Animal最新文献_第9页

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2026-01-01

引用次数: 0

Genomic prediction accuracy for five economically important traits in cashmere goats across single-nucleotide polymorphism densities and methods 跨单核苷酸多态性密度和方法对绒山羊5个重要经济性状的基因组预测准确性

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2025.101747

Y. Zhang , M. Zhang , L. Zhang , H. Yuan , X. Wang , Y. Rong , Y. Qi , J. Li , Y. Hu , F. Shang , Z. Wang , R. Su , R. Wang

The production and quality improvement of cashmere from Inner Mongolia’s cashmere goats face numerous challenges, including high costs associated with measuring cashmere diameter and the low accuracy of cashmere yield measurements. Genetic improvement of the breed relies on traditional breeding methods, resulting in low selection accuracy and slow genetic progress. The high cost of typing using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip constrains the large-scale application of genomic selection techniques. This study employed seven randomly selected SNP densities-5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 K–and four genomic prediction methods-Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP), Single-step Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (ssGBLUP), BayesA, and BayesB–to evaluate the prediction accuracy of five economically important traits in Inner Mongolia cashmere goats using five-fold cross-validation: cashmere diameter, cashmere yield, cashmere thickness, fleece length, and BW. The optimal “trait-SNP density-prediction method” combination was defined as the pairing that achieves the highest prediction accuracy for each trait, with prediction accuracy being the primary criterion for optimality. Research has found that the relationship between SNP density and prediction accuracy is not a simple linear one. For cashmere diameter and BW, the best prediction accuracy using the BayesB method was achieved at a SNP density of 60 K, with values of 0.7210 and 0.5302, respectively. The accuracy of predicting cashmere yield, fleece length, and cashmere thickness was highest when using the BayesA method at SNP densities of 50, 30, and 10 K, respectively, yielding accuracies of 0.4243, 0.4071, and 0.4661. For each of these traits, the accuracy of GBLUP and ssGBLUP remained relatively stable across increasing SNP densities; however, their predictive performance was significantly lower than that of the Bayesian method. Importantly, low-density chips combined with appropriate Bayesian methods can achieve prediction accuracy comparable to that of high-density chips, offering a cost-effective strategy for genomic selection in cashmere goat breeding programmes. Although Bayesian methods require longer computation time, this is manageable under current sample sizes and does not impede practical implementation.

内蒙古绒山羊羊绒的生产和质量改进面临着许多挑战，包括测量羊绒直径的高成本和羊绒产量测量的低准确性。品种的遗传改良依赖于传统的育种方法，导致选择精度低，遗传进展缓慢。高密度单核苷酸多态性（SNP）芯片分型的高成本限制了基因组选择技术的大规模应用。本研究采用随机选择的5、10、20、30、40、50和60 k的SNP密度，以及基因组最佳线性无偏预测（GBLUP）、单步基因组最佳线性无偏预测（ssGBLUP）、BayesA和bayesb 4种基因组预测方法，对内蒙古绒山羊5个重要经济性状的预测精度进行了5倍交叉验证：羊绒直径、羊绒产量、羊绒厚度、羊毛长度和体重。最优“性状- snp密度-预测方法”组合定义为各性状预测精度最高的配对，预测精度是最优性的首要标准。研究发现，SNP密度与预测精度之间并不是简单的线性关系。在SNP密度为60 K时，BayesB方法预测羊绒直径和体重的精度最高，分别为0.7210和0.5302。在SNP密度分别为50、30和10 K时，BayesA方法预测羊绒产量、羊毛长度和羊绒厚度的准确度最高，分别为0.4243、0.4071和0.4661。对于这些性状，随着SNP密度的增加，GBLUP和ssGBLUP的准确性保持相对稳定；然而，它们的预测性能明显低于贝叶斯方法。重要的是，低密度芯片结合适当的贝叶斯方法可以达到与高密度芯片相当的预测精度，为绒山羊育种计划中的基因组选择提供了一种经济有效的策略。虽然贝叶斯方法需要更长的计算时间，但在当前的样本量下，这是可以管理的，并且不会妨碍实际实现。

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引用次数: 0

Genome-wide association study on carcass traits in an indigenous yellow-feathered meat-type chicken population 地方黄羽肉鸡种群胴体性状的全基因组关联研究

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2025.101751

Z. Pan, H. Geng, D. Li, X. Cheng, Y. Liu

Carcass traits are among the most critical production characteristics in broiler chickens. Therefore, the precise identification of genetic variants and candidate genes affecting these traits is highly valuable for enhancing breeding efficiency and overall productivity in poultry. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to analyse seven carcass traits in 1 498 cocks from a Chinese indigenous yellow-feathered meat chicken population, which had been subjected to three generations of selective breeding for improved BW and feed conversion ratio. The assessing traits included breast muscle weight (BMW), BWs at 42 and 56 days (BW42, BW56), carcass weight (CW), eviscerated weight (EW), eviscerated weight with giblets (EWG), and leg weight (LW). Six significant single−nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites were identified by using the “Jingxin No. 1″ 55 K SNP microarray and bioinformatic analysis. These SNPs were annotated to six candidate genes on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, and Z, including SPHKAP, ALCAM, CMTM7, ADAT2, LIMCH1 and AP3B1, with the variant in the SPHKAP gene harboured a frameshift deletion in the coding region. Our study identified novel variants related to chicken carcass traits, which provide a new insight into the genetic mechanism of chicken carcass traits. These trait-associated genetic variants could facilitate the selection of more efficient broilers.

胴体性状是肉鸡最关键的生产性状之一。因此，精确鉴定影响这些性状的遗传变异和候选基因对提高家禽的育种效率和整体生产力具有重要价值。本研究采用全基因组关联研究（GWAS）对中国黄羽肉鸡1 498只公鸡的7个胴体性状进行了分析，这些公鸡经过3代选择性育种以提高体重和饲料系数。评价指标包括胸肌重（BMW）、42和56日龄体重（BW42、BW56）、胴体重（CW）、全膛重（EW）、全膛重（EWG）和腿重（LW）。利用“京新1号″55k SNP微阵列和生物信息学分析，鉴定出6个显著的单核苷酸多态性位点。这些snp被注释到1、2、3、4、9和Z染色体上的6个候选基因上，包括SPHKAP、ALCAM、CMTM7、ADAT2、LIMCH1和AP3B1， SPHKAP基因的变异在编码区有一个移码缺失。本研究发现了与鸡胴体性状相关的新变异，为研究鸡胴体性状的遗传机制提供了新的思路。这些性状相关的遗传变异有助于选择更高效的肉鸡。

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引用次数: 0

High canola meal in sow diets: effects on reproduction, piglet growth, milk composition, serum metabolites, and nutrient digestibility over two reproductive cycles 母猪日粮中添加高油菜籽粕：对两个繁殖周期内繁殖、仔猪生长、乳成分、血清代谢物和营养物质消化率的影响

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2025.101752

X. Zhang , A. Rogiewicz , E.G. Kiarie , C. Yang , C.M. Nyachoti

Feed costs and global demand for soybean meal are increasing, reducing profitability in pig industry. Canola meal is the second most used protein source in swine diets, but evidence on its long-term effects across successive sow parities is limited. This study investigated the effects of canola meal inclusion as the main protein source in sow diets on sow and litter performance over two reproductive cycles. Sixty-eight sows from two batches were randomly allotted one of two diets on d 80 of pregnancy. The control diet (CON) consisted of corn, barley and soybean meal, and the treatment diet (CSCM) consisted of corn, barley and canola meal, included at 14.50% for gestating and 24.50% for lactating sows. The BW and backfat thickness of sows were measured on d 1, d 35, d 80, and d 111 of pregnancy, and on d 1 and d 21 post-farrowing. On d 1 and d 19 post-farrowing, piglets were weighed and milk and blood samples from sows were collected to determine milk composition and serum metabolites. Fecal samples from sows were collected on d 110 of gestation and d 19 of lactation to determine apparent total digestibility (ATTD) determination. Data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design with repeated measures. Results showed that sow BW and backfat thickness were unaffected by diet. Sows fed the CSCM diet exhibited lower (P < 0.05) BW gain than CON sows during late gestation in the first cycle but not in the second cycle. Litter performance, including weight and size, was unaffected by dietary treatment, though litter weight at birth was higher (P < 0.05) in the second cycle than in the first cycle. The composition of colostrum and milk was generally unaffected by diet or cycle, except for colostrum fat, which showed a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between diet and cycle. Serum metabolites revealed tendencies (P < 0.10) for increased creatinine and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) with the CSCM diet, while reproductive cycle effects were observed for GGT, cholesterol, calcium, protein, and albumin levels. Apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients was not significantly influenced by diet or reproductive cycle, though the CSCM diet tended to reduce (P = 0.06) the ATTD of CP. In conclusion, sow diets containing 14.50% canola meal during gestation and 24.50% during lactation maintained similar sow reproductive and litter performance comparable with soybean meal-based diets across two reproductive cycles.

饲料成本和全球对豆粕的需求正在增加，降低了养猪业的盈利能力。菜籽粕是猪日粮中第二大蛋白质来源，但其对连续母猪胎次的长期影响的证据有限。本试验研究了在母猪日粮中添加油菜籽粕作为主要蛋白质源对两个繁殖周期母猪和产仔生产性能的影响。试验选取两批68头母猪，在妊娠第80天随机分配两种饲粮中的一种。对照饲粮（CON）由玉米、大麦和豆粕组成，处理饲粮（CSCM）由玉米、大麦和菜籽粕组成，其中妊娠母猪占14.50%，泌乳母猪占24.50%。分别于妊娠第1、35、80、111天和分娩后第1、21天测定母猪体重和背膘厚度。在分娩后第1天和第19天对仔猪进行称重，采集母猪的奶和血样本，测定乳汁成分和血清代谢物。分别于妊娠第110天和哺乳第19天采集母猪粪便样品，测定表观总消化率（ATTD）。数据分析采用重复测量的随机完全区组设计。结果表明，母猪体重和背膘厚度不受饲粮影响。饲喂CSCM日粮的母猪(P

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引用次数: 0

Review: A systematic review on the use and effects of postbiotics on the general health, gut health, and performance of sows and piglets 综述：系统综述了后生物制剂的使用及其对母猪和仔猪整体健康、肠道健康和生产性能的影响。

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2025.101749

B. Polimeni, F. Correa, P. Trevisi, D. Luise

Growing concerns over antibiotic resistance have led to restrictions on antimicrobial use in various regions, including the European Union, prompting the search for alternative strategies to promote gut health. Of these, postbiotics have emerged as a promising strategy due to their potential immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and gut barrier-enhancing properties. Despite extensive research regarding human health, the application of postbiotics in swine nutrition remains unexplored, with limited and inconclusive findings. The definition of postbiotics has evolved, leading to inconsistencies in the literature regarding their classification and functional properties. This review aimed to clarify the concept, the definition, and classification, and evaluate the types and effects of postbiotic supplementation on the health and performance of pigs. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus, employing search terms mainly related to “postbiotic preparation” (i.e., cell wall fragments, exopolysaccharides, etc.) and “pig category” (gestating and lactating sows, suckling and post-weaning pigs). The search yielded 2 151 articles (published between 1982 and 2025), and 33 fulfilled the eligibility criteria (studies on swine and studies in which the postbiotic respected the latest definition of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics). The findings indicate that postbiotics derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus species are the most extensively investigated. Based on the explored studies, the mechanisms of action of the various postbiotics appear to be closely linked to their specific bioactive components and, consequently, to the originating microbial strains. Postbiotics derived from both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus demonstrated beneficial effects on gut health pillars in both sows and piglets. Sows’ supplementation enhanced immunoglobulin concentrations in blood (31%) and milk (58%) while reducing oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, 34%). In weaned pigs, postbiotic supplementation reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin 1β and Interleukin 6) along with improvements in gut morphology parameters and α-diversity. These effects collectively contribute to improved overall health and growth performance in the animals. In conclusion, postbiotic supplementation, whether administered to sows or directly to pigs, appears to support and enhance piglet health and growth, even under challenging conditions. The limited characterisation of the postbiotic formulation employed in the studies precluded definitive attribution of the observed mechanisms of action to specific bioactive constituents. Future research should focus on defining the optimal dosage and timing of supplementation to exploit the potential benefits of postbiotics fully.

对抗生素耐药性的担忧日益加剧，导致包括欧盟在内的各个地区限制使用抗菌素，促使人们寻找促进肠道健康的替代策略。其中，由于其潜在的免疫调节、抗炎和肠道屏障增强特性，后生物制剂已成为一种有前途的策略。尽管对人类健康进行了广泛的研究，但后生物制剂在猪营养中的应用仍未得到探索，研究结果有限且不确定。后生物的定义已经演变，导致文献中关于其分类和功能特性的不一致。本文旨在阐明生物后添加物的概念、定义和分类，并评价生物后添加物的种类及其对猪健康和生产性能的影响。使用PubMed、谷歌Scholar、Web of Science和Scopus进行文献检索，检索词主要与“后生物制剂”（即细胞壁片段、胞外多糖等）和“猪类”（妊娠和哺乳母猪、哺乳和断奶后猪）相关。研究人员检索了2151篇文章（发表于1982年至2025年之间），其中33篇符合资格标准（对猪的研究和对益生菌和益生元国际科学协会最新定义的后生物的研究）。研究结果表明，从酿酒酵母和乳杆菌中提取的后生菌是研究最广泛的。根据所探索的研究，各种后生物制剂的作用机制似乎与其特定的生物活性成分密切相关，因此与起源微生物菌株密切相关。从酿酒酵母和乳酸菌中提取的益生菌对母猪和仔猪的肠道健康都有有益的影响。母猪的添加提高了血液（31%）和牛奶（58%）中的免疫球蛋白浓度，同时降低了氧化应激标志物（丙二醛，34%）。在断奶仔猪中，添加益生后可降低促炎细胞因子（肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素6），同时改善肠道形态参数和α-多样性。这些影响共同有助于改善动物的整体健康和生长性能。综上所述，无论是给母猪还是直接给猪补充后生物制剂，似乎都能支持和促进仔猪的健康和生长，即使在具有挑战性的条件下也是如此。研究中使用的生物后制剂的有限特征排除了观察到的作用机制与特定生物活性成分的明确归因。未来的研究应侧重于确定最佳剂量和补充时间，以充分利用后生物制剂的潜在益处。

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引用次数: 0

Arterial blood ionised calcium activity in periparturient Holstein cows fed an alkaline low-energy density or acidifying high-energy density close-up prepartum rations 饲喂碱性低能量密度或酸化高能量密度近距离预备饲料对围产期荷斯坦奶牛动脉血离子钙活性的影响。

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2025.101753

M.B. Samarasinghe , L.E. Hernández-Castellano , N.B. Kristensen , M. Larsen

Periparturient dairy cows often experience metabolic and health challenges due to impaired Ca homeostasis. Therefore, improving Ca metabolism and monitoring functional Ca status are essential during this critical transition phase. The objective was to test the effects of different feeding strategies in the close-up dry period on arterial blood ionised Ca concentration (iCa) of periparturient Holstein cows. A total of 28 Holstein dry cows were fed a common far-off dry cow ration (FAR; grass silage and barley straw-based, dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) of +300 mEq/kg DM) and randomly allocated to four experimental treatments at the beginning of the close-up period (−21 days relative to expected parturition). The treatments were (1) continuation of FAR ration (FAR; n = 7), (2) high-energy acidifying ration with MgCl₂ (MGC-70; maize silage and mechanically expelled rapeseed cake based, DCAD of −70 mEq/kg DM, n = 6), (3) high-energy acidifying ration with MgCl₂ and NH₄Cl (MGC-100; maize silage and mechanically expelled rapeseed cake based, DCAD of −100 mEq/kg DM, n = 7), (4) a 7 days transition diet (grass silage:MGC-70 ratio of 20:80 DM basis, DCAD of 0 mEq/kg DM), followed by 14 days of MGC-100 feeding (OVE; n = 8). During the close-up period, urine samples were collected weekly. Arterial blood samples were collected on −12, +0.5, +1.5, and +2.5 days relative to parturition by puncturing the arteria auricularis caudalis. On −7 day relative to parturition, urine pH in MGC-70, MGC-100 and OVE was lower than in FAR, indicating metabolic acidosis. Furthermore, MGC-100 and OVE had lower blood pH than FAR on −12 day relative to parturition. Although having higher postpartum arterial blood pH, cows fed acidifying close-up diets had a higher postpartum iCa than FAR. Tendency for an increased arterial iCa was detected in MGC-100 already on +0.5 day postpartum and MGC-70 tended to have an increased iCa on +2.5 day relative to parturition. Plasma total Ca concentration (tCa) was greater in cows fed acidifying close-up diets compared with FAR on +2.5 day, but tCa was not affected by treatments on +0.5 day and +1.5 day relative to parturition. Therefore, the present results indicate that the determination of physiologically active Ca status in periparturient dairy cows can differ depending on the chosen biological indicator (iCa vs tCa). Overall, feeding maize silage-based acidifying close-up rations improved iCa status in periparturient cows. Sampling of arterial blood from the arteria auricularis caudalis is a method to be considered in future studies evaluating functional Ca status.

由于钙稳态受损，围产期奶牛经常经历代谢和健康挑战。因此，在这个关键的过渡阶段，改善钙代谢和监测功能钙状态是必不可少的。目的是测试近距离干燥期不同喂养策略对围产期荷斯坦奶牛动脉血离子钙浓度（iCa）的影响。选取28头荷斯坦干奶牛，在泌乳期开始（相对于预产期-21 d），饲喂普通远房干奶牛日粮（FAR；草青贮和大麦秸秆为基础，饲粮正负离子差（DCAD）为+300 mEq/kg DM），随机分为4个试验处理。处理为(1)继续进行FAR日粮（FAR, n = 7），(2)以MgCl2高能酸化日粮（MGC-70，玉米青贮和机械排油菜籽饼为基础，DCAD为-70 mEq/kg DM， n = 6），(3)以MgCl2和NH4Cl高能酸化日粮(MGC-100；(4)饲喂7 d过渡饲粮（草料青贮：MGC-70比例为20:8 DM， DCAD为0 mEq/kg DM），然后饲喂14 d MGC-100 （OVE, n = 8）。在近距离观察期间，每周采集尿样。分别于分娩前-12、+0.5、+1.5、+2.5 d穿刺耳尾动脉采集动脉血。相对于分娩-7天，MGC-70、MGC-100和OVE的尿液pH值低于FAR，提示代谢性酸中毒。此外，MGC-100和OVE在分娩后第12天的血pH值低于FAR。虽然饲喂酸化近距离日粮的奶牛产后动脉血pH值较高，但其产后iCa高于FAR。MGC-100在产后0.5天就有动脉iCa升高的趋势，MGC-70在产后2.5天就有动脉iCa升高的趋势。与FAR相比，饲喂酸化近距离日粮的奶牛在+2.5天血浆总钙浓度（tCa）更高，但与分娩相比，+0.5天和+1.5天的tCa没有受到不同处理的影响。因此，目前的结果表明，围产期奶牛生理活性钙状态的测定可能因所选择的生物指示剂（iCa和tCa）而异。总体而言，饲喂玉米青贮酸化近距离口粮改善了围产期奶牛的iCa状况。从耳尾动脉采血是未来研究中评估功能钙状态的一种方法。

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引用次数: 0

Genetic parameters of lamb leather and wool traits in Lacaune dairy sheep 拉库恩奶羊羔羊皮革和羊毛性状的遗传参数。

IF 4.2 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Animal

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2025.101750

H. Largant , L. Drouilhet , F. Woloszyn , F. Plisson-Petit , S. Lucas , J.-C. Duchêne , D. Allain , H. Larroque

Lacaune lamb skins are well known for their high quality and are widely used in the leather industry and luxury ready-to-wear fashion. However, in France, the quality of this leather has declined over recent decades, primarily due to two major defects: pinhole and straw-like bushiness. The study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of these defects and wool traits, and to assess the genetic correlations between these traits and traits currently under selection in the Lacaune breed. To investigate the genetic determinism of these defects, around 1 400 Lacaune lambs, from 72 rams, were genotyped using the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip and were phenotyped for both leather defects and four wool traits. Environmental factors affecting each studied trait were determined using ANOVA. Then, heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated by fitting an animal linear model using an average information REML algorithm. The pinhole defect showed a high heritability (0.59 ± 0.07) and was highly genetically correlated to the wool predicted core bulk (r_g = 0.54 ± 0.09). The straw-like bushiness defect had a lower heritability (0.26 ± 0.07) and was genetically correlated to the mean fibre diameter (r_g = 0.48 ± 0.14). Importantly, neither of the leather defects was highly genetically correlated with the traits currently included in the breed’s total merit index. Therefore, improving leather quality through genetic selection appears feasible and could be pursued alongside the existing breeding objectives for the Lacaune breed in France, and could also be considered in other countries where the Lacaune genetics are exported.

laacaune羔羊皮以其高品质而闻名，广泛用于皮革工业和奢侈成衣时尚。然而，在法国，近几十年来这种皮革的质量有所下降，主要是由于两个主要缺陷：针孔和稻草状的绒毛。本研究旨在估计这些缺陷和羊毛性状的遗传参数，并评估这些性状与拉贡品种目前正在选择的性状之间的遗传相关性。为了研究这些缺陷的遗传决定论，利用Illumina OvineSNP50珠芯片对72只公羊中的1400只拉卡乌恩羔羊进行了基因分型，并对皮革缺陷和4种羊毛性状进行了表型分析。影响各研究性状的环境因素采用方差分析确定。然后，利用平均信息REML算法拟合动物线性模型，估计遗传力和遗传相关性。针孔缺陷具有较高的遗传力（0.59±0.07），与羊毛预测芯粗（rg = 0.54±0.09）具有较高的遗传相关性。秸秆状浓密缺陷遗传力较低（0.26±0.07），与平均纤维直径遗传相关（rg = 0.48±0.14）。重要的是，这两种皮革缺陷与目前该品种的总优点指数中包含的性状都没有高度的遗传相关性。因此，通过遗传选择提高皮革质量似乎是可行的，可以与法国拉贡品种现有的育种目标一起追求，也可以在拉贡遗传出口的其他国家考虑。

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引用次数: 0