Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献

英文中文

Independent and asymmetric coupling structure for integrated dual-band bandpass filter with microwave microfluidic milk sensor 微波微流控牛奶传感器集成双带带通滤波器的独立非对称耦合结构

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156186

Teguh Firmansyah , Supriyanto Praptodiyono , Imamul Muttakin , Irma Saraswati , Adi Nugraha , Syah Alam , Habib Nurseha Anggradinata , Ken Paramayudha , Yuyu Wahyu , Teguh Handoyo , Aloysius Adya Pramudita , Gunawan Wibisono , Mudrik Alaydrus , Muhammad Iqbal , Nugraha

This study proposes an independent and asymmetric coupling structure for an integrated dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) with microwave microfluidic sensor. The proposed device features a three-port configuration where the dual-band BPF structure employs a coupled stepped impedance resonator (SIR), while the MS utilizes an interdigital capacitor (IDC) bridge structure located at the center of the ring resonator. The proposed structure was fabricated on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with εr = 2.2 and tan δ = 0.0009. Liquid samples, including a milk-water mixture and a milk-glucose mixture, were used for testing, each with a volume of 21.2 μL. Results demonstrate that the device provides dual-band BPF functionality with center frequencies of 2.16 GHz and 2.54 GHz, insertion losses (|S₂₁|) of −1.30 dB and − 1.20 dB, and fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 2.13 % and 3.34 %, respectively. For the MS application, the device achieved a frequency shift (Δf) of 32.0 MHz and a normalized sensitivity (NS) of 0.064 % for the milk-water mixture. Additionally, for the milk-glucose mixture, the MS exhibited sensitivities of 3.75 × 10⁻³ dB/(mg/dL) and 5.00 kHz/(mg/dL) based on the magnitude and peak location of the transmission coefficient, respectively. The device also exhibited an isolation value (|S₃₂|) of less than −25 dB, indicating minimal interference between the dual-band BPF and the MS. This high isolation enables both components to operate independently. Finally, the proposed device structure holds potential for future applications such as supporting food safety while also offering radio frequency filtering functionalities.

提出了一种独立的非对称耦合结构，用于微波微流控传感器集成双带带通滤波器。所提出的器件具有三端口配置，其中双频BPF结构采用耦合阶跃阻抗谐振器（SIR），而MS采用位于环形谐振器中心的数字间电容（IDC）桥结构。该结构在Rogers RT/Duroid 5880衬底上制备，εr = 2.2, tan δ = 0.0009。液体样品为牛奶-水混合物和牛奶-葡萄糖混合物，体积均为21.2 μL。结果表明，该器件提供双频BPF功能，中心频率为2.16 GHz和2.54 GHz，插入损耗（|和21|）分别为- 1.30 dB和- 1.20 dB，分数带宽（FBWs）分别为2.13%和3.34%。对于质谱应用，该装置实现了32.0 MHz的频移（Δf）和0.064%的归一化灵敏度（NS）的牛奶水混合物。此外，对于牛奶-葡萄糖混合物，基于透射系数的大小和峰位置，质谱的灵敏度分别为3.75 × 10−3 dB/(mg/dL)和5.00 kHz/(mg/dL)。该器件还显示出小于- 25 dB的隔离值（|S₃₂|），表明双频BPF和ms之间的干扰最小。这种高隔离使两个组件能够独立工作。最后，所提出的设备结构具有未来应用的潜力，例如支持食品安全，同时还提供射频过滤功能。

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引用次数: 0

A differentially fed dual-band dual-polarized filtering antenna with high selectivity 一种高选择性差分馈电双带双极化滤波天线

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156169

Yi Cao , Zhipeng Xia , Jianpeng Wang , Lei Ge

In this paper, a differentially fed dual-band dual-polarized filtering antenna with high selectivity is proposed for application in n78 and n79 band of fifth-generation (5G) communication. Based on two stacking circular patches working in TM₁₁ mode, two radiating frequency with dual polarization is initially indicated respectively at 3.5 GHz and 4.8 GHz. Subsequently, slots, T-branches, parasitic patches, and shorting posts are introduced to expand the bandwidth of lower-band and upper-band. Meanwhile the combination of slots, parasitic patches and shorting posts successfully introduced four radiation zeros which highly improved the selectivity. Measured results show that the proposed antenna exhibits a low profile of 0.04λ₀ and provides impedance bandwidths of 4 % (3.45–3.59GHz) and 6.7 % (4.59–4.91 GHz) along with maximum gains of 5.8 dBi and 8.6 dBi respectively at two working band. As expected, four radiation zeros are observed on realized gain which indicates a good selectivity.

本文提出了一种适用于5G通信n78和n79频段的差分馈电双频双极化高选择性滤波天线。基于TM11模式下的两个叠加圆形贴片，初步确定了两个双极化辐射频率，分别为3.5 GHz和4.8 GHz。随后，通过插槽、t型支路、寄生补丁、短柱等方式扩展上下行带宽。同时，槽、寄生片和短柱的组合成功地引入了4个辐射零点，大大提高了选择性。测量结果表明，该天线具有0.04λ0的低轮廓，在两个工作频段提供4% （3.45 ~ 3.59GHz）和6.7% （4.59 ~ 4.91 GHz）的阻抗带宽，最大增益分别为5.8 dBi和8.6 dBi。正如预期的那样，在实现增益上观察到四个辐射零，这表明有很好的选择性。

引用次数: 0

Neural network-assisted quad-port UWB MIMO antenna with enhanced isolation for WLAN and Sub-6 GHz wireless applications 神经网络辅助的四端口UWB MIMO天线，具有增强的WLAN和Sub-6 GHz无线应用隔离

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156184

Killol Pandya , Tigmanshu Patel , Aneri Pandya , Trushit Upadhyaya , Upesh Patel , Om Prakash Kumar

The presented paper focuses on Neural Network (NN) based quad-port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna development and analysis for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN, sub-6 GHz, and C-band communications. The engineered design exhibits the reflection coefficient values below-10 dB from 2.20 GHz to 11.70 GHz frequencies. The limited ground is proposed to attain the UWB response. The radiators are located orthogonally to each other at a minimum distance of half of the wavelength to minimize the mutual coupling effect. The flame-retardant material has been utilized to act as a substrate material with a dielectric constant is 4.3. The isolation geometry was developed and integrated with the ground structure to further improve the isolation. The conventional response has been generated using HFSS software. The proposed structure exhibits a gain of about 2 dBi, and efficiency is about 85 % to 90 %. The neural network has been trained, and the sets of data are given as input parameters to the NN. The NN predicted response was in line with the software-generated response. The values of diversity parameters, such as Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) is 0.001 bits/s/Hz, Envelop Correlation Coefficient(ECC) is 0.001 abs, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) is between −4 dB to −6 dB, and Diversity Gain (DG) is around 10 dB, were received. This work supports SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) by advancing AI-assisted wireless communication design and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) through improved reliability of WLAN and Sub-6 GHz systems.

本文重点研究了基于神经网络（NN）的四端口多输入多输出（MIMO）天线的开发和分析，用于2.4/5 GHz WLAN、sub-6 GHz和c波段通信。工程设计在2.20 GHz至11.70 GHz频率范围内的反射系数值低于10 dB。提出了实现超宽带响应的有限接地。所述辐射体以波长一半的最小距离彼此正交放置，以尽量减少相互耦合效应。该阻燃材料被用作介电常数为4.3的衬底材料。开发了隔震几何结构，并与地面结构相结合，进一步提高隔震性能。常规响应是使用HFSS软件生成的。该结构的增益约为2 dBi，效率约为85% ~ 90%。对神经网络进行训练，并将数据集作为神经网络的输入参数。神经网络预测的响应与软件生成的响应一致。接收到信道容量损耗（CCL）为0.001 bits/s/Hz，包络相关系数（ECC）为0.001 abs，平均有效增益（MEG）为−4 ~−6 dB，分集增益（DG）约为10 dB等分集参数值。这项工作通过推进人工智能辅助无线通信设计来支持可持续发展目标9（工业、创新和基础设施），并通过提高WLAN和Sub-6 GHz系统的可靠性来支持可持续发展目标11（可持续城市和社区）。

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引用次数: 0

Increasing transfer gap while maximizing load power by selecting topologies in wireless power transfer system 无线电力传输系统中拓扑结构的选择在增加传输间隙的同时使负载功率最大化

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156185

Lunde Ardhenta , Ichijo Hodaka , Takuya Hirata

The coupling coefficient as well as the operating frequency increases or decreases the load power in a wireless power transfer system. The parameter space of coupling coefficient and operating frequency is divided into over-, critically-, and under-coupled regions. The load power at over- and under- coupled regions drops from the critically-coupled region where the power is ideally maximized. This situation for series–series topology has been clarified in the conventional studies. In this paper, the critically-coupled region or critical coupling coefficient for series-parallel and parallel-series topologies is revealed in a mathematically form. The results of this paper suggest a selection of topology to improve load power over longer distance in wireless power transfer.

在无线电力传输系统中，耦合系数和工作频率会增加或减少负载功率。耦合系数和工作频率的参数空间分为过耦合区、临界耦合区和欠耦合区。在过耦合和欠耦合区域的负载功率从理想的功率最大化的临界耦合区域下降。对于串联-串联拓扑的这种情况，传统的研究已经有所阐明。本文用数学形式揭示了串-并联和并联-串联拓扑的临界耦合区域或临界耦合系数。本文的研究结果建议在无线电力传输中选择一种拓扑结构来提高远距离负载功率。

引用次数: 0

FPGA-based transceiver implementation with circular polarization excitation for microwave transmission measurement while drilling 基于fpga的圆偏振激励微波随钻传输测量收发器实现

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156173

Jing Chen , Liexin Peng , Wenjun Shan , Liang Lang

Microwave transmission measurement while drilling (MMWD) utilizes the drill-pipe as a circular waveguide, offering high transmission rates and robust real-time performance for air-drilling applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of a high-efficiency MMWD system that addresses critical challenges including polarization mismatch, severe signal attenuation, and low level of system integration. The system operates in the dominant TE₁₁ mode at 3.2 GHz, ensuring low-loss single-mode transmission. To enhance robustness in non-ideal drill pipes, a novel excitation scheme combining a waveguide circular polarizer with a microstrip Yagi antenna is proposed to generate circularly polarized waves. This design reduces polarization mismatch loss to below 1.8 dB while occupying only 10.4 % of the pipe's internal cross-section area. Furthermore, a spread-spectrum physical-layer transceiver implemented on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA enables reliable data communication with improved noise resilience. Experimental results demonstrate reliable communication at 230 kbps with bit-error rate below 10⁻⁵ under total 67 dB attenuation. Together with the modeled drill-pipe attenuation, the experimental results establish a solid theoretical and experimental foundation for long-distance real-time transmission in drilling environments.

随钻微波传输测量（MMWD）利用钻杆作为圆形波导，为空气钻井应用提供高传输速率和强大的实时性能。本文介绍了一种高效MMWD系统的设计和实现，该系统解决了极化失配、严重信号衰减和低水平系统集成等关键挑战。系统工作在3.2 GHz的主导TE11模式下，确保低损耗单模传输。为了提高在非理想钻杆中的鲁棒性，提出了一种波导圆极化器与微带八木天线相结合的圆极化波激励方案。该设计将极化失配损耗降低到1.8 dB以下，同时仅占管道内部横截面面积的10.4%。此外，在Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA上实现的扩频物理层收发器实现了可靠的数据通信，并提高了噪声恢复能力。实验结果表明，在总衰减为67 dB的情况下，通信速率为230 kbps，误码率低于10−5。实验结果与模拟的钻杆衰减相结合，为钻井环境下长距离实时传输奠定了坚实的理论和实验基础。

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引用次数: 0

DFnT based Orthogonal Time Chirp Space modulation over time-varying channels 时变信道上基于DFnT的正交时间啁啾空间调制

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156170

Heng Xiong, Jiaojiao Liu, Nan Sun, Biyun Ma

This paper proposes an Orthogonal Time Chirp Space (OTCS) system based on discrete Fresnel transform (DFnT). The novelty lies in modulating data symbols in the delay-Fresnel Doppler plane onto the two-dimensional (2D) complex chirped carriers, thereby utilizing the interference resistance of the chirp waves to improve system performance. Since a combination of inverse DFnT and discrete Fourier transform is adopted, the DFnT-OTCS system incurs minimal additional complexity compared to Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS). In addition, their equivalent channel matrices are proved the same sparsity. Simulation results over time-varying channels demonstrate under high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, DFnT-OTCS outperforms OTFS and discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFrFT)-OTCS in terms of bit error rate (BER), especially in high speed applications.

提出了一种基于离散菲涅耳变换（DFnT）的正交时间啁啾空间（OTCS）系统。新颖之处在于将延迟菲涅耳多普勒平面中的数据符号调制到二维（2D）复杂啁啾载波上，从而利用啁啾波的抗干扰性来提高系统性能。由于采用了DFnT逆变换和离散傅里叶变换的组合，与正交时频空间（OTFS）相比，DFnT- otcs系统的额外复杂性最小。此外，还证明了它们的等价信道矩阵具有相同的稀疏性。时变信道的仿真结果表明，在高信噪比（SNR）条件下，dfint -OTCS在误码率（BER）方面优于OTFS和离散分数阶傅立叶变换(DFrFT)-OTCS，特别是在高速应用中。

引用次数: 0

A periodically loaded line phase shifter based on spoof plasmon polariton concept 基于欺骗等离子激元极化子概念的周期性加载线移相器

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156177

Jie Ma , Zhi Yu Bi , Zhan Yi Fu , Han Zhang , Li Wei Yan , Xiao Jian Fu , Jun Wei Wu , Fei Yang

This paper presents a loaded-line phase shifter with wide phase-shifting range based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SSPPs) with interdigital capacitors and p-i-n diodes. The operating principle of digital phase shifting is first investigated, followed by an analysis of the dispersion characteristics. Through tailored dispersion engineering, a phase shifter based on the proposed unit cells is then designed, with simulated transmission characteristics validating the dispersion analysis. Experimental measurements confirm the design’s clear superiority over conventional loaded-line phase shifters. The fabricated prototype exhibits a stable phase shift step from 4.5 GHz to 5.2 GHz, a phase shift range of 0°to 280°, and an insertion loss below 3 dB.

本文提出了一种基于欺骗表面等离子激元极化（SSPPs）的宽移相范围的负载线移相器，该移相器带有数字间电容和p-i-n二极管。首先研究了数字移相的工作原理，然后分析了色散特性。通过量身定制的色散工程，基于所提出的单元电池设计了移相器，并通过模拟传输特性验证了色散分析。实验测量证实了该设计明显优于传统的负载线移相器。在4.5 GHz到5.2 GHz范围内具有稳定的相移阶跃，相移范围为0°到280°，插入损耗低于3db。

引用次数: 0

A high-frequency memristor emulator: A novel design based on current mode analog building blocks 高频忆阻模拟器：一种基于电流模式模拟模块的新设计

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156176

Gouranga Mandal , Mourina Ghosh , Shekhar Suman Borah , Pulak Mondal , Santosh Kumar

This research article proposes a current-mode circuit-based memristor emulator. The proposed emulator distinguishes itself from others in the literature through its simplicity and high-frequency responsiveness (100 MHz). It supports both increasing and decreasing modes of operation. A Comprehensive analysis of non-ideal behavior, including parasitic effects, temperature, and process corner variations, ensures the robustness of the proposed emulator. The suggested emulator is used to design a relaxation oscillator for biomedical applications and adaptive neural network for neuromorphic application. The proposed memristor emulator’s design and verification are performed using a 180 nm CMOS technology. The proposed design has also been verified using ICs CA3080 and AD844.

本文提出了一种基于电流模式电路的忆阻器仿真器。该仿真器通过其简单性和高频响应性（100 MHz）与文献中的其他仿真器区别开来。它支持增加和减少操作模式。非理想行为的综合分析，包括寄生效应，温度和过程转角变化，确保了所提出的模拟器的鲁棒性。该仿真器用于生物医学应用的松弛振荡器和神经形态应用的自适应神经网络的设计。采用180nm CMOS技术对所提出的忆阻器仿真器进行了设计和验证。该设计还通过集成电路CA3080和AD844进行了验证。

引用次数: 0

Design and application of differentiated compensation metamaterials for wireless power transfer system 无线电力传输系统差动补偿超材料的设计与应用

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156183

Xingming Fan, Yihao Chen, Xin Zhang

This study addresses the low efficiency and instability of magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer (MCR-WPT) systems caused by inter-coil coupling variations at low frequencies. We propose an approach using differentially compensated low-frequency electromagnetic metamaterials. Unlike conventional research that ignores the coupling effects between metamaterial elements, this paper first establishes an equivalent circuit model that incorporates the mutual inductance coupling between adjacent elements, revealing the underlying mechanism by which inter-element coupling causes the overall resonant frequency shift of the array. Furthermore, a differentiated compensation capacitor design strategy is proposed. By assigning different lumped capacitors to elements at different positions in the array, this effectively compensates for the variations in equivalent inductance caused by these coupling differences, thereby stabilizing the array resonant frequency at the target frequency of 85 kHz. Finite element simulations demonstrate that the composite metamaterial array achieves a relative permeability near −1 at the target frequency and significantly optimizes the system's magnetic field distribution. Experimental results demonstrate that, over a transmission distance of 5 to 25 cm, the introduction of this composite metamaterial improves the system's transmission efficiency from 19.8%–49.3% to 40.1%–73.9%. Moreover, even under lateral displacement of the receiving coil, the system retains high efficiency, highlighting its improved robustness against misalignment.

针对磁耦合谐振无线电力传输（MCR-WPT）系统低频时线圈间耦合变化导致的低效率和不稳定性问题进行了研究。我们提出了一种使用差分补偿低频电磁超材料的方法。与传统研究忽略了超材料元件之间的耦合效应不同，本文首先建立了包含相邻元件之间互感耦合的等效电路模型，揭示了元件间耦合导致阵列整体谐振频移的潜在机制。在此基础上，提出了差别化补偿电容器的设计策略。通过对阵列中不同位置的元件分配不同的集总电容器，有效地补偿了这些耦合差异引起的等效电感的变化，从而将阵列谐振频率稳定在85 kHz的目标频率。有限元仿真结果表明，复合超材料阵列在目标频率处的相对磁导率接近- 1，显著优化了系统的磁场分布。实验结果表明，在5 ~ 25 cm的传输距离内，该复合材料的引入将系统的传输效率从19.8% ~ 49.3%提高到40.1% ~ 73.9%。此外，即使在接收线圈横向位移的情况下，系统仍保持高效率，突出了其对不对准的鲁棒性。

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引用次数: 0

Improving an Indoor RIS Surface Location via the Motley-Keenan Model and a Two-Stage Grid Search Algorithm 基于Motley-Keenan模型和两阶段网格搜索算法的室内RIS表面定位改进

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156194

Basma Nazar, Sarab Kamal Mahmood, Noor Aldeen Hamza

Employing a Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) in indoor environments is a promising technology for enhancing the quality of communication among multiple Internet of Things (IoT) devices, particularly when barriers within structures obstruct direct pathways between network components and the receiving end. Selecting the optimal placement for installing the RIS within a building profoundly influences transmission quality and network coverage, particularly when devices are situated at considerable distances or have to pass several obstacles before their signal reaches the receiver. In this paper, we propose three distinct approaches to determining the optimal site for the RIS, which will be installed on the ceiling of the building. This ensures comprehensive coverage for all network components transmitting data to the Base Station (BS) in uplink mode via Wi-Fi. All three methods depend on calculating the

5^{th}

percentile of the lowest Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) values for IoT devices by utilizing the Hyndman-Fan Type 7 approach and the balance paths losses for the second and third methods to find the optimal site for the RIS surface. Additionally, our research's propagation model utilizes the Motley-Keenan model to determine route losses. Also, the RIS's losses, encompassing phase quantization and orientation losses, are considered in its total gain. A two-stage search methodology, including a coarse search succeeded by a fine search, was employed to ascertain the optimal location for the RIS. Furthermore, in this research, we employed two geometric representations of the indoor environment: the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) representations, in addition to two different modulation schemes (QPSK and 16QAM) for each method.The present research also presumes perfect large-scale channel state information (CSI) for the IoT-RIS and RIS-BS connections, as well as a static indoor layout with fixed locations of IoT devices and obstructions. Finally, the maximum (SNR) of 5 % was recorded at the designated locations, coverage was assessed during the fine search phase, and the performance measurements at the designated sites and the final RIS location for each approach across many parameters are presented in tables and figures in addition to calculate the complexity of this proposed methods.

在室内环境中采用可重构智能表面（RIS）是一种很有前途的技术，可以提高多个物联网（IoT）设备之间的通信质量，特别是当结构内的障碍阻碍了网络组件和接收端之间的直接路径时。在建筑物内选择安装RIS的最佳位置会对传输质量和网络覆盖产生深远的影响，特别是当设备位于相当远的距离或在信号到达接收器之前必须通过几个障碍物时。在本文中，我们提出了三种不同的方法来确定RIS的最佳位置，RIS将安装在建筑物的天花板上。这确保了通过Wi-Fi以上行模式向基站（BS）传输数据的所有网络组件的全面覆盖。所有三种方法都依赖于利用Hyndman-Fan Type 7方法计算物联网设备最低信噪比（SNR）值的第5个百分位数，以及第二和第三种方法的平衡路径损失，以找到RIS表面的最佳位置。此外，我们研究的传播模型利用莫特利-基南模型来确定路由损失。此外，RIS的损耗，包括相位量化和定向损耗，在其总增益中被考虑。采用两阶段搜索方法，包括粗搜索和细搜索，确定RIS的最佳位置。此外，在本研究中，我们采用了室内环境的两种几何表示：二维（2D）和三维（3D）表示，以及两种不同的调制方案（QPSK和16QAM）。本研究还假设了物联网- ris和RIS-BS连接的完美大规模信道状态信息（CSI），以及物联网设备和障碍物固定位置的静态室内布局。最后，在指定地点记录了5%的最大信噪比，在精细搜索阶段评估了覆盖范围，并在表格和图表中给出了指定地点的性能测量结果和每种方法在许多参数下的最终RIS位置，此外还计算了所提出方法的复杂性。

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