Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.196
S. Molino, Michael A. Sundue, W. Testo
Abstract. Sporangiasters are an uncommon type of paraphyses, occurring in a handful of leptosporangiate fern genera. We report sporangiasters in Parablechnum nesophilum, which is their first recorded occurrence in the Blechnaceae. We provide evidence of their homology to sporangia and discuss their functional significance. The presence of sporangiasters in P. nesophilum is surprising because the species has a well-developed indusium, and paraphyses are generally most common in exindusiate ferns. We surmise that these sporangiasters act as a second stage of protection for the developing sporangia after the indusium retracts. Alternatively, it is possible that sporangiasters may influence the vagility of spores by inhibiting dehiscence and limiting the ability of the annulus to disperse its spores.
{"title":"First Record of Sporangiasters in the Blechnaceae","authors":"S. Molino, Michael A. Sundue, W. Testo","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.196","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Sporangiasters are an uncommon type of paraphyses, occurring in a handful of leptosporangiate fern genera. We report sporangiasters in Parablechnum nesophilum, which is their first recorded occurrence in the Blechnaceae. We provide evidence of their homology to sporangia and discuss their functional significance. The presence of sporangiasters in P. nesophilum is surprising because the species has a well-developed indusium, and paraphyses are generally most common in exindusiate ferns. We surmise that these sporangiasters act as a second stage of protection for the developing sporangia after the indusium retracts. Alternatively, it is possible that sporangiasters may influence the vagility of spores by inhibiting dehiscence and limiting the ability of the annulus to disperse its spores.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41678040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.174
S. L. Cavalheiro-Filho, L. Gestinari, T. Konno, M. P. Santos, E. Calderon, Mariana C. H. Marques, F. M. D. Dos Santos, A. Castilho, R. Martins, F. Esteves, N. V. Campos
Abstract. Isoëtes cangae and Isoëtes serracarajensis (Isoetaceae) are species endemic to Carajás (Pará State, Brazil) that grow on iron-rich substrates of the Amazon basin under a seasonal rainfall regime. In addition to a few distinctive morphological traits, the species differ in terms of habitat and geographical distribution. The influence of the seasonality and habitat characteristics on quillwort morphology is poorly understood. To assess this influence, specimens from one population of I. cangae, and four populations of I. serracarajensis, were sampled in dry and rainy seasons to investigate variation among vegetative and reproductive characters. The megasporangium color, megaspore ornamentation, alae length, velum length and coverage (%), morphometry of sporangial wall cells, and polar/equatorial diameter ratio of megaspores provide consistent characters for species delimitation. The presence of stomata in I. serracarajensis is a new discovery and is related to its amphibious habit. Some characters that have been used in Isoëtes species descriptions, such as the number of leaves, leaf length, sporangium size, number of megaspores, and megaspore diameter were found to be variable. The current findings provide further information on the biology of the species and show the influence of seasonality and habitat characteristics on the morphological diversity of these lycophytes.
{"title":"Morphological Plasticity in the Endemic Isoëtes Species from Serra dos Carajás, Amazonia, Brazil","authors":"S. L. Cavalheiro-Filho, L. Gestinari, T. Konno, M. P. Santos, E. Calderon, Mariana C. H. Marques, F. M. D. Dos Santos, A. Castilho, R. Martins, F. Esteves, N. V. Campos","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.174","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Isoëtes cangae and Isoëtes serracarajensis (Isoetaceae) are species endemic to Carajás (Pará State, Brazil) that grow on iron-rich substrates of the Amazon basin under a seasonal rainfall regime. In addition to a few distinctive morphological traits, the species differ in terms of habitat and geographical distribution. The influence of the seasonality and habitat characteristics on quillwort morphology is poorly understood. To assess this influence, specimens from one population of I. cangae, and four populations of I. serracarajensis, were sampled in dry and rainy seasons to investigate variation among vegetative and reproductive characters. The megasporangium color, megaspore ornamentation, alae length, velum length and coverage (%), morphometry of sporangial wall cells, and polar/equatorial diameter ratio of megaspores provide consistent characters for species delimitation. The presence of stomata in I. serracarajensis is a new discovery and is related to its amphibious habit. Some characters that have been used in Isoëtes species descriptions, such as the number of leaves, leaf length, sporangium size, number of megaspores, and megaspore diameter were found to be variable. The current findings provide further information on the biology of the species and show the influence of seasonality and habitat characteristics on the morphological diversity of these lycophytes.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49641907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.214
Justin R. Fulkerson, Kristen Lease
{"title":"SHORTER NOTE","authors":"Justin R. Fulkerson, Kristen Lease","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.214","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41554974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.159
Bertrand K. Black, J. S. Harrison, P. Labiak, Alan R. Smith, Michael A. Sundue
Abstract. A new species, Lellingeria cantarensis, is described from the cloud forests of Cerro Jefe, an isolated mountain peak in central Panama known for its high levels of endemism and species diversity. It appears most similar to L. kaieteura and L. epiphytica, both of which also have dorsiventral rhizomes, clathrate rhizome scales with ciliate margins and abaxial hairs on the rachis. The new species is distinct from those two species, and from all other congeners, by its small laminae (less than 6 cm long), truncate laminar base, and the abaxial side of rachis is densely pubescent. Lellingeria subimpressa is also similar to L. cantarensis but it differs by having a glabrous rachis. None of the similar species are sympatric with L. cantarensis; they are restricted to Costa Rica, South America, or Caribbean Islands. A phylogenetic analysis using five plastid markers and 94 other grammitid taxa confirms the new species as sister to the Lellingeria suprasculpta clade with strong support. Lellingeria cantarensis is known only from the type and one additional collection from the type locality, and it is one of ten Lellingeria species found in Panama; it is also the only endemic Lellingeria in the country. We also provide a key to the species that occur in Panama and neighboring Costa Rica. With the addition of this new species, the total number of Lellingeria species becomes 51 worldwide.
{"title":"Lellingeria cantarensis (Polypodiaceae): A New Dwarf Species from Cerro Jefe, Panama","authors":"Bertrand K. Black, J. S. Harrison, P. Labiak, Alan R. Smith, Michael A. Sundue","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.159","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A new species, Lellingeria cantarensis, is described from the cloud forests of Cerro Jefe, an isolated mountain peak in central Panama known for its high levels of endemism and species diversity. It appears most similar to L. kaieteura and L. epiphytica, both of which also have dorsiventral rhizomes, clathrate rhizome scales with ciliate margins and abaxial hairs on the rachis. The new species is distinct from those two species, and from all other congeners, by its small laminae (less than 6 cm long), truncate laminar base, and the abaxial side of rachis is densely pubescent. Lellingeria subimpressa is also similar to L. cantarensis but it differs by having a glabrous rachis. None of the similar species are sympatric with L. cantarensis; they are restricted to Costa Rica, South America, or Caribbean Islands. A phylogenetic analysis using five plastid markers and 94 other grammitid taxa confirms the new species as sister to the Lellingeria suprasculpta clade with strong support. Lellingeria cantarensis is known only from the type and one additional collection from the type locality, and it is one of ten Lellingeria species found in Panama; it is also the only endemic Lellingeria in the country. We also provide a key to the species that occur in Panama and neighboring Costa Rica. With the addition of this new species, the total number of Lellingeria species becomes 51 worldwide.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41550277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.217
W. Testo, J. E. Watkins, J. Wiley, Laura Baumann, Eric M. Weaver
Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum (Aspleniaceae) Found in New Mexico, USA.—Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum (Fernald) Kartesz & Gandhi (the American hart’s-tongue fern) is among the most distinctive and rarest members of the North American fern flora. First discovered near Syracuse, New York by Frederick Pursh in 1807, reports of new populations of this taxon have drawn considerable interest, due to its rarity, unusual distribution, and close relation to the well-known European hart’s-tongue fern, A. scolopendrium var. scolopendrium L. Following Pursh’s initial discovery, additional populations were found in Tennessee (Williamson, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 6:347–348. 1879), Ontario (Soper, American Fern Journal 44:129–147. 1954), Alabama (Short, American Fern Journal 69:47–48. 1979), and Michigan (Futuyma, American Fern Journal 70:81–87. 1980). Known localities in the United States, where the species is protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), are mostly restricted to areas with heavy lake-effect snow on limestone escarpments in the Great Lakes region, with small disjunct populations in limestone sinkholes and caves in the southeastern US. Plants from Mexico and Haiti have sometimes been treated as a distinct variety (in the segregate genus Phyllitis as P. scolopendrium var. lindenii (Hook.) Fernald) or even a different species (P. lindenii (Hook.) Maxon) but little evidence apart from geography has been presented to support their distinctiveness from A. scolopendrium var. americanum, and they have been treated as synonyms of the latter in recent treatments (e.g., Mickel and Smith, Pteridophytes of Mexico, 2004). Even under this broader taxonomic concept, the American hart’s-tongue fern is restricted to a few scattered localities, and no significant range extensions have been reported since the discovery of plants in Nuevo León, Mexico, in 1983 (Arreguı́n-Sánchez and Aguirre-Claverán, Phytologia 60:399–403. 1986). In February 2017, two of us (L. Baumann and E. Weaver) found a population of A. scolopendrium growing in a protected microsite within a small lava tube in El Malpais National Monument, near Grants, Cibola County, New Mexico. The site was discovered during regular surveys of cave features associated with the McCartys lava flow, which comprises the youngest portion of the ZuniBandera volcanic field (Dunbar and Phillips, New Mexico Geology 16: 80. 1994). In February 2020, the five authors coordinated a trip to survey the population and search for additional possible localities. A snowstorm delayed the start of the trip and nearly caused its cancellation, but conditions settled and we were able to get in the field by early afternoon. Even in good weather conditions, finding the A. scolopendrium population would be difficult; reaching it involves a 40km drive and hiking nearly 2km across a lava field of
美洲凤头藤变种(凤头藤科)产于美国新墨西哥州。美洲鹿舌蕨(美洲鹿舌蕨)是北美蕨类植物群中最独特和最稀有的成员之一。1807年Frederick Pursh首先在纽约锡拉丘兹附近发现了这个分类群的新种群，由于它的稀有，不寻常的分布，以及与著名的欧洲鹿舌蕨A. scolopendrium var. scolopendrium L.的密切关系，引起了相当大的兴趣。在Pursh最初的发现之后，在田纳西州发现了更多的种群(Williamson, Bulletin of the Torrey植物学俱乐部:347 - 348)。1879)，安大略省(Soper，美国蕨类杂志44:129-147。1954)，阿拉巴马州(短，美国蕨类杂志69:47-48。(Futuyma, American Fern Journal 70:81-87)。1980)。在美国已知的地方，该物种受濒危物种法案(ESA)的保护，主要局限于五大湖地区石灰岩悬崖上有厚厚的湖泊效应积雪的地区，在美国东南部的石灰岩天坑和洞穴中有少量分离的种群。来自墨西哥和海地的植物有时被视为一个独特的品种(在分离属Phyllitis中被称为P. scolopendrium var. lindenii (Hook.))。甚至一个不同的物种(P. lindenii (Hook.))。Maxon)，但除了地理之外，几乎没有证据支持它们与A. scolopendrium变种美洲的独特性，并且在最近的处理中，它们被视为后者的同义词(例如，Mickel和Smith, Pteridophytes of Mexico, 2004)。即使在这个更广泛的分类概念下，美洲的鹿舌蕨也被限制在一些分散的地方，自1983年在墨西哥Nuevo León发现植物以来，没有重大的范围扩展的报道(arreguyi n-Sánchez and Aguirre-Claverán, phytoogia 60:399-403)。1986)。2017年2月，我们中的两个人(L. Baumann和E. Weaver)在新墨西哥州西博拉县格兰特附近的El Malpais国家纪念碑的一个小熔岩管内的一个受保护的微型遗址中发现了一群a . scolopendrium。该遗址是在对与麦卡蒂斯熔岩流相关的洞穴特征进行定期调查时发现的，该熔岩流包括ZuniBandera火山场最年轻的部分(邓巴和菲利普斯，新墨西哥州地质16:80)。1994)。2020年2月，五位作者协调了一次调查人口的旅行，并寻找其他可能的地点。一场暴风雪推迟了这次旅行的开始，几乎导致旅行取消，但情况稳定下来，我们在下午早些时候就能到达现场。即使在良好的天气条件下，也很难找到牛头蒿的种群;要到达这里需要开车40公里，还要徒步近2公里，穿过一片熔岩地带
{"title":"SHORTER NOTE","authors":"W. Testo, J. E. Watkins, J. Wiley, Laura Baumann, Eric M. Weaver","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.3.217","url":null,"abstract":"Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum (Aspleniaceae) Found in New Mexico, USA.—Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum (Fernald) Kartesz & Gandhi (the American hart’s-tongue fern) is among the most distinctive and rarest members of the North American fern flora. First discovered near Syracuse, New York by Frederick Pursh in 1807, reports of new populations of this taxon have drawn considerable interest, due to its rarity, unusual distribution, and close relation to the well-known European hart’s-tongue fern, A. scolopendrium var. scolopendrium L. Following Pursh’s initial discovery, additional populations were found in Tennessee (Williamson, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 6:347–348. 1879), Ontario (Soper, American Fern Journal 44:129–147. 1954), Alabama (Short, American Fern Journal 69:47–48. 1979), and Michigan (Futuyma, American Fern Journal 70:81–87. 1980). Known localities in the United States, where the species is protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), are mostly restricted to areas with heavy lake-effect snow on limestone escarpments in the Great Lakes region, with small disjunct populations in limestone sinkholes and caves in the southeastern US. Plants from Mexico and Haiti have sometimes been treated as a distinct variety (in the segregate genus Phyllitis as P. scolopendrium var. lindenii (Hook.) Fernald) or even a different species (P. lindenii (Hook.) Maxon) but little evidence apart from geography has been presented to support their distinctiveness from A. scolopendrium var. americanum, and they have been treated as synonyms of the latter in recent treatments (e.g., Mickel and Smith, Pteridophytes of Mexico, 2004). Even under this broader taxonomic concept, the American hart’s-tongue fern is restricted to a few scattered localities, and no significant range extensions have been reported since the discovery of plants in Nuevo León, Mexico, in 1983 (Arreguı́n-Sánchez and Aguirre-Claverán, Phytologia 60:399–403. 1986). In February 2017, two of us (L. Baumann and E. Weaver) found a population of A. scolopendrium growing in a protected microsite within a small lava tube in El Malpais National Monument, near Grants, Cibola County, New Mexico. The site was discovered during regular surveys of cave features associated with the McCartys lava flow, which comprises the youngest portion of the ZuniBandera volcanic field (Dunbar and Phillips, New Mexico Geology 16: 80. 1994). In February 2020, the five authors coordinated a trip to survey the population and search for additional possible localities. A snowstorm delayed the start of the trip and nearly caused its cancellation, but conditions settled and we were able to get in the field by early afternoon. Even in good weather conditions, finding the A. scolopendrium population would be difficult; reaching it involves a 40km drive and hiking nearly 2km across a lava field of","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47328504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.150
Daniela Mellado-Mansilla, G. Zotz, H. Kreft, Michael A. Sundue, M. Kessler
{"title":"The Taxonomic Distribution of Chlorophyllous Spores in Ferns: An Update","authors":"Daniela Mellado-Mansilla, G. Zotz, H. Kreft, Michael A. Sundue, M. Kessler","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49218383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.63
H. Maideen, N. Aliah, Nurul Nadhirah
Abstract. A new record of the fern genus Cornopteris Nakai from Peninsular Malaysia is presented. The species, C. opaca (D. Don) Tagawa was encountered during recent fieldwork in Mount Berinchang, Cameron Highlands. Previously, it has only been recorded from Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, East Malaysia. A description, photographs, and a distribution map of known occurences in Malaysia have been provided.
{"title":"A New Record of the Fern Genus Cornopteris (Athyriaceae) From Peninsular Malaysia.","authors":"H. Maideen, N. Aliah, Nurul Nadhirah","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.63","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A new record of the fern genus Cornopteris Nakai from Peninsular Malaysia is presented. The species, C. opaca (D. Don) Tagawa was encountered during recent fieldwork in Mount Berinchang, Cameron Highlands. Previously, it has only been recorded from Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, East Malaysia. A description, photographs, and a distribution map of known occurences in Malaysia have been provided.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48136438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.86
Anchittha Satjarak, M. Piotrowski, L. Graham, Marie T. Trest, L. Wilcox, J. J. Knack, M. Cook, P. Arancibia-Avila
Abstract. Understanding features that fostered the persistence of Equisetum–Earth's oldest extant vascular plant genus–since Mesozoic times and through episodes of significant global environmental change, is of current interest in view of modern challenges to plant survival. In addition to known structural and physiological adaptations, we hypothesized that microscopy and shotgun metagenomic sequencing might reveal eukaryotic microorganisms such as fungi that may aid Equisetum survival. Here, we report evidence for several lineages of eukaryotic microbes associated with giant Equisetum xylochaetum, which dominates vegetation in saline streambeds of remote valleys in the hyper-arid Atacama Desert, Chile. Plant material was collected and field-preserved at two comparatively low-disturbance sites; DNA extracted in Chile using low-shear methods was later sequenced, 18S and 28S rDNA taxonomic marker sequences were selected for SILVAngs classification, allowing comparisons to eukaryotic microorganisms previously inferred for earlier-diverging plant lineages. SEM, fluorescence microscopy, and/or LM of toluidine blue-stained sections of roots indicated protists, epiphytic and endophytic fungi, and cortical nematodes. Eukaryotic genera inferred from 18S rDNA at >100X mean sequencing depth included the ciliate Engelmanniella, hyphal chytrid Monoblepharella, predatory ascomycete Cephaliophora, a salpingoecid choanoflagellate, and an annelid worm. 23S rDNA sequences indicated ascomycete Capnodiales fungi at one site and four types of Pezizomycotina fungi at the other. No evidence for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was found, but we hypothesized that Equisetum may benefit from other types of fungal associations, some possibly inherited from ancestral plant lineages.
{"title":"Microscopic and Metagenomic Evidence for Eukaryotic Microorganisms Associated with Atacama Desert Populations of Giant Equisetum","authors":"Anchittha Satjarak, M. Piotrowski, L. Graham, Marie T. Trest, L. Wilcox, J. J. Knack, M. Cook, P. Arancibia-Avila","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.86","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Understanding features that fostered the persistence of Equisetum–Earth's oldest extant vascular plant genus–since Mesozoic times and through episodes of significant global environmental change, is of current interest in view of modern challenges to plant survival. In addition to known structural and physiological adaptations, we hypothesized that microscopy and shotgun metagenomic sequencing might reveal eukaryotic microorganisms such as fungi that may aid Equisetum survival. Here, we report evidence for several lineages of eukaryotic microbes associated with giant Equisetum xylochaetum, which dominates vegetation in saline streambeds of remote valleys in the hyper-arid Atacama Desert, Chile. Plant material was collected and field-preserved at two comparatively low-disturbance sites; DNA extracted in Chile using low-shear methods was later sequenced, 18S and 28S rDNA taxonomic marker sequences were selected for SILVAngs classification, allowing comparisons to eukaryotic microorganisms previously inferred for earlier-diverging plant lineages. SEM, fluorescence microscopy, and/or LM of toluidine blue-stained sections of roots indicated protists, epiphytic and endophytic fungi, and cortical nematodes. Eukaryotic genera inferred from 18S rDNA at >100X mean sequencing depth included the ciliate Engelmanniella, hyphal chytrid Monoblepharella, predatory ascomycete Cephaliophora, a salpingoecid choanoflagellate, and an annelid worm. 23S rDNA sequences indicated ascomycete Capnodiales fungi at one site and four types of Pezizomycotina fungi at the other. No evidence for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was found, but we hypothesized that Equisetum may benefit from other types of fungal associations, some possibly inherited from ancestral plant lineages.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48839553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.68
D. Sanín, Julián Mostacero, Alan R. Smith
Abstract. We describe Serpocaulon psychotrium, a new species from northern South America, and provide for it a discussion of similar species, line drawings, field photographs, and a distribution map. It is often confused with, and probably related to, the species commonly called S. caceresii, also widespread in South America. We reinterpret S. caceresii as a heterotypic synonym of S. articulatum, an older name, and review the nomenclature of that species. Also, we provide a list of representative specimens for both species and a key to all pinnate species of Serpocaulon.
{"title":"A New Serpocaulon (Polypodiaceae) from Northern South America and a Reinterpretation of S. caceresii","authors":"D. Sanín, Julián Mostacero, Alan R. Smith","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.68","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We describe Serpocaulon psychotrium, a new species from northern South America, and provide for it a discussion of similar species, line drawings, field photographs, and a distribution map. It is often confused with, and probably related to, the species commonly called S. caceresii, also widespread in South America. We reinterpret S. caceresii as a heterotypic synonym of S. articulatum, an older name, and review the nomenclature of that species. Also, we provide a list of representative specimens for both species and a key to all pinnate species of Serpocaulon.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42557604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.129
E. Williams
Abstract. The population genetics of ferns, which results from initiation of individuals in a new location (often via long-distance dispersal) plus a wide range of mating systems, merit continued study. In the case of species in the subfamily Botrychioideae (specifically the genera Botrychium and Botrypus), previous work using allozyme and isozyme techniques revealed low genetic diversity and weak population genetic structure. This lack of genetic differentiation between populations is in spite of underground fertilization in the genus resulting in high levels of inbreeding and primarily fixed heterozygosity in tetraploids. In the present study, Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to examine population genetics and structure of three species in the genus Botrychium and one species in the genus Botrypus. Measures of population genetic diversity were generally low, with the highest measures in the relatively common Botrypus virginianus. Across all species, measures of population differentiation were low and most genetic variation was contained within populations. Bayesian analysis of population structure using the program STRUCTURE corroborated these findings, with inferred genetic clusters that generally did not correspond to geographic collecting locations. These results agree with previous studies, with low genetic diversity within and among populations likely due to self-fertilization that limits outcrossing and long-distance spore dispersal that results in genetically similar populations.
{"title":"Population Genetics of Species in the Genera Botrychium and Botrypus (Ophioglossaceae)","authors":"E. Williams","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.129","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The population genetics of ferns, which results from initiation of individuals in a new location (often via long-distance dispersal) plus a wide range of mating systems, merit continued study. In the case of species in the subfamily Botrychioideae (specifically the genera Botrychium and Botrypus), previous work using allozyme and isozyme techniques revealed low genetic diversity and weak population genetic structure. This lack of genetic differentiation between populations is in spite of underground fertilization in the genus resulting in high levels of inbreeding and primarily fixed heterozygosity in tetraploids. In the present study, Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to examine population genetics and structure of three species in the genus Botrychium and one species in the genus Botrypus. Measures of population genetic diversity were generally low, with the highest measures in the relatively common Botrypus virginianus. Across all species, measures of population differentiation were low and most genetic variation was contained within populations. Bayesian analysis of population structure using the program STRUCTURE corroborated these findings, with inferred genetic clusters that generally did not correspond to geographic collecting locations. These results agree with previous studies, with low genetic diversity within and among populations likely due to self-fertilization that limits outcrossing and long-distance spore dispersal that results in genetically similar populations.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49486303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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