. Experimental data were collected using the Idealized-Firebrand Ignition Test (I-FIT) apparatus, which uses a cylindrical heater to emit a linearly increasing incident heat flux. Data acquisition ensured precise temporal resolution throughout the entire test. The experimental ignition time was then compared to predictions from a theoretical model based on the energy balance of the fuel layer. A simplified analytical solution was obtained for temperature evolution, providing an estimated ignition delay time at different incident heat fluxes. This methodology provides an estimation of the critical heat flux without requiring additional experiments. Special attention was given to the ignition temperature criteria by comparing estimated values with measured quantities. To understand how assumptions affected the simplified analytical solutions, a numerical solution was also compared. The narrow scatter observed confirms the reproducibility of the thoroughly characterized I-FIT apparatus. As the heating rate slope increases, the ignition delay and total energy required decrease. While the model provides useful first-order predictions, it relies on simplifying assumptions whose implications are discussed transparently.

对可控变辐射条件下森林燃料层的点火延迟时间进行了实验和理论研究。实验数据的收集使用理想点火试验（I-FIT）装置，该装置使用圆柱形加热器发射线性增加的入射热流。数据采集确保了整个测试过程中精确的时间分辨率。然后将实验点火时间与基于燃料层能量平衡的理论模型预测的点火时间进行比较。得到了温度演化的简化解析解，给出了不同入射热通量下的点火延迟时间估计。这种方法提供了临界热通量的估计，而不需要额外的实验。通过比较估计值和实测值，特别注意了点火温度标准。为了了解假设如何影响简化解析解，还比较了数值解。观察到的窄散射证实了完全表征的I-FIT装置的再现性。随着升温速率斜率的增大，点火延迟时间和所需总能量减小。虽然该模型提供了有用的一阶预测，但它依赖于简化的假设，其含义被透明地讨论。

{"title":"Impact of linearly increasing heat flux on the ignition of wildland fuels","authors":"Javier Gallardo , Constanza Burgos , Pedro Reszka , Andrés Fuentes , Rodrigo Demarco","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experimental and theoretical study was conducted on the ignition delay time of a forest fuel layer under controlled varying radiative conditions. Experimental data were collected using the Idealized-Firebrand Ignition Test (I-FIT) apparatus, which uses a cylindrical heater to emit a linearly increasing incident heat flux. Data acquisition ensured precise temporal resolution throughout the entire test. The experimental ignition time was then compared to predictions from a theoretical model based on the energy balance of the fuel layer. A simplified analytical solution was obtained for temperature evolution, providing an estimated ignition delay time at different incident heat fluxes. This methodology provides an estimation of the critical heat flux without requiring additional experiments. Special attention was given to the ignition temperature criteria by comparing estimated values with measured quantities. To understand how assumptions affected the simplified analytical solutions, a numerical solution was also compared. The narrow scatter observed confirms the reproducibility of the thoroughly characterized I-FIT apparatus. As the heating rate slope increases, the ignition delay and total energy required decrease. While the model provides useful first-order predictions, it relies on simplifying assumptions whose implications are discussed transparently.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Economic analysis of fire and rescue service activities: A scoping review 消防和救援服务活动的经济分析：范围审查

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104624

Sara Waring , Susan Giles , Caitlin Bromley , Michelle Maden , Angela Boland , Emily Ashworth , Gayatri Pandey

Fire and rescue services (FRSs) are under growing pressure to demonstrate efficiency, effectiveness, and value for money amid constrained public resources. This study provides the first comprehensive synthesis and critical appraisal of the economic evidence base on FRS activity. A scoping review of scientific and grey literature published between 2010 and 2024 consolidated analyses from the UK and internationally to determine which areas of FRS work have been economically evaluated and what methods and measures were used. Twenty-six publications met the inclusion criteria (23 quantitative, three mixed methods). A narrative synthesis of economic evaluations showed that studies have focus mainly on three domains: (i) prevention, including risk-based resource allocation; (ii) fire suppression; and (iii) inter-agency collaboration. Despite varied approaches, few studies offered transparent cost breakdowns or methodological detail, limiting comparability and generalisability. By mapping this fragmented evidence landscape, the review highlights key methodological gaps and proposes appropriate metrics for future evaluation. It establishes a foundation for more rigorous and transparent economic assessment, providing insights to inform strategic resourcing, demonstrate public value, and support evidence-led policy and investment across UK FRSs.

在公共资源有限的情况下，消防和救援服务（FRSs）面临着越来越大的压力，需要证明效率、有效性和物有所值。本研究首次对基于财务报告活动的经济证据进行了全面综合和批判性评估。对2010年至2024年间发表的科学文献和灰色文献进行了范围审查，综合了英国和国际上的分析，以确定FRS工作的哪些领域进行了经济评估，以及使用了哪些方法和措施。26篇文献符合纳入标准（定量方法23篇，混合方法3篇）。对经济评价的叙述综合表明，研究主要集中在三个领域：(i)预防，包括基于风险的资源分配；（ii）灭火；（三）机构间协作。尽管方法多种多样，但很少有研究提供透明的成本细目或方法细节，限制了可比性和普遍性。通过绘制这一支离破碎的证据格局，本综述突出了方法上的关键差距，并为今后的评估提出了适当的指标。它为更严格和透明的经济评估奠定了基础，为战略资源提供了信息，展示了公共价值，并支持英国财务报告中心的循证政策和投资。

{"title":"Economic analysis of fire and rescue service activities: A scoping review","authors":"Sara Waring , Susan Giles , Caitlin Bromley , Michelle Maden , Angela Boland , Emily Ashworth , Gayatri Pandey","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fire and rescue services (FRSs) are under growing pressure to demonstrate efficiency, effectiveness, and value for money amid constrained public resources. This study provides the first comprehensive synthesis and critical appraisal of the economic evidence base on FRS activity. A scoping review of scientific and grey literature published between 2010 and 2024 consolidated analyses from the UK and internationally to determine which areas of FRS work have been economically evaluated and what methods and measures were used. Twenty-six publications met the inclusion criteria (23 quantitative, three mixed methods). A narrative synthesis of economic evaluations showed that studies have focus mainly on three domains: (i) prevention, including risk-based resource allocation; (ii) fire suppression; and (iii) inter-agency collaboration. Despite varied approaches, few studies offered transparent cost breakdowns or methodological detail, limiting comparability and generalisability. By mapping this fragmented evidence landscape, the review highlights key methodological gaps and proposes appropriate metrics for future evaluation. It establishes a foundation for more rigorous and transparent economic assessment, providing insights to inform strategic resourcing, demonstrate public value, and support evidence-led policy and investment across UK FRSs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104624"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Explicit thermal creep in modeling of steel structures in fire 火灾中钢结构显式热蠕变建模

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104617

Michał Malendowski , Tomasz Jankowiak , Daria Wstawska , Kamila Cabová , Wojciech Szymkuć , Jakub Šejna , Vladimír Mózer , František Wald

This study investigates the influence of thermal creep in numerical modeling of steel structures exposed to fire. Current design standards, such as Eurocode 3, typically incorporate creep implicitly within stress–strain relationships, an approach that may lead to inaccuracies, particularly under varying heating rates. To address these limitations, the paper proposes an explicit creep modeling method, which decomposes the total strain into distinct components, including a creep strain governed by a hyperbolic sine law. The model is calibrated against Eurocode 3 data to replicate anisothermal creep behavior and is validated through case studies, including a steel beam subjected to thermal and mechanical loading. The material model has been validated using numerical examples of a single truss element and a tensile specimen model. The structural model has been examined on the basis of a beam model composed of shell elements. The results demonstrate that explicit modeling is critical to accurately predict structural failure due to creep, which may be overlooked by implicit models. In addition, the findings highlight the increased impact of creep in slower heating scenarios. The proposed approach improves existing fire engineering methodologies by allowing for more reliable predictions of creep-induced structural failure.

本文研究了热蠕变对火灾下钢结构数值模拟的影响。目前的设计标准，如欧洲规范3，通常将蠕变隐含在应力-应变关系中，这种方法可能导致不准确，特别是在不同的加热速率下。为了解决这些限制，本文提出了一种显式蠕变建模方法，该方法将总应变分解为不同的组件，包括由双曲正弦律控制的蠕变应变。该模型根据欧洲规范3的数据进行校准，以复制非等温蠕变行为，并通过案例研究进行验证，包括钢梁受到热载荷和机械载荷。通过单个桁架单元和拉伸试件模型的数值算例对材料模型进行了验证。在壳单元组成的梁模型的基础上对结构模型进行了检验。结果表明，显式建模对于准确预测结构蠕变破坏至关重要，而隐式模型可能会忽略这一点。此外，研究结果强调了蠕变在缓慢加热情况下的影响。提出的方法改进了现有的消防工程方法，允许对蠕变引起的结构破坏进行更可靠的预测。

{"title":"Explicit thermal creep in modeling of steel structures in fire","authors":"Michał Malendowski , Tomasz Jankowiak , Daria Wstawska , Kamila Cabová , Wojciech Szymkuć , Jakub Šejna , Vladimír Mózer , František Wald","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of thermal creep in numerical modeling of steel structures exposed to fire. Current design standards, such as Eurocode 3, typically incorporate creep implicitly within stress–strain relationships, an approach that may lead to inaccuracies, particularly under varying heating rates. To address these limitations, the paper proposes an explicit creep modeling method, which decomposes the total strain into distinct components, including a creep strain governed by a hyperbolic sine law. The model is calibrated against Eurocode 3 data to replicate anisothermal creep behavior and is validated through case studies, including a steel beam subjected to thermal and mechanical loading. The material model has been validated using numerical examples of a single truss element and a tensile specimen model. The structural model has been examined on the basis of a beam model composed of shell elements. The results demonstrate that explicit modeling is critical to accurately predict structural failure due to creep, which may be overlooked by implicit models. In addition, the findings highlight the increased impact of creep in slower heating scenarios. The proposed approach improves existing fire engineering methodologies by allowing for more reliable predictions of creep-induced structural failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 104617"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

False-alarm susceptibility of spot-type smoke detectors under realistic fire and nuisance conditions 现场型烟雾探测器在真实火灾和滋扰条件下的虚警敏感性

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104621

Chia-Lung Wu , Chei-Fei Hung , Kang Chao , Hsiao-Chun Huang , Tien-Fu Yu , Yu-Tang Wen , Ming-Mou Hung

False alarms erode public confidence in fire-safety systems and often lead occupants to disable smoke detectors, compromising life-safety margins. This study quantifies the false-alarm susceptibility of five newly manufactured spot-type photoelectric detectors, including conventional, analog-addressable, and multi-sensor, exposed to realistic nuisance stimuli (steam, dust, cigarette smoke, insect ingress) and four EN 54-7 fire scenarios (TF2–TF5). All devices were vulnerable to saturated steam and airborne dust, while spider webs generated non-resettable alarms in every unit. Cigarette smoke produced transient optical-density peaks that misled detectors lacking signal-integration algorithms. In full-scale fire trials, conventional detectors responded to smoldering wood and cotton but failed to alarm for flaming polyurethane or n-heptane. By contrast, the multi-sensor unit achieved rapid fire recognition and exhibited the greatest immunity to environmental nuisances. The results identify spider webs and persistent steam as dominant false-alarm drivers and expose detection blind spots for fast-growing plastic and liquid fires. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Taiwan's type-approval scheme incorporate real-fire scenarios (smoldering and flaming) and emphasize proper installation and six-monthly cleaning to cut both false and missed alarms and enhance public safety.

假警报削弱了公众对消防安全系统的信心，经常导致居住者关闭烟雾探测器，危及生命安全边际。本研究量化了五种新制造的点型光电探测器的误报敏感性，包括传统的，模拟寻址的和多传感器的，暴露于现实的滋扰刺激（蒸汽，灰尘，香烟烟雾，昆虫入侵）和四种EN 54-7火灾场景（TF2-TF5）。所有设备都容易受到饱和蒸汽和空气粉尘的影响，而蜘蛛网会在每个单元产生不可重置的警报。香烟烟雾产生的瞬态光密度峰值会误导缺乏信号集成算法的探测器。在全面的火灾试验中，传统的探测器对闷烧的木材和棉花有反应，但对燃烧的聚氨酯或正庚烷却没有发出警报。相比之下，多传感器单元实现了快速的火力识别，并表现出对环境干扰的最大免疫力。结果表明，蜘蛛网和持续的蒸汽是主要的假警报驱动因素，并暴露了快速增长的塑料和液体火灾的探测盲点。根据调查结果，建议台湾的型式认证方案纳入真实火灾场景（阴燃和燃烧），并强调适当的安装和6个月的清洁，以减少误报和漏报，提高公共安全。

{"title":"False-alarm susceptibility of spot-type smoke detectors under realistic fire and nuisance conditions","authors":"Chia-Lung Wu , Chei-Fei Hung , Kang Chao , Hsiao-Chun Huang , Tien-Fu Yu , Yu-Tang Wen , Ming-Mou Hung","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>False alarms erode public confidence in fire-safety systems and often lead occupants to disable smoke detectors, compromising life-safety margins. This study quantifies the false-alarm susceptibility of five newly manufactured spot-type photoelectric detectors, including conventional, analog-addressable, and multi-sensor, exposed to realistic nuisance stimuli (steam, dust, cigarette smoke, insect ingress) and four EN 54-7 fire scenarios (TF2–TF5). All devices were vulnerable to saturated steam and airborne dust, while spider webs generated non-resettable alarms in every unit. Cigarette smoke produced transient optical-density peaks that misled detectors lacking signal-integration algorithms. In full-scale fire trials, conventional detectors responded to smoldering wood and cotton but failed to alarm for flaming polyurethane or n-heptane. By contrast, the multi-sensor unit achieved rapid fire recognition and exhibited the greatest immunity to environmental nuisances. The results identify spider webs and persistent steam as dominant false-alarm drivers and expose detection blind spots for fast-growing plastic and liquid fires. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Taiwan's type-approval scheme incorporate real-fire scenarios (smoldering and flaming) and emphasize proper installation and six-monthly cleaning to cut both false and missed alarms and enhance public safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 104621"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0