Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.688
T. Ullah, J. Shehzad, A. Ahmad, AU Rehman, MT Ullah, A. Ullah, M. Zeeshan
The coexistence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and COVID-19 has garnered considerable attention due to the elevated prevalence of DM among COVID-19 patients. Understanding the impact of DM on the severity of COVID-19 infections is imperative for effective treatment, given the challenges it poses across various healthcare systems. This study aimed to assess the frequency of Type II Diabetes Mellitus among symptomatic COVID-19-positive individuals and calculate the mortality rate among those diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus contracting COVID-19. Utilizing a cross-sectional approach, 142 samples were randomly selected for analysis to determine the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. The findings revealed that out of the 142 COVID-19-positive individuals tested via RT-PCR, 66.2% were diabetic, while 33.8% were non-diabetic. Among the entire sample, 31% of patients succumbed to the infection, while 69.0% achieved full recovery. Specifically, within the diabetic group, 81.8% experienced mortality, with 59.2% recovering fully, whereas among the non-diabetic group, 18.2% passed away, and 40.8% recovered fully. The highest mortality rate was observed among individuals aged 60-74, comprising 45.1% of the total population under observation. The study underscores the elevated mortality risk associated with COVID-19 among diabetic individuals, with a mortality rate of 25.35%, significantly higher than the 5.63% mortality rate observed among non-diabetic individuals. Notably, the vulnerability to COVID-19 and increased mortality rates were particularly pronounced among individuals aged 45-74, with a notable emphasis on the heightened risk among those aged 60-74. Furthermore, the study found no significant disparity in mortality rates between male and female patients. These findings shed light on the heightened susceptibility of diabetic individuals to severe outcomes of COVID-19 and underscore the importance of targeted interventions and preventive measures, especially among the elderly diabetic population.
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF MORTALITY IN SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS-2 WITH DIABETES MELLITUS","authors":"T. Ullah, J. Shehzad, A. Ahmad, AU Rehman, MT Ullah, A. Ullah, M. Zeeshan","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.688","url":null,"abstract":"The coexistence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and COVID-19 has garnered considerable attention due to the elevated prevalence of DM among COVID-19 patients. Understanding the impact of DM on the severity of COVID-19 infections is imperative for effective treatment, given the challenges it poses across various healthcare systems. This study aimed to assess the frequency of Type II Diabetes Mellitus among symptomatic COVID-19-positive individuals and calculate the mortality rate among those diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus contracting COVID-19. Utilizing a cross-sectional approach, 142 samples were randomly selected for analysis to determine the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. The findings revealed that out of the 142 COVID-19-positive individuals tested via RT-PCR, 66.2% were diabetic, while 33.8% were non-diabetic. Among the entire sample, 31% of patients succumbed to the infection, while 69.0% achieved full recovery. Specifically, within the diabetic group, 81.8% experienced mortality, with 59.2% recovering fully, whereas among the non-diabetic group, 18.2% passed away, and 40.8% recovered fully. The highest mortality rate was observed among individuals aged 60-74, comprising 45.1% of the total population under observation. The study underscores the elevated mortality risk associated with COVID-19 among diabetic individuals, with a mortality rate of 25.35%, significantly higher than the 5.63% mortality rate observed among non-diabetic individuals. Notably, the vulnerability to COVID-19 and increased mortality rates were particularly pronounced among individuals aged 45-74, with a notable emphasis on the heightened risk among those aged 60-74. Furthermore, the study found no significant disparity in mortality rates between male and female patients. These findings shed light on the heightened susceptibility of diabetic individuals to severe outcomes of COVID-19 and underscore the importance of targeted interventions and preventive measures, especially among the elderly diabetic population.","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140251312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.749
IU Haq, .. Shahjehan, G. Ghous, HR Asghar, A. Rizwan, U. Hanif
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men, affecting their quality of life. Various medications, including phosphodiesterase five inhibitors (PDE5-Is) and alpha-blockers (ABs), are used for treatment, but direct comparison studies between these drugs are limited. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of sildenafil (PDE5 inhibitor) versus tamsulosin (alpha-blocker) in patients with LUTS secondary to BPH. A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Urology, KEMU/Affiliated Hospital, Lahore. A sample size of 100 patients (50 in each group) was calculated using the WHO calculator based on expected efficacy rates. Patients aged 40-70 years with BPH and LUTS were included. Exclusion criteria included high PSA levels, history of prostatic surgery, acute urinary retention, or active urinary tract infection. Patients were randomly assigned to receive sildenafil 25mg OD or tamsulosin 0.4mg HS for three months. Efficacy was assessed by changes in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) after treatment. The demographic characteristics of the study population showed a mean age of 60 years with a similar distribution of comorbidities between the groups. After three months of treatment, 80.9% of patients in the sildenafil group showed a significant improvement in IPSS compared to 55.5% in the tamsulosin group. The chi-square test indicated a significant difference in efficacy between the two groups (p < 0.05). Sildenafil demonstrated superior efficacy compared to tamsulosin in reducing LUTS secondary to BPH. These findings suggest that sildenafil may be considered as a first-line treatment option for patients with BPH and LUTS.
{"title":"COMPARISON OF EFFICACY OF PDE5 INHIBITORS (SILDENAFIL) VERSUS ALPHA-BLOCKERS (TAMSULOSIN) IN TREATMENT OF LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS (LUTS) SECONDARY TO BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA","authors":"IU Haq, .. Shahjehan, G. Ghous, HR Asghar, A. Rizwan, U. Hanif","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.749","url":null,"abstract":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men, affecting their quality of life. Various medications, including phosphodiesterase five inhibitors (PDE5-Is) and alpha-blockers (ABs), are used for treatment, but direct comparison studies between these drugs are limited. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of sildenafil (PDE5 inhibitor) versus tamsulosin (alpha-blocker) in patients with LUTS secondary to BPH. A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Urology, KEMU/Affiliated Hospital, Lahore. A sample size of 100 patients (50 in each group) was calculated using the WHO calculator based on expected efficacy rates. Patients aged 40-70 years with BPH and LUTS were included. Exclusion criteria included high PSA levels, history of prostatic surgery, acute urinary retention, or active urinary tract infection. Patients were randomly assigned to receive sildenafil 25mg OD or tamsulosin 0.4mg HS for three months. Efficacy was assessed by changes in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) after treatment. The demographic characteristics of the study population showed a mean age of 60 years with a similar distribution of comorbidities between the groups. After three months of treatment, 80.9% of patients in the sildenafil group showed a significant improvement in IPSS compared to 55.5% in the tamsulosin group. The chi-square test indicated a significant difference in efficacy between the two groups (p < 0.05). Sildenafil demonstrated superior efficacy compared to tamsulosin in reducing LUTS secondary to BPH. These findings suggest that sildenafil may be considered as a first-line treatment option for patients with BPH and LUTS.","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140251980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.735
S. Ali, MZ Ishaq, S. Majeed, S. Safdar, Kaa Khan, U. Khan
The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of microscopic and endoscopic approaches in treating attic cholesteatoma, a condition where abnormal skin growth occurs in the middle ear. The research was conducted prospectively at the ENT Department of Nishtar Medical Hospital from January 2021 to January 2023 on 70 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma in the epitympanic region. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, with 35 in each group. Both groups were followed up post-operatively at 1st, third, and sixth months, and their hearing was assessed. The study found that five patients (14.2%) in the endoscopic ear surgery (EES) group and three patients (8.5%) in the microscopic ear surgery (MES) group had suspected facial nerve dehiscence according to pre-operative CT images. During the surgery, 11 patients (35%) in the ESS group and seven (20%) in the MES group showed facial nerve dehiscence. Post-operatively, abnormal taste sensation was reported in 28.5% of cases in the EES group and 42.8% in the MES group. The mean postoperative air conduction thresholds in both groups were not significantly different. The success rate was 100% in both groups, and there was no disease recurrence in either group. It was concluded that the surgical outcomes of the conventional microscopic approach and endoscopic ear surgery are comparable regarding taste sensation, post-operative air conduction, and graft success rate. However, ESS showed better results regarding healing time and post-operative pain. Microscopic surgery was significantly slower than endoscopic surgery. In contrast, the average healing time in the endoscopic group was faster than in the microscopic group.
{"title":"COMPARISON OF ENDOSCOPIC EAR SURGERY AND MICROSCOPIC EAR SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH ATTIC CHOLESTEATOMA","authors":"S. Ali, MZ Ishaq, S. Majeed, S. Safdar, Kaa Khan, U. Khan","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.735","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of microscopic and endoscopic approaches in treating attic cholesteatoma, a condition where abnormal skin growth occurs in the middle ear. The research was conducted prospectively at the ENT Department of Nishtar Medical Hospital from January 2021 to January 2023 on 70 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma in the epitympanic region. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, with 35 in each group. Both groups were followed up post-operatively at 1st, third, and sixth months, and their hearing was assessed. The study found that five patients (14.2%) in the endoscopic ear surgery (EES) group and three patients (8.5%) in the microscopic ear surgery (MES) group had suspected facial nerve dehiscence according to pre-operative CT images. During the surgery, 11 patients (35%) in the ESS group and seven (20%) in the MES group showed facial nerve dehiscence. Post-operatively, abnormal taste sensation was reported in 28.5% of cases in the EES group and 42.8% in the MES group. The mean postoperative air conduction thresholds in both groups were not significantly different. The success rate was 100% in both groups, and there was no disease recurrence in either group. It was concluded that the surgical outcomes of the conventional microscopic approach and endoscopic ear surgery are comparable regarding taste sensation, post-operative air conduction, and graft success rate. However, ESS showed better results regarding healing time and post-operative pain. Microscopic surgery was significantly slower than endoscopic surgery. In contrast, the average healing time in the endoscopic group was faster than in the microscopic group.","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140254358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.742
HA Saqib, U. Saeed, M. Zahra, A. Noreen, A. Firdous, Z. Islam
Thyroid nodules represent a joint clinical presentation of various benign and malignant thyroid diseases. Diagnostic ultrasound, particularly utilizing the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS), has emerged as a pivotal tool for stratifying the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules and guiding decisions regarding fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAC). However, comprehensive validation studies are warranted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound-based TI-RADS classification compared to FNAC as the gold standard. This cross-sectional validation study, conducted at the Department of Radiology, CPE Institute of Cardiology Multan from August 2, 2021, to February 1, 2022, enrolled 243 patients presenting with thyroid nodules, including multiple and solitary nodules. Baseline demographic variables, including age, gender, and nodule duration, were recorded for each participant. Ultrasonography was performed in all patients, and TI-RADS scores were calculated. Subsequently, fine-needle aspiration biopsies, guided by ultrasound, were obtained in the radiology department and sent to the histopathology department for confirmation of malignancy. The mean age of the cohort was 42.05 ± 12.27 years, with a mean nodule duration of 6.87 ± 3.56 months. The mean TI-RADS score was 3.46 ± 2.00. Of the participants, 176 (72.43%) were male and 67 (27.57%) were female. Malignancy was detected in 84 (34.57%) patients based on TI-RADS score, whereas FNAC confirmed malignancy in 50 (20.58%) patients. Evaluating diagnostic accuracy with FNAC as the gold standard, the TI-RADS score demonstrated a sensitivity of 84.0%, specificity of 78.2%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 50.0%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.0%. Our findings indicate that the TI-RADS scoring system is reliable in predicting malignancy in patients with thyroid nodules. With a sensitivity of 84.0% and specificity of 78.2%, TI-RADS represents a valuable adjunctive tool in the diagnostic algorithm for thyroid nodules, offering considerable potential for improved clinical decision-making and patient management strategies.
{"title":"DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF TIRADS CLASSIFICATION IN DIFFERENTIATING BENIGN AND MALIGNANT THYROID NODULES KEEPING FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY (FNAC) AS GOLD STANDARD","authors":"HA Saqib, U. Saeed, M. Zahra, A. Noreen, A. Firdous, Z. Islam","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.742","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid nodules represent a joint clinical presentation of various benign and malignant thyroid diseases. Diagnostic ultrasound, particularly utilizing the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS), has emerged as a pivotal tool for stratifying the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules and guiding decisions regarding fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAC). However, comprehensive validation studies are warranted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound-based TI-RADS classification compared to FNAC as the gold standard. This cross-sectional validation study, conducted at the Department of Radiology, CPE Institute of Cardiology Multan from August 2, 2021, to February 1, 2022, enrolled 243 patients presenting with thyroid nodules, including multiple and solitary nodules. Baseline demographic variables, including age, gender, and nodule duration, were recorded for each participant. Ultrasonography was performed in all patients, and TI-RADS scores were calculated. Subsequently, fine-needle aspiration biopsies, guided by ultrasound, were obtained in the radiology department and sent to the histopathology department for confirmation of malignancy. The mean age of the cohort was 42.05 ± 12.27 years, with a mean nodule duration of 6.87 ± 3.56 months. The mean TI-RADS score was 3.46 ± 2.00. Of the participants, 176 (72.43%) were male and 67 (27.57%) were female. Malignancy was detected in 84 (34.57%) patients based on TI-RADS score, whereas FNAC confirmed malignancy in 50 (20.58%) patients. Evaluating diagnostic accuracy with FNAC as the gold standard, the TI-RADS score demonstrated a sensitivity of 84.0%, specificity of 78.2%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 50.0%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.0%. Our findings indicate that the TI-RADS scoring system is reliable in predicting malignancy in patients with thyroid nodules. With a sensitivity of 84.0% and specificity of 78.2%, TI-RADS represents a valuable adjunctive tool in the diagnostic algorithm for thyroid nodules, offering considerable potential for improved clinical decision-making and patient management strategies.","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140252469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-10DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.736
SM Gillani, T. Sajjad, F. Tayab, Mrq Rao, Mrq Rao, F. Shams
: Punctuality and regularity are crucial traits in medical education that can significantly impact learning behaviors and clinical skills development. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence investigating their impact on postgraduate residents in the Pakistani healthcare system. This qualitative study aims to explore the experiences and perceptions of doctoral residents regarding punctuality and regularity in their clinical and learning activities at Nishtar Hospital Multan. The study also seeks to identify the perceived effects of punctuality and regularity on residents' learning behaviors and clinical skills development, highlight any barriers or facilitators to maintaining punctuality and regularity in the residency program, and provide insights to inform future interventions or policies aimed at promoting punctuality and regularity among postgraduate residents. The study found that punctuality and regularity significantly enhance postgraduate residents' learning behaviors and clinical skills. Punctual and regular residents reported better time management skills, increased exposure to different cases, and improved academic performance in their clinical and learning activities. However, some residents faced barriers to maintaining punctuality and regularity, such as long working hours and inadequate supervisor support. The study suggests that interventions aimed at promoting punctuality and regularity should consider the unique challenges and opportunities of the Pakistani healthcare system and prioritize the needs and experiences of postgraduate residents.
{"title":"IMPACT OF PUNCTUALITY AND REGULARITY ON LEARNING BEHAVIORS AND CLINICAL SKILLS IN POST-GRADUATE RESIDENTS AT NISHTAR HOSPITAL MULTAN","authors":"SM Gillani, T. Sajjad, F. Tayab, Mrq Rao, Mrq Rao, F. Shams","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.736","url":null,"abstract":": Punctuality and regularity are crucial traits in medical education that can significantly impact learning behaviors and clinical skills development. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence investigating their impact on postgraduate residents in the Pakistani healthcare system. This qualitative study aims to explore the experiences and perceptions of doctoral residents regarding punctuality and regularity in their clinical and learning activities at Nishtar Hospital Multan. The study also seeks to identify the perceived effects of punctuality and regularity on residents' learning behaviors and clinical skills development, highlight any barriers or facilitators to maintaining punctuality and regularity in the residency program, and provide insights to inform future interventions or policies aimed at promoting punctuality and regularity among postgraduate residents. The study found that punctuality and regularity significantly enhance postgraduate residents' learning behaviors and clinical skills. Punctual and regular residents reported better time management skills, increased exposure to different cases, and improved academic performance in their clinical and learning activities. However, some residents faced barriers to maintaining punctuality and regularity, such as long working hours and inadequate supervisor support. The study suggests that interventions aimed at promoting punctuality and regularity should consider the unique challenges and opportunities of the Pakistani healthcare system and prioritize the needs and experiences of postgraduate residents.","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140255856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-10DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.728
S. Yasmeen, T. Parveen, K. Nazar
Typhoid fever remains a significant public health concern in Pakistan, particularly in urban areas such as Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Understanding the prevalence of this disease is crucial for informing public health interventions and resource allocation. This study aims to determine the prevalence of typhoid fever among patients suspected of the disease in District Rawalpindi and Islamabad. A cross-sectional study was conducted over three months, from November 2011 to January 2012. A random sample of 500 patients suspected of typhoid fever was collected from various regional hospitals and clinical laboratories. Samples were tested using the Widal test or Typhi dot, and data on patient demographics and test results were recorded. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to summarize the data. Prevalence rates were calculated, and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore variations in prevalence among different age groups. Of the 500 samples collected, 95 tested positive for typhoid fever, yielding an overall prevalence rate of 19%. Subgroup analysis revealed that 31.5% of positive cases were in adults, while 68.5% were in children under the age of 15 years. Among children, the prevalence rates varied across different age groups, with 13.8%, 55.3%, and 30.7% of positive cases reported in 1-4 years, 5-12 years, and 12-15 years, respectively. Further analysis estimated the total prevalence of typhoid fever in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, revealing a prevalence rate of 685 per 10,000 individuals among children. This study highlights the significant burden of typhoid fever in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, particularly among children. The findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions to control the spread of the disease, including vaccination campaigns and improved sanitation measures. Continued surveillance and monitoring are essential for tracking trends in typhoid prevalence and guiding regional public health strategies.
{"title":"EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF TYPHOID FEVER PREVALENCE AMONG SUSPECTED CASES IN RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION","authors":"S. Yasmeen, T. Parveen, K. Nazar","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.728","url":null,"abstract":"Typhoid fever remains a significant public health concern in Pakistan, particularly in urban areas such as Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Understanding the prevalence of this disease is crucial for informing public health interventions and resource allocation. This study aims to determine the prevalence of typhoid fever among patients suspected of the disease in District Rawalpindi and Islamabad. A cross-sectional study was conducted over three months, from November 2011 to January 2012. A random sample of 500 patients suspected of typhoid fever was collected from various regional hospitals and clinical laboratories. Samples were tested using the Widal test or Typhi dot, and data on patient demographics and test results were recorded. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used to summarize the data. Prevalence rates were calculated, and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore variations in prevalence among different age groups. Of the 500 samples collected, 95 tested positive for typhoid fever, yielding an overall prevalence rate of 19%. Subgroup analysis revealed that 31.5% of positive cases were in adults, while 68.5% were in children under the age of 15 years. Among children, the prevalence rates varied across different age groups, with 13.8%, 55.3%, and 30.7% of positive cases reported in 1-4 years, 5-12 years, and 12-15 years, respectively. Further analysis estimated the total prevalence of typhoid fever in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, revealing a prevalence rate of 685 per 10,000 individuals among children. This study highlights the significant burden of typhoid fever in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, particularly among children. The findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions to control the spread of the disease, including vaccination campaigns and improved sanitation measures. Continued surveillance and monitoring are essential for tracking trends in typhoid prevalence and guiding regional public health strategies.","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140255484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-10DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.741
S. Ilyas, M. Bilal
Myocarditis, defined as an inflammation of the heart muscle, can pose significant challenges in pediatric cardiology due to its varied causes and potentially serious consequences. While there are several potential causes of myocarditis, for instance, autoimmune diseases and toxins, viral infections account for a large majority of cases in pediatric populations (Tschöpe et al., 2021). The frequency of myocarditis is still rather high due to the increased prevalence of viral diseases in children, especially during specific seasons; this puts a significant strain on hospital resources. Myocarditis in paediatric patients has consequences that go beyond the initial inflammatory insult to the heart. Patients affected with myocarditis can often exhibit acute heart failure, arrhythmias, and, in severe cases, cardiogenic shock (Ammirati et al., 2021). Moreover, long-term consequences can manifest as chronic heart failure, which necessitates continuous, ongoing monitoring and management to optimize cardiac function and quality of life (Upadhya and Kitzman, 2020). We have noticed a worrying trend in our pediatric cardiology practice at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, whereby approximately half of the patients who consult our outpatient and inpatient departments have left ventricular failure. A significant portion of these cases are diagnosed as viral myocarditis. We have noticed a worrying trend in our pediatric cardiology practice: about 50% of the cases that come into our outpatient and inpatient departments have left ventricular failure, and a sizable percentage of those cases are diagnosed with myocarditis. This finding not only highlights the frequency of myocarditis but also highlights the pressing need for increased awareness, prompt diagnosis, and effective management of viral myocarditis in order to reduce negative consequences in vulnerable pediatric populations. In resource-poor environments like Pakistan managing myocarditis can unique challenges. Treatment methods such as IV immunoglobulin treatment which can have proven success in some patients, are generally expensive and not readily available (Ammirati et al., 2021). This gap in access to modern treatments can further exacerbate the load on healthcare systems that are already strained by the high prevalence of myocarditis. In low and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Pakistan, proactive preventative interventions are especially important to reduce the strain on already overburdened healthcare systems. The increased frequency of myocarditis in pediatric populations can be decreased by highlighting the significance of vaccination against common viral infections linked to the illness such as adenovirus and enterovirus (Makimaa et al., 2020; Upadhya and Kitzman, 2020). In addition, raising awareness among caregivers and medical professionals about the early detection of myocarditis symptoms and the importance of promptly referring patients to specialized clinics will help to expedite interven
{"title":"MYOCARDITIS IN PEDIATRICS: A GROWING CONCERN FOR HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN PAKISTAN","authors":"S. Ilyas, M. Bilal","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.741","url":null,"abstract":"Myocarditis, defined as an inflammation of the heart muscle, can pose significant challenges in pediatric cardiology due to its varied causes and potentially serious consequences. While there are several potential causes of myocarditis, for instance, autoimmune diseases and toxins, viral infections account for a large majority of cases in pediatric populations (Tschöpe et al., 2021). The frequency of myocarditis is still rather high due to the increased prevalence of viral diseases in children, especially during specific seasons; this puts a significant strain on hospital resources. Myocarditis in paediatric patients has consequences that go beyond the initial inflammatory insult to the heart. Patients affected with myocarditis can often exhibit acute heart failure, arrhythmias, and, in severe cases, cardiogenic shock (Ammirati et al., 2021). Moreover, long-term consequences can manifest as chronic heart failure, which necessitates continuous, ongoing monitoring and management to optimize cardiac function and quality of life (Upadhya and Kitzman, 2020). We have noticed a worrying trend in our pediatric cardiology practice at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, whereby approximately half of the patients who consult our outpatient and inpatient departments have left ventricular failure. A significant portion of these cases are diagnosed as viral myocarditis. We have noticed a worrying trend in our pediatric cardiology practice: about 50% of the cases that come into our outpatient and inpatient departments have left ventricular failure, and a sizable percentage of those cases are diagnosed with myocarditis. This finding not only highlights the frequency of myocarditis but also highlights the pressing need for increased awareness, prompt diagnosis, and effective management of viral myocarditis in order to reduce negative consequences in vulnerable pediatric populations. In resource-poor environments like Pakistan managing myocarditis can unique challenges. Treatment methods such as IV immunoglobulin treatment which can have proven success in some patients, are generally expensive and not readily available (Ammirati et al., 2021). This gap in access to modern treatments can further exacerbate the load on healthcare systems that are already strained by the high prevalence of myocarditis. In low and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Pakistan, proactive preventative interventions are especially important to reduce the strain on already overburdened healthcare systems. The increased frequency of myocarditis in pediatric populations can be decreased by highlighting the significance of vaccination against common viral infections linked to the illness such as adenovirus and enterovirus (Makimaa et al., 2020; Upadhya and Kitzman, 2020). In addition, raising awareness among caregivers and medical professionals about the early detection of myocarditis symptoms and the importance of promptly referring patients to specialized clinics will help to expedite interven","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140254834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-10DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.748
R. Nawaz, T. Perveen, K. Nazar
Job satisfaction is crucial to a nurse's life, impacting patient safety, productivity, performance, quality of care, and commitment to the organization and the profession. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of job satisfaction among registered nurses working at different local hospital of Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey design with a sample of 102 registered nurses selected through random sampling. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data, and the inclusion criteria were comprised of female regular nurses registered with the Pakistan Nursing Council. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and secondary data, which consisted of 30 questions, was collected. All participants in this study were female, most of whom were aged between 26 and 30 (53.92%). Most respondents (89, 87.3%) had a diploma in general nursing, and most had working experience ranging from 6 months to 5 years (49, 48.0%). The majority of the respondents were married (58, 56.9%). Out of 102 respondents, 63 (61.77%) were satisfied, 45 (44.12%) were neutral, and 14 (13.72%) were dissatisfied. The corresponding percentage in the satisfied category (61.77%) is higher than in the remaining categories. Nurses are not entirely satisfied with their work. The level of job satisfaction among nurses varies with age, qualification, working experience, and marital status. At different local hospital of Multan., nurses are not fully satisfied with their jobs due to more patients than staff nurses, low salaries, job insecurity, lack of opportunities for promotion, and no daycare center for the duty staff's children.
{"title":"LEVEL OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG REGISTERED NURSES WORKING IN CLINICAL AREA AT TEACHING HOSPITAL: A STUDY FROM LOCAL POPULATION","authors":"R. Nawaz, T. Perveen, K. Nazar","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.748","url":null,"abstract":"Job satisfaction is crucial to a nurse's life, impacting patient safety, productivity, performance, quality of care, and commitment to the organization and the profession. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of job satisfaction among registered nurses working at different local hospital of Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey design with a sample of 102 registered nurses selected through random sampling. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data, and the inclusion criteria were comprised of female regular nurses registered with the Pakistan Nursing Council. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and secondary data, which consisted of 30 questions, was collected. All participants in this study were female, most of whom were aged between 26 and 30 (53.92%). Most respondents (89, 87.3%) had a diploma in general nursing, and most had working experience ranging from 6 months to 5 years (49, 48.0%). The majority of the respondents were married (58, 56.9%). Out of 102 respondents, 63 (61.77%) were satisfied, 45 (44.12%) were neutral, and 14 (13.72%) were dissatisfied. The corresponding percentage in the satisfied category (61.77%) is higher than in the remaining categories. Nurses are not entirely satisfied with their work. The level of job satisfaction among nurses varies with age, qualification, working experience, and marital status. At different local hospital of Multan., nurses are not fully satisfied with their jobs due to more patients than staff nurses, low salaries, job insecurity, lack of opportunities for promotion, and no daycare center for the duty staff's children.","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140254725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-10DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.740
HA Saqib, A. Noreen, U. Saeed, M. Zahra, Z. Islam, A. Firdous
Acute appendicitis is a common cause of acute abdominal pain requiring urgent surgical intervention. Timely diagnosis is crucial to prevent complications such as perforation and reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Clinical diagnosis alone can be challenging, leading to false positives and negatives. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has emerged as a valuable tool in diagnosing appendicitis, but its efficacy can be enhanced by optimizing imaging protocols, particularly by utilizing thinner reconstruction sections. We conducted a prospective study involving 150 patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Un-enhanced 64-slice MDCT was performed, and axial images reconstructed from 3mm thin sections were analyzed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy were calculated using SPSS version 19. Our study demonstrated a sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 76.9% for diagnosing acute appendicitis using 3mm thin section MDCT. The NPV and PPV were 76.9% and 97.8%, respectively, with an overall accuracy of 96%. Utilizing 3mm thin axial reconstruction in 64-slice MDCT significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy for acute appendicitis. This approach holds promise in reducing negative appendectomies and associated morbidity and mortality rates. Implementation of this imaging protocol can aid in timely diagnosis, optimizing patient care, and reducing unnecessary hospitalizations. 64-slice MDCT with 3mm thin section reconstructed images emerges as a highly accurate technique for diagnosing or excluding appendicitis in patients with equivocal presentations, contributing to improved patient outcomes and healthcare resource utilization.
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF ACCURACY OF 3-MILLIMETER THIN AXIAL SECTIONS OF 64-SLICE MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN IN DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE APPENDICITIS","authors":"HA Saqib, A. Noreen, U. Saeed, M. Zahra, Z. Islam, A. Firdous","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.740","url":null,"abstract":"Acute appendicitis is a common cause of acute abdominal pain requiring urgent surgical intervention. Timely diagnosis is crucial to prevent complications such as perforation and reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Clinical diagnosis alone can be challenging, leading to false positives and negatives. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has emerged as a valuable tool in diagnosing appendicitis, but its efficacy can be enhanced by optimizing imaging protocols, particularly by utilizing thinner reconstruction sections. We conducted a prospective study involving 150 patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Un-enhanced 64-slice MDCT was performed, and axial images reconstructed from 3mm thin sections were analyzed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy were calculated using SPSS version 19. Our study demonstrated a sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 76.9% for diagnosing acute appendicitis using 3mm thin section MDCT. The NPV and PPV were 76.9% and 97.8%, respectively, with an overall accuracy of 96%. Utilizing 3mm thin axial reconstruction in 64-slice MDCT significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy for acute appendicitis. This approach holds promise in reducing negative appendectomies and associated morbidity and mortality rates. Implementation of this imaging protocol can aid in timely diagnosis, optimizing patient care, and reducing unnecessary hospitalizations. 64-slice MDCT with 3mm thin section reconstructed images emerges as a highly accurate technique for diagnosing or excluding appendicitis in patients with equivocal presentations, contributing to improved patient outcomes and healthcare resource utilization.","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140255150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.722
Qua Khan, F. Malik, A. Rehman, Saz Naqvi, F. Azhar
Degenerative disc disease is a common manifestation in routine spine imaging; this finding is partly attributable to physiological aging and partly to a pathological condition, and sometimes, this distinction is simply not clear. The study's main objective is to find the spinal anatomy and investigate degenerative disc disease in spinal patients. This mixed-methods study was conducted in a public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from March 2023 to September 2023. Fifty patients diagnosed with DDD are enrolled, with comprehensive clinical assessments conducted to evaluate symptomatology, functional impairment, and radiological findings. Additionally, advanced imaging modalities, including MRI and CT scans, elucidate structural changes within the spinal column. Preliminary analysis reveals a mean disc height loss of 3.2 mm (±0.8) across the study cohort, with significant variability observed among individual patients. Annular tears are prevalent in 70% of cases, predominantly localized to the lumbar spine. Furthermore, facet joint degeneration is evident in 85% of patients, with a mean grade of 2.4 (±0.6) on the Pfirrmann scale. Correlation analysis demonstrates a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) between disc height loss and severity of clinical symptoms. It is concluded that this study provides the complex pathology of degenerative disc disease (DDD) and its impact on spinal anatomy. Through a comprehensive investigation involving clinical assessments and advanced imaging techniques, we have elucidated the spectrum of degenerative changes within the intervertebral discs and facet joints.
{"title":"SPINAL ANATOMY AND BEYOND: INVESTIGATING DEGENERATIVE DISC DISEASE","authors":"Qua Khan, F. Malik, A. Rehman, Saz Naqvi, F. Azhar","doi":"10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.722","url":null,"abstract":"Degenerative disc disease is a common manifestation in routine spine imaging; this finding is partly attributable to physiological aging and partly to a pathological condition, and sometimes, this distinction is simply not clear. The study's main objective is to find the spinal anatomy and investigate degenerative disc disease in spinal patients. This mixed-methods study was conducted in a public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from March 2023 to September 2023. Fifty patients diagnosed with DDD are enrolled, with comprehensive clinical assessments conducted to evaluate symptomatology, functional impairment, and radiological findings. Additionally, advanced imaging modalities, including MRI and CT scans, elucidate structural changes within the spinal column. Preliminary analysis reveals a mean disc height loss of 3.2 mm (±0.8) across the study cohort, with significant variability observed among individual patients. Annular tears are prevalent in 70% of cases, predominantly localized to the lumbar spine. Furthermore, facet joint degeneration is evident in 85% of patients, with a mean grade of 2.4 (±0.6) on the Pfirrmann scale. Correlation analysis demonstrates a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) between disc height loss and severity of clinical symptoms. It is concluded that this study provides the complex pathology of degenerative disc disease (DDD) and its impact on spinal anatomy. Through a comprehensive investigation involving clinical assessments and advanced imaging techniques, we have elucidated the spectrum of degenerative changes within the intervertebral discs and facet joints.","PeriodicalId":504575,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140262969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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