Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第7页

Corrigendum to “An experimental and numerical study of fire and plume characteristics of pool fires fueled by diesel-canola oil mixture” [Fire Saf. J., 159 (2026), 104560] “柴油-菜籽油混合燃料池火和羽流特性的实验和数值研究”[消防安全]的勘误表。[J] .中国生物医学工程学报，2009,32 (1),344 - 344]

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104592

Navya Muniraj , Weixuan Gong , Muthu Kumaran Selvaraj , William Ruddy Mell , Albert Simeoni

引用次数: 0

Buoyancy effects on combustion products from high-pressure hydrogen jet flames 高压氢射流火焰燃烧产物的浮力效应

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104587

Thushadh Wijesekere, Marcus Runefors, Konrad Wilkens Flecknoe-Brown

Due to the lower radiative fraction and typically higher storage pressures, gas temperatures can often result in longer safety distances compared to radiative heat transfer for hydrogen jet flames. The high temperatures, however, also lead to a low density causing the flow to rise at a certain distance from the release. Unfortunately, a model to determine this distance, similar to what is available for unignited releases, is currently not available which this paper aim to provide. An experimental study was conducted investigating the buoyancy effect on ignited horizontal hydrogen jet releases with different release diameters. The invisible hydrogen plume was visualized using a Background Oriented Schlieren technique (BOS). The transition of the initial momentum-driven jet into a fully buoyancy-driven jet was estimated by following the gradient of the centerline of the plume. A model based on the Froude number of the release similar to the model for unignited releases was developed and the distance showed a very similar dependence on the Froude number, but giving consistently approximately 39% shorter distances.

由于较低的辐射分数和通常较高的储存压力，与氢喷射火焰的辐射传热相比，气体温度通常会导致更长的安全距离。然而，高温也会导致低密度，使流量在距离释放点一定距离处上升。不幸的是，一个模型来确定这个距离，类似于可用的未点燃的释放，目前是不可用的，这篇论文的目的是提供。通过实验研究了不同释放直径的点燃氢射流水平释放的浮力效应。使用背景定向纹影技术（BOS）对不可见的氢羽进行了可视化。根据羽流中心线的梯度，估计了初始动量驱动射流向完全浮力驱动射流的转变。建立了一个基于弗劳德数的模型，该模型与未点燃释放的模型相似，距离对弗劳德数的依赖非常相似，但始终给出约39%的短距离。

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引用次数: 0

Towards modeling tree-to-tree fire spread in wildland urban-interface (WUI) fires 林地城市界面（WUI）火灾中树对树的火灾传播模型研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104550

Jorge Valdivia, Xiuqi Xi, Albert Simeoni, James L. Urban

Wildfires in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) have intensified in recent years due to climate change and continued development of communities at the WUI. Defensible space–reducing vegetation near structures–is a mitigation strategy, but its performance under wind-driven fire conditions remains unclear. This study integrates controlled experiments with Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) modeling to investigate ignition between trees subjected to wind-aided flame spread. A custom-designed propane burner, representing fire exposure similar to a 2 MW tree fire, exposed downwind Douglas-fir trees under flow velocities of 1.0 and 2.0 m s⁻¹, across varying separation distances. Total and radiative heat fluxes were measured using water-cooled gauges, and ignition behavior was evaluated through logistic regression. Flame impingement emerged as the dominant ignition mechanism, with convection significantly increasing heat transfer to downwind trees at short separation distances. Simulations reproduced key trends in heat flux and flame geometry but over-predicted radiation and under-predicted convection, especially at short separations. Critical ignition distances increased with wind speed, highlighting the role of wind-driven flame elongation and the need for flow-aware defensible space recommendations. The experiments provide insight into the use of computational fire modeling to inform defensible space guidelines tailored to specific environmental and fire conditions.

近年来，由于气候变化和城市交界面社区的持续发展，城市交界面地区的野火愈演愈烈。可防御的空间——减少建筑物附近的植被——是一种缓解策略，但它在风力驱动的火灾条件下的表现仍不清楚。本研究将对照实验与火焰动力学模拟器（FDS）模型相结合，研究了风助火焰传播下树木之间的点火情况。一个定制设计的丙烷燃烧器，代表了类似于2兆瓦树木火灾的火灾暴露，在1.0和2.0 m s- 1的流速下，在不同的分离距离上暴露下风道格拉斯冷杉树。用水冷计测量总热流和辐射热通量，并通过逻辑回归评估点火行为。火焰碰撞是主要的点火机制，对流显著增加了短间隔距离下风向树木的传热。模拟再现了热通量和火焰几何形状的关键趋势，但高估了辐射，而低估了对流，特别是在短间隔时。临界点火距离随着风速的增加而增加，这突出了风驱动火焰延伸的作用，以及对流动感知防御空间建议的需求。这些实验提供了对使用计算火灾模型的洞察力，以告知针对特定环境和火灾条件量身定制的防御空间指南。

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引用次数: 0

Radiation effects on horizontal flame spread under non-steady airflows 非定常气流下辐射对火焰水平传播的影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104565

Pablo E. Pinto , Xiuqi Xi , Maria Thomsen , James L. Urban

Thermal radiation from the flame to the unburned fuel plays a key role in horizontal concurrent flame spread by heating the fuel surface and influencing the spread of the flame. This work investigates thermal radiation in horizontal concurrent flame spread under non-steady forced airflow conditions. Experiments are conducted using black cast polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheets with a thickness of 1 mm as fuel. A non-steady airflow with a sinusoidal profile is applied in each experiment, with a baseline of 300 mm/s, amplitudes of 100 and 200 mm/s, and frequencies of 1/32, 1/16, and 1/8 Hz. Radiation emitted by the flame is partially captured through heat flux gauge measurements and interpreted using geometrical data extracted from video footage. View factors between the flame and target surfaces (heat flux gauge and unburned sample) are calculated using a contour integral technique, with contours derived from parametric representations of the flame geometry based on flame height, burnout front, pyrolysis front, and flame tip position. This allows estimation of radiative heat transfer to the heated zone. Results show that the magnitude of flame radiation to the sample does not change significantly under non-steady airflow; however, the size of the heated zone exhibits a strong transient response. This response is attributed to the transient variation in flame extension length over the unburned surface. Additionally, two-dimensional spatial distributions of incident radiative heat flux to the heated zone are calculated and analyzed. The average flame spread rate is estimated by integrating the incident radiative heat flux, neglecting the convective contribution, which resulted in an underestimation of 18%–36% compared with the experimental flame spread rate.

火焰对未燃烧燃料的热辐射通过加热燃料表面，影响火焰的传播，在火焰水平同步传播中起着关键作用。本文研究了非定常强迫气流条件下火焰水平同步传播过程中的热辐射。实验采用厚度为1mm的黑色铸造聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）片材作为燃料。每次实验均采用非稳态正弦气流，基线为300 mm/s，振幅为100和200 mm/s，频率为1/32、1/16和1/8 Hz。火焰发出的辐射通过热通量计测量部分捕获，并使用从视频片段中提取的几何数据进行解释。火焰和目标表面（热通量计和未燃烧样品）之间的视图因子使用轮廓积分技术计算，轮廓源自基于火焰高度、燃尽前沿、热解前沿和火焰尖端位置的火焰几何参数表示。这样就可以估计向受热区传递的辐射热量。结果表明：在非稳态气流下，火焰对试样的辐射强度变化不大；然而，加热区的大小表现出强烈的瞬态响应。这种响应归因于火焰在未燃烧表面上延伸长度的瞬态变化。此外，还计算和分析了加热区的入射辐射热流密度的二维空间分布。平均火焰蔓延率是通过对入射辐射热流的积分来估算的，忽略了对流的贡献，与实验火焰蔓延率相比，低估了18%-36%。

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying the expected utility of fire tests and experiments before execution 在执行前量化测试和实验的预期效用

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104538

Andrea Franchini, Ruben Van Coile

Tests and experiments are critical to Fire Safety Science and Engineering (FSSE), providing essential data for understanding fire behaviour, validating models, and demonstrating compliance with standards. However, traditional emphasis has been placed on data quality rather than on strategically selecting experimental parameters that maximise the expected “utility” of a test. This paper develops a framework to quantify such a utility before execution. The framework builds on Bayesian experimental design principles and accommodates different utility metrics—such as expected information gain, economic value of information, and environmental benefit of information—tailored to FSSE contexts. These metrics explicitly link laboratory-scale tests and experiments to system-level performance indicators, including safety, risk, resilience, and environmental impact. The framework is demonstrated through two examples: (i) quantification of the expected uncertainty reduction in ignition time from repeated cone calorimeter tests, showing that the information gain plateaus after 10–15 trials; and (ii) comparison of two post-fire assessment methods for reinforced concrete structures, where a simplified value-of-information analysis highlights the benefit of testing and identifies the preferred method. Beyond these examples, the proposed framework serves as a versatile tool for utility-based optimisation of experimental design parameters and comparison of alternative experimental protocols.

测试和实验对消防安全科学与工程（FSSE）至关重要，为理解火灾行为、验证模型和证明符合标准提供了必要的数据。然而，传统的重点放在数据质量上，而不是策略性地选择实验参数，使测试的预期“效用”最大化。本文开发了一个框架，在执行之前对这种效用进行量化。该框架建立在贝叶斯实验设计原则的基础上，并适应不同的效用指标——如预期信息增益、信息的经济价值和信息的环境效益——为FSSE环境量身定制。这些指标明确地将实验室规模的测试和实验与系统级性能指标联系起来，包括安全性、风险、弹性和环境影响。通过两个例子证明了该框架：(i)通过重复锥量热计测试对点火时间的预期不确定性降低进行量化，表明在10-15次测试后信息增益趋于平稳；（ii）比较两种火灾后钢筋混凝土结构评估方法，其中简化的信息价值分析强调了测试的好处，并确定了首选方法。除了这些例子之外，所提出的框架还可以作为基于效用的实验设计参数优化和替代实验方案比较的通用工具。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced fire-extinguishing performance of struvite powder through modulation of its thermal-decomposition characteristics 通过调节鸟粪石粉的热分解特性来提高其灭火性能

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104594

Lijing Wang, Shaowen Du, Sai Yao, Yibo Guo, Qi Yang, Haijun Zhang

Struvite (MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O) exhibits strong fire-extinguishing properties due to its chemical structure, which resembles that of the widely used ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP). The crystalline water within struvite contributes to its enhanced cooling effect. However, its relatively low pyrolysis temperature range (60 °C–300 °C) restricts its efficiency in high-temperature fires (e.g., 600 °C), where pure struvite struggles to penetrate the flame base. To overcome this limitation, a composite powder was developed by coating struvite with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a compound known for its high thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and TGA-IR were used to investigate the fire-extinguishing mechanism. Results showed that the incorporation of APP extended the thermal decomposition range of struvite, with the 15 wt% APP composite demonstrating optimal performance. This composite exhibited a multifaceted fire-extinguishing action: releasing water vapor for cooling, ammonia for flame suppression, and solid residues that formed a protective layer to isolate the flame from the fuel. Consequently, the composite powder demonstrated superior fire-extinguishing performance, outperforming traditional ADP powder in oil pool fire tests, demonstrating its potential for practical fire suppression applications.

鸟粪石（MgNH4PO4·6H2O）具有较强的灭火性能，其化学结构与广泛使用的磷酸二氢铵（ADP）相似。鸟粪石中的结晶水有助于增强其冷却效果。然而，其相对较低的热解温度范围（60°C - 300°C）限制了其在高温火灾（例如600°C）中的效率，在高温火灾中，纯鸟粪石很难穿透火焰底部。为了克服这一限制，用聚磷酸铵（APP）包覆鸟粪石制成了一种复合粉末，聚磷酸铵是一种以其高热稳定性而闻名的化合物。采用热重分析（TGA）、差示扫描量热分析（DSC）和热重红外（TGA - ir）对其灭火机理进行了研究。结果表明，APP的加入扩大了鸟粪石的热分解范围，其中15%的APP复合材料的热分解性能最佳。这种复合材料表现出多方面的灭火作用：释放用于冷却的水蒸气，用于抑制火焰的氨，以及形成保护层将火焰与燃料隔离的固体残留物。结果表明，该复合粉末的灭火性能优于传统的ADP粉末，在油池火灾试验中表现出优异的灭火性能，显示了其在实际灭火应用中的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal response of hybrid steel-timber floor cross-sections exposed to standard fire: experimental and numerical investigations 暴露在标准火灾下的混合钢-木材地板截面的热响应：实验和数值研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104593

Deonisius P. Aprisa , Ankit Agrawal , Ana Sauca , Ian Pope , Renaud Blondeau-Pâtissier , Luke Bisby , Martyn S. McLaggan

Hybrid systems that combine steel beams with cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor slabs can be vulnerable to fire, given the combustible nature of timber. Specifically, when unprotected, heat from a fire can conduct through steel beams to the CLT panels, which in turn may experience loss of mechanical properties, and possible charring (and combustion) in the connection zone between the CLT panel and the steel beam. Accordingly, this paper aims to establish thermal profiles in hybrid steel-timber floor cross-sections exposed to fire through experimental and numerical investigations. Results from fire tests and numerical validation studies on hybrid cross-sections exposed to a standard fire are presented; a total of six experiments with unprotected, partially protected, and fully protected steel sections were conducted following an ISO 834-1 standard fire exposure. Furthermore, a two-dimensional numerical heat transfer model was developed using SAFIR software, to predict the evolution of temperatures in the hybrid cross-section. The results confirm that passive fire protection of the steelwork using intumescent coatings plays a key role in determining the extent of charring in the connection region between the CLT panel and the steel section. In addition, temperature predictions from the developed numerical model show reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements.

考虑到木材的可燃性，结合钢梁和交叉层压木材（CLT）楼板的混合系统容易受到火灾的影响。具体来说，当不受保护时，来自火灾的热量可以通过钢梁传导到CLT板，而CLT板反过来可能会失去机械性能，并可能在CLT板和钢梁之间的连接区域发生炭化（和燃烧）。因此，本文旨在通过实验和数值研究建立钢-木混合地板在火灾下的截面热分布。从火测试结果和数值验证研究的混合截面暴露在一个标准的火；按照ISO 834-1标准进行了六次无保护、部分保护和完全保护钢截面的实验。此外，利用SAFIR软件建立了二维数值传热模型，预测了混合截面内温度的演变。结果表明，膨胀涂层对钢结构的被动防火是决定CLT板与钢截面连接区域炭化程度的关键。此外，所建立的数值模型的温度预测结果与实验测量结果吻合较好。

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引用次数: 0

Thresholds of surface fire transition to crown fire: Effects of wind speed and crown base height with fixed moisture content 地表火向树冠火过渡的阈值：固定含水率下风速和树冠底高的影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104545

Mohamed Sharaf , Duncan Sutherland , Rahul Wadhwani , Khalid Moinuddin

Forest fires present significant global risks, leading to loss of life, community displacement, and extensive damage to property and the environment, with substantial economic and social consequences. Propagation of wildland fires can be divided into two categories: surface and crown fires. This study aims to identify threshold parameters that influence the transition from surface to crown fire, helping fire managers prevent manageable fires from escalating into uncontrollable crown fires. This study conducted pine forest simulations using the physics-based fire model Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to examine the effects of varying wind speeds and crown base heights on fire transition. The results identify that 80 % crown mass loss represents sustained crowning, while values between 65 % and 80 % correspond to intermediate crowning. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that wind speed and crown base height are crucial in reaching these threshold values. A reduction in crown base height substantially increases the likelihood of sustained crowning. However, the influence of wind speed on the surface fire transition varies with crown base height. These findings enhance understanding of surface fire transition and offer valuable insights for forest fire management and prevention.

森林火灾带来了重大的全球风险，导致生命损失、社区流离失所，并对财产和环境造成广泛破坏，造成严重的经济和社会后果。野火的传播可分为两类：地表火和树冠火。本研究旨在确定影响从地表火灾到树冠火灾过渡的阈值参数，帮助火灾管理者防止可控火灾升级为不可控的树冠火灾。本研究利用基于物理的火灾模型fire Dynamics Simulator （FDS）对松林进行模拟，研究不同风速和树冠基部高度对火灾过渡的影响。结果表明，冠层质量损失80%为持续冠层，65% ~ 80%为中间冠层。此外，研究结果表明，风速和冠底高度是达到这些阈值的关键。冠底高度的降低大大增加了持续冠的可能性。风速对地表火过渡的影响随树冠基部高度的变化而变化。这些发现增强了对地表火过渡的认识，并为森林火灾管理和预防提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Cracking quantification of wood exposed to constant heat fluxes 暴露在恒定热通量下的木材的开裂量化

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104546

Boris Aguilar , Pedro Reszka , Zoubir Acem , Pascal Boulet , Gilles Parent , Lucas Terrei

Surface cracking of wood when exposed to a heat source is one of the factors understudied by the fire community despite the fact that the cracks may guide the release of pyrolysis gases, inducing heterogeneity in the effusion of gas and therefore may affect ignition and extinction of flame at the material surface. This study aimed to develop a dynamic detection method for characterizing wood cracking during fire tests by providing quantities such as surface area, length, and number of cracks. Spruce samples were exposed to a wide range of heat fluxes during for at least 40 min using a vertical cone calorimeter. An infrared camera with a specific filter wavelength was used to track crack formation. A total of 74 experiments were carried out in air, and seven were carried out in an oxygen-free atmosphere to determine the cracking dynamics of the wood. The results show that the cracking rate and the number of cracks quickly reach to a constant value. The heat flux and the presence of oxygen are not dominant factors in wood’s dynamic cracking. This work provides quantitative data for readers interested in accounting for cracking and heterogeneous pyrolysis gas release on the surface of a sample.

木材在热源下的表面开裂是火学界尚未研究的因素之一，尽管这些裂缝可能会引导热解气体的释放，导致气体渗出的非均质性，从而可能影响材料表面火焰的点燃和熄灭。本研究旨在开发一种动态检测方法，通过提供诸如表面面积、长度和裂纹数量等数量来表征木材在火灾试验中的开裂。云杉样品暴露在大范围的热通量至少40分钟期间使用垂直锥量热计。采用具有特定滤光波长的红外摄像机跟踪裂纹的形成。在空气中进行了74次实验，在无氧气氛中进行了7次实验，以确定木材的开裂动力学。结果表明，裂纹速率和裂纹数很快达到一个恒定值。热通量和氧的存在不是木材动态开裂的主导因素。这项工作为有兴趣的读者提供了定量数据，说明裂解和异质热解气体释放在一个样品的表面。

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引用次数: 0

Modelling the probability of smouldering ignition of vegetation from hot metal particles ejected by power lines 模拟由电力线喷出的热金属颗粒引起植被阴燃的可能性

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104537

Auriane Javaloyes, Alexander Castagna, Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, Guillermo Rein

Power line failures can cause wildfires, particularly in regions like California, Australia, and Portugal, where high-wind conditions have led to the clash of power line conductors, ejecting metal particles that can ignite nearby vegetation. While ignition by particles has been the focus of experiments before, its modelling remains understudied. This paper presents a computational model to predict ignition by particles, focusing on smouldering as the critical stage before flaming. Particle trajectory and cooling in flight are simulated stochastically using equations of motion and heat transfer, while ignition of vegetation is modelled through a pseudo-one-dimensional thermochemical medium with Gpyro. Using weather and fuel data from California as a case study, results show that for wind speeds up to 20 m/s, aluminium particles with a diameter of at least 6.5 mm, ejected from a 20 m high power line, land at temperatures above 740 °C and can ignite grass and shrub fuel beds, creating an at-risk zone of 274 m

^{2}

around the conductor clash point, extending up to 52 m from the power line. Fuel moisture is the primary factor influencing ignition, followed by particle size. This modelling study contributes to close the gap in modelling ignition by particles and offers insights for mitigating wildfire hazards from power lines.

电力线故障可能引发野火，特别是在加利福尼亚、澳大利亚和葡萄牙等地区，在这些地区，强风条件导致电力线导体发生碰撞，喷出的金属颗粒可能点燃附近的植被。虽然粒子点火一直是以前实验的重点，但其模型研究仍不充分。本文提出了一种预测颗粒着火的计算模型，重点讨论了燃烧前的关键阶段阴燃。利用运动和传热方程对颗粒的飞行轨迹和冷却过程进行了随机模拟，同时利用Gpyro模拟了植被的引燃过程。以加利福尼亚州的天气和燃料数据为例进行研究，结果表明，当风速高达20米/秒时，直径至少为6.5毫米的铝颗粒从20米高的电力线中喷射出来，在740°C以上的温度下着陆，并可能点燃草和灌木燃料床，在导体碰撞点周围形成274平方米的危险区域，从电力线延伸至52米。影响着火的主要因素是燃料水分，其次是颗粒大小。该模型研究有助于缩小颗粒点火模型的差距，并为减轻电力线的野火危害提供见解。

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引用次数: 0