Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第2页

B number for near-limit steady laminar diffusion flames over a solid surface 固体表面上近极限稳定层流扩散火焰的B值

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104647

Chuanjia Wu , Yuhan Jiang , Yutao Li , Feng Zhu , Shuangfeng Wang

Near-limit steady laminar diffusion flames over a solid surface was investigated under various near-limit conditions. Detailed measurements of gas-phase temperature, solid-phase temperature, surface temperature, and mass loss rate were conducted. The heat flux at the fuel surface and the mass transfer number (B) were calculated to assess the flammability of the fuel. The results indicate that as the ambient pressure decreases and the Limit Oxygen Concentration (LOC) increases, the flame temperature, flame radiation, and solid-phase conductive heat flux all increase, while the gas convective heat flux decreases. Notably, the surface temperature and radiant heat flux remain unaffected by changes in environmental conditions. Meanwhile, the heat loss increases with the LOC. The critical B number exhibits a non-monotonic trend with the increase of the oxygen concentration: it initially decreases, reaches a minimum, and then increases. Both theoretical calculations and experimental measurements show this same trend. However, the theoretical calculation B number is affected by the fraction of flame radiation, which leads to the different values between them.

研究了不同近极限条件下固体表面上的近极限稳定层流扩散火焰。详细测量了气相温度、固相温度、表面温度和质量损失率。通过计算燃料表面的热流密度和传质数(B)来评价燃料的可燃性。结果表明：随着环境压力的降低和极限氧浓度（LOC）的增大，火焰温度、火焰辐射和固相导热热流密度均增大，而气体对流热流密度减小；值得注意的是，地表温度和辐射热通量不受环境条件变化的影响。同时，热损失随LOC的增大而增大。随着氧浓度的增加，临界B值呈现出先减小，达到最小值，再增大的非单调趋势。理论计算和实验测量都表明了这一趋势。但理论计算的B值受火焰辐射比例的影响，导致两者值不同。

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引用次数: 0

Association of walking speed with psychological state: An experiment in smoke-filled full-scale tunnel 行走速度与心理状态的关系：在烟雾弥漫的全尺寸隧道中的实验

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104645

Wenhao Li , Miho Seike , Akimasa Fujiwara , Takafumi Sasaoka , Makoto Chikaraishi , Shigeto Yamawaki

This study investigated correlations among several feelings (fear, worry, tension, and confusion) and their impact on walking speed in smoke by a full-scale tunnel evacuation experiment and questionnaires, with the aim of clarifying the mechanisms behind changes in walking speed from an emotional aspect. The results obtained through structural equation modeling indicated that feelings were mutually correlated; 72% of the participants reported experiencing multiple feelings, in which the most common combination was worry and tension. Furthermore, fear increased walking speed; the mean walking speed declined as the number of feelings increased. These findings suggest that rapid evacuation could be achieved by controlling evacuees’ feelings.

本研究通过隧道疏散实验和问卷调查，研究了烟雾中几种情绪（恐惧、担忧、紧张和困惑）之间的相关性及其对步行速度的影响，旨在从情绪方面阐明步行速度变化的机制。通过结构方程建模得到的结果表明，情感是相互关联的；72%的参与者报告说经历了多种感觉，其中最常见的组合是担心和紧张。此外，恐惧增加了行走速度；平均步行速度随着感受次数的增加而下降。这些发现表明，可以通过控制疏散人员的情绪来实现快速疏散。

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of FDS scaling-pyrolysis model in predicting ignition, self-extinguishment and heat release contribution in timber compartments FDS结垢-热解模型预测木室着火、自燃和放热贡献的评价

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104640

Ouassim Benaroussi , Gildas Auguin , Alain Coimbra , François Consigny

Predicting fire behavior in compartments with exposed timber surfaces is of critical importance to the fire safety community, given the widespread use of timber in modern buildings as both a structural and valuated for environmental aspect and the overall quality of space it creates when exposed. Fire safety engineers are particularly interested in understanding fire initiation and growth, heat release contribution, self-extinguishment conditions, and the charring behavior of wood. This study evaluates the predictive performance of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and its recently integrated pyrolysis model, S-Pyro, with respect to these key parameters. Experimental tests were conducted in medium- and large-scale compartments with exposed timber elements. A parameter sensitivity analysis was first performed on one medium-scale configuration. The results demonstrate that FDS provides accurate predictions of ignition times, fire growth rates, and heat release rates across both scales. The model also reproduced char layer thickness qualitatively at the end of the experiments. However, FDS exhibited limitations in predicting self-extinguishment in certain scenarios, highlighting the need for further investigation into this complex phenomenon in future studies.

考虑到木材在现代建筑中广泛使用，作为结构和环境方面的评估，以及它在暴露时创造的整体空间质量，预测具有暴露木材表面的隔间的火灾行为对消防安全社区至关重要。消防安全工程师特别感兴趣的是了解火灾的引发和生长，热释放贡献，自熄条件和木材的炭化行为。本研究针对这些关键参数，评估了Fire Dynamics Simulator （FDS）及其最新集成的热解模型S-Pyro的预测性能。实验测试是在中、大型木构件暴露的舱室中进行的。首先对一个中型配置进行了参数敏感性分析。结果表明，FDS可以准确预测两种尺度下的点火时间、火焰生长速率和热释放速率。该模型还在实验结束时定性地再现了炭层厚度。然而，FDS在预测某些情况下的自熄方面表现出局限性，这突出了在未来的研究中进一步研究这一复杂现象的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Full-scale and numerical study on the indoor-outdoor temperature difference-induced smoke Re-stratification in naturally ventilated tunnel fires 自然通风隧道火灾室内外温差引起烟气再分层的全尺寸数值研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104642

Jiangdong Li , Mingjian Yin , Kai Zhu , Ke Wu , Tianhang Zhang

High-temperature and toxic smoke is the primary factor of casualties in tunnel fires, particularly caused by the smoke descent due to the disruption of smoke stratification. In this work, the smoke stratification behavior is investigated considering the effects of indoor-outdoor temperature difference (ΔT_ie) and heat release rate (HRR) in naturally ventilated tunnel fires through full-scale experiments and numerical simulations. Results show that thermodynamic balance between internal hot smoke and external hot air induces the symmetrical temperature field and “double cycle” flow field structure, which causes the smoke re-stratification behavior. This process is characterized by smoke accumulating and spreading along the floor, while a clear air layer is maintained above. The critical boundary cooling length to trigger the smoke re-stratification (i.e., the distance between the fire source and the smoke stagnation point) increases with increasing heat release rate and decreasing indoor-outdoor temperature difference, indicating that even small fires can pose significant risks as the smoke descends more easily. By analyzing the dominant factors affecting longitudinal ceiling temperature distribution, a quantitative correlation for predicting the critical boundary cooling length through ΔT_ie and HRR is proposed. The prediction shows a good agreement with both the full-scale experimental and numerical results within ±5 % error. These findings uncover a novel smoke dynamic mechanism and provide a deeper understanding of the fire risks in the naturally ventilated tunnels.

高温有毒烟雾是隧道火灾中造成人员伤亡的主要因素，特别是由于烟雾分层破坏造成的烟气下降。本文通过全尺寸实验和数值模拟，研究了考虑室内外温差（ΔTie）和热释放率（HRR）影响的自然通风隧道火灾烟气分层行为。结果表明：内部热烟与外部热空气的热力学平衡导致了对称的温度场和“双循环”流场结构，导致了烟气的再分层行为；这个过程的特点是烟雾沿着地板积聚和扩散，而上面保持着一个干净的空气层。触发烟雾重新分层的临界边界冷却长度（即火源与烟雾滞止点之间的距离）随着放热速率的增加和室内外温差的减小而增加，这表明即使是小型火灾也会造成重大风险，因为烟雾更容易下降。通过分析影响纵向顶板温度分布的主要因素，提出了通过ΔTie和HRR预测临界边界冷却长度的定量相关性。预测结果与全尺寸实验和数值结果吻合较好，误差在±5%以内。这些发现揭示了一种新的烟气动力学机制，并对自然通风隧道的火灾风险有了更深入的认识。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal-creep and cooling effects on fire response of bolted end-plate steel connections 热蠕变和冷却对螺栓端板钢连接火灾响应的影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104641

Maziar Barzegar, Alireza Mirzagoltabar Roshan, Hossein Yousefpour

The structural stability of steel frames under fire conditions is profoundly influenced by connection behavior. While most existing studies neglect time-dependent creep, this work explicitly models thermal creep and cooling effects using validated constitutive laws for ASTM A36 and A992 steels, and proposes a framework for assessing the thermal response of bolted end-plate connections. Two thermal loading scenarios were considered: uniform heating and heat transfer based on the ISO 834 fire curve. Realistic temperature distributions improved analytical accuracy. The numerical model was validated against experimental data for end-plate and shear-plate connections. A parametric study evaluated effects of steel grade, heating/cooling rates, initial cooling temperature, and cooling duration.

Results

show that thermal creep increases deflections, reduces compressive forces in beams, and shifts the load-bearing mechanism from bending to axial action during cooling. The beam's tensile force depends on heating rate and initial cooling temperature. A notable opening between the end-plate and column flange occurred during cooling, intensified by slower heating and higher initial cooling temperatures. These findings highlight the importance of modeling time-dependent thermal effects for reliable design of steel connections under fire.

钢框架在火灾条件下的结构稳定性受到连接行为的深刻影响。虽然大多数现有研究忽略了随时间变化的蠕变，但这项工作明确地使用ASTM A36和A992钢的有效本构定律来模拟热蠕变和冷却效应，并提出了一个评估螺栓端板连接热响应的框架。考虑了两种热负荷情景：均匀加热和基于ISO 834火灾曲线的传热。真实的温度分布提高了分析的准确性。通过端板连接和剪力板连接的实验数据对数值模型进行了验证。一项参数研究评估了钢材等级、加热/冷却速率、初始冷却温度和冷却时间的影响。结果表明，在冷却过程中，热蠕变增加了挠度，降低了梁的压缩力，并将承重机制从弯曲转向轴向作用。梁的拉伸力取决于加热速率和初始冷却温度。在冷却过程中，端板和柱法兰之间出现了明显的开口，缓慢的加热和较高的初始冷却温度加剧了这一现象。这些发现强调了模拟随时间变化的热效应对火灾下钢连接可靠设计的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Research on the framed glass under tilted installation: Thermal breakage mechanism 倾斜安装下框架玻璃的热破坏机理研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104639

Yanni Zhang , Dan Yang , Shixi Nie , Yunchao Hou

Tilted glass is widely used in modern buildings, but its brittleness makes it prone to breakage in fires. This research used four-sided shielded glass as object, employing the self-built thermal radiation experimental bench to analyze the macro-fracture process of tilted glass, and using self-developed tilt effect + PFC2D coupling model, the micro-damage process was simulated. Results show the first breakage time of glass follows a trend of 200-290-227-188 s with inclination. At 0° and 5°, surface temperature and height factor exhibit a full-domain quadratic relationship, with cracks expanding from top to bottom. At 10° and 15°, a segmented quadratic relationship appears, and crack initiation shifts to bottom. Simulation results further indicate heating at 0° causes tensile stress to expand from the glass edges in a “ring” toward the center; at 10°, tensile stress acts vertically upward in a “relay” manner. Crack initiation temperature ranges are 100–210 °C for 0° and 210–320 °C for 10°. And revealed the evolution mechanism of glass microcrack loading behavior: microcracks mainly extend along grain boundaries in length and width, and glass structure becomes unstable when cracks connect in “polygonal crack network” morphology. The research findings provide a theoretical foundation for facade fire safety and fire accident investigation.

倾斜玻璃在现代建筑中得到了广泛的应用，但其易碎性使其在火灾中容易破碎。本研究以四面屏蔽玻璃为对象，采用自建热辐射试验台对倾斜玻璃的宏观断裂过程进行分析，并采用自行开发的倾斜效应+ PFC2D耦合模型对倾斜玻璃的微观损伤过程进行模拟。结果表明：玻璃的初次破碎时间随倾角的增大呈200 ~ 290 ~ 227 ~ 188 s的变化趋势；在0°和5°时，表面温度与高度因子呈全域二次关系，裂纹从上向下扩展。在10°和15°处，出现分段二次关系，裂纹萌生移至底部。模拟结果进一步表明，在0°温度下加热会导致拉应力从玻璃边缘呈“环形”向中心扩展；在10°时，拉应力以“继电器”方式垂直向上作用。裂纹起裂温度范围为：0℃时为100 ~ 210℃，10℃时为210 ~ 320℃。揭示了玻璃微裂纹加载行为的演化机制：微裂纹的长度和宽度主要沿晶界扩展，当裂纹以“多边形裂纹网络”形态连接时，玻璃结构变得不稳定。研究结果为建筑立面防火安全及火灾事故调查提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

A survey of commercial intumescent coating performance – contribution to the fire resistance of structural steel according to EN 13381 and BS 476 根据EN 13381和BS 476，对商业膨胀涂层性能的调查-对结构钢耐火性能的贡献

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104631

Emil O. Lidman Olsson , Peter Arendt Jensen , Kim Dam-Johansen , Jochen A.H. Dreyer

The fire resistance of structural steel can be improved if it is coated with intumescent coating. Many intumescent coatings, tested according to standardized large-scale tests, are available on the market. In this work, data for 62 coatings, tested according to EN 13381-8 and/or BS 476-20/21, was compiled and analyzed. This was done to provide an overview of what fire-resistance performance can be expected from commercially available technologies and to identify trends in the data. The data shows that the fire resistance time tend to be 10–15 % lower when testing according to EN compared to BS. A comparison of data for rectangular and circular hollow sections reveals no consistent difference in fire resistance performance, indicating that any differences are a consequence of the individual coating behavior. For a given design temperature, the fire resistance time of I/H-sections is almost always higher compared to that of a corresponding hollow section. The difference was shown to be more pronounced at high section factors and/or low dry-film thicknesses. For I/H-sections, 3-sided exposure has a performance similar to 4-sided exposure, whereas rectangular hollow sections tend to have a somewhat higher fire-resistance with 3-sided exposure. Possible explanations for the observed trends are discussed in this review.

在结构钢表面涂上膨胀涂层，可以提高其防火性能。市场上有许多膨胀涂料，都是按照标准化的大型试验进行测试的。在这项工作中，根据EN 13381-8和/或BS 476-20/21对62种涂层进行了数据汇编和分析。这样做是为了概述商用技术的耐火性能，并确定数据中的趋势。数据表明，根据EN测试时，耐火时间往往比BS低10 - 15%。矩形和圆形空心截面的数据比较显示，耐火性能没有一致的差异，表明任何差异都是个别涂层行为的结果。在给定的设计温度下，I/ h型钢截面的耐火时间几乎总是高于相应的空心截面。这种差异在高截面系数和/或低干膜厚度时更为明显。对于I/ h截面，3面暴露的性能与4面暴露相似，而矩形空心截面在3面暴露时往往具有更高的耐火性。本文讨论了对观测趋势的可能解释。

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引用次数: 0

Characteristics of water film flow on a vertical glass surface and its control of temperature rise in the glass 垂直玻璃表面水膜流动特性及其对玻璃温升的控制

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104632

Shuo Zhang, Shuhei Sonobe, Yu-hsiang Wang, Yoshifumi Ohmiya

In this study, full-scale experiments were conducted to confirm the characteristics of water film flow on a vertical glass surface and quantitatively evaluate the effect of water film flow on controlling the temperature rise of the glass when heated by a fire plume. The velocity of the water film flow was measured to confirm that the flow was laminar. As the Reynolds number increased, the average flow velocity increased with a slope of approximately 2/3, while the film thickness increased with a slope of approximately 1/3. The measured temperature and incident heat flux were used to confirm the characteristics of the fire plume and the necessary water supply rate for heat shielding. Furthermore, a model was proposed for how the water film flow controls the temperature rise in the glass.

本研究通过全尺寸实验，确定了垂直玻璃表面的水膜流动特性，定量评价了在火焰羽流加热下，水膜流动对玻璃温升的控制效果。测量了水膜流的速度，证实了水膜流是层流。随着雷诺数的增加，平均流速以约2/3的斜率增加，膜厚以约1/3的斜率增加。通过测量温度和入射热流来确定火羽的特征和热屏蔽所需的供水量。此外，提出了水膜流动如何控制玻璃温升的模型。

引用次数: 0

Coupling effects of TPRD orifice diameter and residual hydrogen on deflagration overpressure peak in containerized transportation safety of HFCVs TPRD孔口直径和残余氢对重型燃料汽车集装箱运输安全爆燃超压峰值的耦合影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104629

Xiaolong Jiang , Wei Qi , Yuqing Li , Xiangbin Zhao , Yingchen Hong , Yuejuan Li

When a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is transported and an unintended hydrogen discharge occurs due to a fault scenario such as component aging, mechanical impact, or fire-induced TPRD activation, the peak deflagration overpressure depends on the remaining hydrogen quantity and TPRD diameter. Currently, neither TPRD diameters nor safe residual hydrogen levels during transport are standardized. To balance driving range and safety, numerical simulations were conducted to analyze peak overpressure under conservative accumulation–ignition conditions, examining various TPRD diameters and residual hydrogen levels. The results indicate that: Under the same residual hydrogen quantity, a significantly higher peak overpressure is produced during deflagration by a 5 mm TPRD orifice diameter compared to other smaller diameters. In the case of a TPRD with a diameter of 0.5 mm, the peak overpressure generated by the deflagration is significantly lower than that of larger diameters, and transport personnel have more time to respond to emergencies when the discharge occurs. Therefore, a higher residual hydrogen quantity is permissible.

当氢燃料电池汽车（HFCV）运输时，由于部件老化、机械冲击或火灾引起的TPRD激活等故障情况发生意外氢气排放时，爆燃峰值超压取决于剩余氢气量和TPRD直径。目前，TPRD的直径和运输过程中的安全残余氢含量都没有标准化。为了平衡续驶里程和安全性，采用数值模拟方法分析了保守蓄能点火工况下的峰值超压，考察了不同TPRD直径和残余氢含量。结果表明：在残余氢量相同的情况下，孔径为5mm的TPRD爆燃产生的峰值超压明显高于其他孔径较小的TPRD；在直径为0.5 mm的TPRD中，爆燃产生的峰值超压明显低于大直径的爆燃产生的峰值超压，并且在发生爆燃时运输人员有更多的时间来应对紧急情况。因此，允许较高的残余氢量。

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引用次数: 0

Structural fire performance of RC beams via direct coupled temperature-displacement nonlinear simulation 钢筋混凝土梁结构防火性能的直接耦合温度-位移非线性模拟

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104630

Mohamed Elshorbagi , Mohammad AlHamaydeh , Rafat Siddique

This research demonstrates the utility of the Direct Coupling Technique (DCT) for capturing the intricate, dynamic interplay between thermal and structural responses, particularly when fire induces significant geometric changes. Implemented in ABAQUS, the DCT integrates thermal and structural analyses, solving for temperature and displacement fields simultaneously. It incorporates critical material properties, including thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, stress-strain behavior, and thermal expansion, to model the performance of RC beams across heating, cooling, and post-fire phases. Validated against experimental data from two beams, one that failed during a fire and the other assessed for residual capacity, the approach proves highly accurate. Furthermore, validation of experimental data on an intumescent-coated steel substrate was conducted to demonstrate DCT's ability to capture the thermal-mechanical response for significant deformation problems, with an error of 3.4 % compared to 127.3 % for the Sequential Coupling Technique (SCT) model. A detailed parametric study further explores key factors, including concrete cover, lateral stiffness, and compressive strength, providing insights to optimize RC beams against fire hazards. The DCT application facilitates a deeper understanding of fire-structure interactions and lays the groundwork for practical design tools, thereby potentially enhancing structural safety and efficiency.

这项研究证明了直接耦合技术（DCT）在捕获热与结构响应之间复杂的动态相互作用方面的实用性，特别是当火灾引起显著的几何变化时。DCT在ABAQUS中实现，集成了热分析和结构分析，同时求解温度场和位移场。它结合了关键的材料性能，包括导热系数、比热、密度、应力-应变行为和热膨胀，来模拟RC梁在加热、冷却和火灾后阶段的性能。通过对两束的实验数据进行验证，其中一束在火灾中失效，另一束被评估为剩余容量，该方法证明了高度的准确性。此外，对膨胀涂层钢基板的实验数据进行了验证，以证明DCT能够捕获重大变形问题的热-机械响应，与顺序耦合技术（SCT）模型的127.3%相比，误差为3.4%。详细的参数研究进一步探讨了关键因素，包括混凝土覆盖层、横向刚度和抗压强度，为优化RC梁的火灾隐患提供了见解。DCT的应用有助于加深对火-结构相互作用的理解，并为实际设计工具奠定基础，从而潜在地提高结构的安全性和效率。

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引用次数: 0