S. Maranna, Giriraj Kumawat, V. Nataraj, B. Gill, Raghavendra Nargund, Avani Sharma, L. S. Rajput, M. Ratnaparkhe, Sanjay Gupta
ABSTRACT Context. Breeding for early maturity and higher yield is the principal objective in genetic improvement of Indian soybean. Yellow Mosaic Disease caused by Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) causes 80% yield loss in soybean. Aims. This study aimed to develop early maturing, MYMIV resistant and high yielding soybean genotypes for enhancing soybean production and expanding the land area under cropping. Methods. MYMIV resistance was introgressed from G. soja in to a widely adaptable cultivar JS 335 through a series of four generations of backcrosses and by evaluating derived progeny against MYMIV at a disease hot spot. Key results. An extra-early maturing (71 days) genetic stock called NRC 252 was developed, which can be a potential gene donor in breeding for early maturing soybean varieties. Introgression lines YMV 1, YMV 2, YMV 11 and YMV 16 with MYMIV resistance and higher yield performance over recurrent parent and other check varieties were identified and characterised. Biplot analysis, assessing the main effect of genotype and the interaction of genotype with environment, revealed an ideal genotype with respect to 100-seed weight and grain yield that was also promising under sugarcane-soybean intercropping system in spring season. Conclusions. Alleles from wild type soybean could improve yield attributing traits and MYMIV resistance in cultivated soybean. Improved genotypes such as YMV 1, YMV 2, YMV 11 and YMV 16 were found superior to the recurrent parent JS 335 as well as other check varieties. Implications. The genotypes developed in the present study will help in reducing the damage caused by MYMIV disease and expansion of the area of soybean cultivation through intercropping with sugarcane.
{"title":"Development of improved genotypes for extra early maturity, higher yield and Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) resistance in soybean (Glycine max)","authors":"S. Maranna, Giriraj Kumawat, V. Nataraj, B. Gill, Raghavendra Nargund, Avani Sharma, L. S. Rajput, M. Ratnaparkhe, Sanjay Gupta","doi":"10.1071/cp22339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp22339","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Breeding for early maturity and higher yield is the principal objective in genetic improvement of Indian soybean. Yellow Mosaic Disease caused by Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) causes 80% yield loss in soybean. Aims. This study aimed to develop early maturing, MYMIV resistant and high yielding soybean genotypes for enhancing soybean production and expanding the land area under cropping. Methods. MYMIV resistance was introgressed from G. soja in to a widely adaptable cultivar JS 335 through a series of four generations of backcrosses and by evaluating derived progeny against MYMIV at a disease hot spot. Key results. An extra-early maturing (71 days) genetic stock called NRC 252 was developed, which can be a potential gene donor in breeding for early maturing soybean varieties. Introgression lines YMV 1, YMV 2, YMV 11 and YMV 16 with MYMIV resistance and higher yield performance over recurrent parent and other check varieties were identified and characterised. Biplot analysis, assessing the main effect of genotype and the interaction of genotype with environment, revealed an ideal genotype with respect to 100-seed weight and grain yield that was also promising under sugarcane-soybean intercropping system in spring season. Conclusions. Alleles from wild type soybean could improve yield attributing traits and MYMIV resistance in cultivated soybean. Improved genotypes such as YMV 1, YMV 2, YMV 11 and YMV 16 were found superior to the recurrent parent JS 335 as well as other check varieties. Implications. The genotypes developed in the present study will help in reducing the damage caused by MYMIV disease and expansion of the area of soybean cultivation through intercropping with sugarcane.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1165 - 1179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58705819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Context. Knowledge gaps exist for the interference of Avena ludoviciana and Argemone mexicana in chickpea grown in eastern Australia. Aims. This research aimed to examine the effect of different interference levels of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana for their potential to cause yield loss in chickpea. Methods. Experiments were conducted in a randomised complete block design with five weed infestation levels of both weeds (none, low, medium, high, and very high) in three replications. Key results. Infestations of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana at 15 and 17 plants m−2 caused an 83 and 48% reduction in chickpea yield, respectively, compared with weed-free situations. Based on the regression model, a 50% yield reduction of chickpea occurred at 10 and 17 plants m−2 of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana, respectively. Based on the modified hyperbolic model, maximum seed production of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana in chickpea at an infestation level of 1 plant m−2 was estimated at 366 and 7800 seeds m−2, respectively. At crop harvest, seed retention of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana was greater than 50 and 90%, respectively. Conclusions. A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana infestation in chickpea caused a substantial reduction in crop yield. High seed retention in A. mexicana and A. ludoviciana in chickpea suggests the possibility to manage these two weeds through harvest weed seed control. Implications. The information generated from this study could help in strengthening integrated weed management in chickpea.
{"title":"Interference of sterile oat (Avena ludoviciana) and Mexican pricklepoppy (Argemone mexicana) in chickpea","authors":"G. Mahajan, B. Chauhan","doi":"10.1071/cp23075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp23075","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Knowledge gaps exist for the interference of Avena ludoviciana and Argemone mexicana in chickpea grown in eastern Australia. Aims. This research aimed to examine the effect of different interference levels of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana for their potential to cause yield loss in chickpea. Methods. Experiments were conducted in a randomised complete block design with five weed infestation levels of both weeds (none, low, medium, high, and very high) in three replications. Key results. Infestations of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana at 15 and 17 plants m−2 caused an 83 and 48% reduction in chickpea yield, respectively, compared with weed-free situations. Based on the regression model, a 50% yield reduction of chickpea occurred at 10 and 17 plants m−2 of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana, respectively. Based on the modified hyperbolic model, maximum seed production of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana in chickpea at an infestation level of 1 plant m−2 was estimated at 366 and 7800 seeds m−2, respectively. At crop harvest, seed retention of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana was greater than 50 and 90%, respectively. Conclusions. A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana infestation in chickpea caused a substantial reduction in crop yield. High seed retention in A. mexicana and A. ludoviciana in chickpea suggests the possibility to manage these two weeds through harvest weed seed control. Implications. The information generated from this study could help in strengthening integrated weed management in chickpea.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1156 - 1164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58706206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raphael Dzinyela, Abdul Razak Alhassan, A. Kiani-Pouya, F. Rasouli, Liming Yang, A. Movahedi
ABSTRACT Increasing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses may help to address global food insecurity. We review small RNA (sRNA) research and consider the potential of sRNA-based technologies as strategies to enhance plant resistance to environmental stresses. sRNAs are essential non-coding signalling molecules 21–24 nucleotides in length that are involved in various reproduction, defence and plant development processes. sRNAs guide regulatory processes during development and environmental adaptation at the DNA or RNA level in various eukaryotic organisms. They control gene expression in eukaryotes via a process commonly termed RNA silencing. sRNAs are responsible for suppressing some pathogenic genes in eukaryotes and pests. This suppression offers the potential to protect plant growth and development through a new generation of eco-friendly RNA-based fungicides or insecticides that are specific in their target and can easily control multiple diseases simultaneously. This review focuses on sRNA production in crop species, the role of sRNAs in plant responses to a range of stresses, and their prospective applications, highlighting sRNA-based technology and applications in crops under stress. This review could serve as a reference for future researchers working on small RNAs and the roles they play in plant response to environmental stresses.
{"title":"Role of small RNAs in plant stress response and their potential to improve crops","authors":"Raphael Dzinyela, Abdul Razak Alhassan, A. Kiani-Pouya, F. Rasouli, Liming Yang, A. Movahedi","doi":"10.1071/cp22385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp22385","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Increasing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses may help to address global food insecurity. We review small RNA (sRNA) research and consider the potential of sRNA-based technologies as strategies to enhance plant resistance to environmental stresses. sRNAs are essential non-coding signalling molecules 21–24 nucleotides in length that are involved in various reproduction, defence and plant development processes. sRNAs guide regulatory processes during development and environmental adaptation at the DNA or RNA level in various eukaryotic organisms. They control gene expression in eukaryotes via a process commonly termed RNA silencing. sRNAs are responsible for suppressing some pathogenic genes in eukaryotes and pests. This suppression offers the potential to protect plant growth and development through a new generation of eco-friendly RNA-based fungicides or insecticides that are specific in their target and can easily control multiple diseases simultaneously. This review focuses on sRNA production in crop species, the role of sRNAs in plant responses to a range of stresses, and their prospective applications, highlighting sRNA-based technology and applications in crops under stress. This review could serve as a reference for future researchers working on small RNAs and the roles they play in plant response to environmental stresses.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1116 - 1127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58705898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bogaleng Milcah Masemola, A. Gerrano, M. Labuschagne, A. Minnaar-Ontong, N. Mbuma
ABSTRACT Genetic diversity is crucial for crop improvement in any breeding program. Cowpea is an important indigenous grain vegetable legume crop. The crop has a significant potential to improve food and nutritional security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and family income for resource poor famers. Cowpea is a source of proteins, vitamins (folate, thiamine and vitamin C), minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn and Ca) and amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan, hence, has a high potential for combating nutrient deficiencies. The SSA countries, including South Africa, have been experiencing many dry seasons, which have negatively affected agricultural production and productivity. Cowpea has a long taproot with the ability to grow in arid and semi-arid regions; however, lasting exposure to severe droughts will result in significant yield and grain quality reduction. There has been limited progress in drought tolerance research in cowpea due to the complexity of this trait, as it involves numerous genes, which in turn are affected by environmental conditions. It is therefore important to review research done on the nutritional, phenotypic and genotypic diversity of cowpea and the importance of diversity when breeding for complex quantitative traits such as drought tolerance and yield. The review will also outline the important omics tools used for drought tolerance breeding, cultivar development and as reference for future cowpea breeding.
{"title":"Phenotypic, genotypic and nutritional divergence in cowpea and implications for drought tolerance breeding: a review","authors":"Bogaleng Milcah Masemola, A. Gerrano, M. Labuschagne, A. Minnaar-Ontong, N. Mbuma","doi":"10.1071/cp22295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp22295","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Genetic diversity is crucial for crop improvement in any breeding program. Cowpea is an important indigenous grain vegetable legume crop. The crop has a significant potential to improve food and nutritional security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and family income for resource poor famers. Cowpea is a source of proteins, vitamins (folate, thiamine and vitamin C), minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn and Ca) and amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan, hence, has a high potential for combating nutrient deficiencies. The SSA countries, including South Africa, have been experiencing many dry seasons, which have negatively affected agricultural production and productivity. Cowpea has a long taproot with the ability to grow in arid and semi-arid regions; however, lasting exposure to severe droughts will result in significant yield and grain quality reduction. There has been limited progress in drought tolerance research in cowpea due to the complexity of this trait, as it involves numerous genes, which in turn are affected by environmental conditions. It is therefore important to review research done on the nutritional, phenotypic and genotypic diversity of cowpea and the importance of diversity when breeding for complex quantitative traits such as drought tolerance and yield. The review will also outline the important omics tools used for drought tolerance breeding, cultivar development and as reference for future cowpea breeding.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1105 - 1115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58705815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Broster, P. Boutsalis, Gurjeet Gill, C. Preston
ABSTRACT Context. Wild oats (Avena spp.), brome grass (Bromus spp.) and barley grass (Hordeum spp.) are significant grass weeds of crop production in south-eastern Australia. The presence of herbicide resistance in these weed species is a major limiting factor on both productivity and profitability. Aims. We aimed to determine the distribution of herbicide resistance in these weed species across south-eastern Australia. Methods. Several surveys were conducted in randomly selected fields across four states in south-eastern Australia over a 5-year period, collecting 663 wild oats, 366 brome grass and 262 barley grass samples that were screened for resistance with up to five different herbicide groups or subgroups. Key results. In wild oats, resistance was most common to clodinafop-propargyl (‘fop’ ACCase inhibitor), with 22% of samples resistant and resistance detected in all regions except Tasmania. Resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides (ALS inhibitors) was less common with 7% of samples resistant, but regionally more variable. For both brome grass and barley grass, a greater proportion of samples was resistant to the sulfonylurea mesosulfuron-methyl, at 24% and 19%, respectively, than to quizalofop-ethyl (‘fop’ ACCase inhibitor). Conclusions. Resistance was recorded in all three species, with differences in the extent of resistance among herbicide groups and regions. Overall, a higher than average frequency of wild oats resistance to clodinafop-propargyl was found in regions of New South Wales and of brome grass and barley grass resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl in regions of South Australia. However, for all species some herbicides were still effective on all samples. Implications. The presence of significant herbicide resistance in these weed species indicates that management decisions need to include consideration of resistance to enable successful control measures.
{"title":"Frequency of herbicide resistance in wild oats (Avena spp.), brome grass (Bromus spp.) and barley grass (Hordeum spp.) as determined by random surveys across south-eastern Australia","authors":"J. Broster, P. Boutsalis, Gurjeet Gill, C. Preston","doi":"10.1071/cp22386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp22386","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Wild oats (Avena spp.), brome grass (Bromus spp.) and barley grass (Hordeum spp.) are significant grass weeds of crop production in south-eastern Australia. The presence of herbicide resistance in these weed species is a major limiting factor on both productivity and profitability. Aims. We aimed to determine the distribution of herbicide resistance in these weed species across south-eastern Australia. Methods. Several surveys were conducted in randomly selected fields across four states in south-eastern Australia over a 5-year period, collecting 663 wild oats, 366 brome grass and 262 barley grass samples that were screened for resistance with up to five different herbicide groups or subgroups. Key results. In wild oats, resistance was most common to clodinafop-propargyl (‘fop’ ACCase inhibitor), with 22% of samples resistant and resistance detected in all regions except Tasmania. Resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides (ALS inhibitors) was less common with 7% of samples resistant, but regionally more variable. For both brome grass and barley grass, a greater proportion of samples was resistant to the sulfonylurea mesosulfuron-methyl, at 24% and 19%, respectively, than to quizalofop-ethyl (‘fop’ ACCase inhibitor). Conclusions. Resistance was recorded in all three species, with differences in the extent of resistance among herbicide groups and regions. Overall, a higher than average frequency of wild oats resistance to clodinafop-propargyl was found in regions of New South Wales and of brome grass and barley grass resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl in regions of South Australia. However, for all species some herbicides were still effective on all samples. Implications. The presence of significant herbicide resistance in these weed species indicates that management decisions need to include consideration of resistance to enable successful control measures.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1193 - 1200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58705514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Context. Drought is a common abiotic stress affecting crop yield and quality worldwide. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a temperate crop that contributes greatly to world sucrose production and is affected by frequent drought. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play an important role in plant abiotic stress responses. Protein-coding genes associated with drought resistance have been identified in sugar beet; however, studies on miRNAs involved in drought stress response are lacking. Aims. The present study focused on analysing miRNAs in sugar beet and their roles in drought stress response. Method. Small-RNA libraries were constructed from leaves of plants subjected to drought stress and well-watered conditions. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to investigate the genome-wide quantity of miRNAs and identify possible drought response regulatory effects. Key results. Deep sequencing identified 49 known miRNAs and 59 new miRNAs. According to the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), the sulfur relay system was significantly enriched under drought stress. Co-regulated pairs between miR156a-5p, novel_18 and novel_41, and their target genes BVRB_6g136190, BVRB_009610 and BVRB_6g136680 were observed, suggesting a negative feedback modulation involved in the miRNA pathways. Conclusions. Our results indicate that certain metabolic pathways such as the sulfur relay system are activated under drought conditions. Implications. The results aid understanding of the mechanisms of drought response at the molecular level and may enable tools to be devised that enhance drought resistance in sugar beet.
{"title":"Identification and prediction of functions for drought-responsive microRNAs in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)","authors":"C. Zou, Zhiqiang Guo, Shanshan Zhao, Jishuai Chen","doi":"10.1071/cp22359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp22359","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Drought is a common abiotic stress affecting crop yield and quality worldwide. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a temperate crop that contributes greatly to world sucrose production and is affected by frequent drought. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play an important role in plant abiotic stress responses. Protein-coding genes associated with drought resistance have been identified in sugar beet; however, studies on miRNAs involved in drought stress response are lacking. Aims. The present study focused on analysing miRNAs in sugar beet and their roles in drought stress response. Method. Small-RNA libraries were constructed from leaves of plants subjected to drought stress and well-watered conditions. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to investigate the genome-wide quantity of miRNAs and identify possible drought response regulatory effects. Key results. Deep sequencing identified 49 known miRNAs and 59 new miRNAs. According to the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), the sulfur relay system was significantly enriched under drought stress. Co-regulated pairs between miR156a-5p, novel_18 and novel_41, and their target genes BVRB_6g136190, BVRB_009610 and BVRB_6g136680 were observed, suggesting a negative feedback modulation involved in the miRNA pathways. Conclusions. Our results indicate that certain metabolic pathways such as the sulfur relay system are activated under drought conditions. Implications. The results aid understanding of the mechanisms of drought response at the molecular level and may enable tools to be devised that enhance drought resistance in sugar beet.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"87 1","pages":"1180 - 1192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58705882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Context. High-quality, summer-active pastures could improve meat production in south-eastern Australia by facilitating livestock finishing over summer, with legumes critical for enhancing the nutritive value of pasture mixes. Available legumes vary in their ability to withstand moisture stress and grazing. Aims. We aimed to identify legumes suitable for a summer–autumn finishing system. Methods. We tested pure swards of 12 cultivars across eight legume species in replicated small-plot experiments at Goulburn and Bombala, New South Wales, assessing productivity, persistence and warm-season nutritive characteristics over 2–3 years. Key results. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) was clearly the most productive species during summer and outperformed the clovers (Trifolium spp.) in terms of persistence and productivity throughout most of the experimental period at both sites, except during autumn 2021 after high rainfall in March. Caucasian clover (T. ambiguum) was also highly persistent at both sites. Talish clover (T. tumens) and strawberry clover (T. fragiferum) were more persistent than white clover (T. repens) and red clover (T. pratense). White clover recovered strongly under high rainfall after drought, whereas red clover established rapidly but showed less capacity for post-drought recovery. Hybrid Caucasian × white clover was the least productive legume. Alternative clover species sometimes had slightly lower values of nutritive characteristics than white clover; red clover sometimes had distinctly lower values. Conclusions. Lucerne performed best but several clovers were also productive, persistent and of high nutritive value over the summer–autumn period. Implications. Talish, Caucasian and strawberry clovers warrant further investigation for inclusion in summer-active pastures in south-eastern Australia.
{"title":"Legume options for summer-active pastures in a temperate rainfall environment of south-eastern Australia","authors":"R. S. Stutz, J. De Faveri, R. Culvenor","doi":"10.1071/CP22406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22406","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. High-quality, summer-active pastures could improve meat production in south-eastern Australia by facilitating livestock finishing over summer, with legumes critical for enhancing the nutritive value of pasture mixes. Available legumes vary in their ability to withstand moisture stress and grazing. Aims. We aimed to identify legumes suitable for a summer–autumn finishing system. Methods. We tested pure swards of 12 cultivars across eight legume species in replicated small-plot experiments at Goulburn and Bombala, New South Wales, assessing productivity, persistence and warm-season nutritive characteristics over 2–3 years. Key results. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) was clearly the most productive species during summer and outperformed the clovers (Trifolium spp.) in terms of persistence and productivity throughout most of the experimental period at both sites, except during autumn 2021 after high rainfall in March. Caucasian clover (T. ambiguum) was also highly persistent at both sites. Talish clover (T. tumens) and strawberry clover (T. fragiferum) were more persistent than white clover (T. repens) and red clover (T. pratense). White clover recovered strongly under high rainfall after drought, whereas red clover established rapidly but showed less capacity for post-drought recovery. Hybrid Caucasian × white clover was the least productive legume. Alternative clover species sometimes had slightly lower values of nutritive characteristics than white clover; red clover sometimes had distinctly lower values. Conclusions. Lucerne performed best but several clovers were also productive, persistent and of high nutritive value over the summer–autumn period. Implications. Talish, Caucasian and strawberry clovers warrant further investigation for inclusion in summer-active pastures in south-eastern Australia.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"739 - 755"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42294626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tracking the diverse pathways to value for digital agriculture","authors":"S. Cook, D. Cammarano","doi":"10.1071/CP23096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP23096","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"507 - 508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48037438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Context. Perennial crop variety selection trials are often conducted over several seasons or years. These field trials often exhibit spatial correlation between plots. When data from multiple assessment times are analysed, it is necessary to account for both spatial and temporal correlation. A current approach is to use linear mixed models with separable spatial and temporal residual covariance structures. A limitation of these separable models is that they assume the same spatial correlation structure for each assessment time, which may not hold in practice. Aims. This study aims to provide more flexible methods for modelling the spatio-temporal correlation in multi-assessment perennial crop data, allowing for differing spatial parameters for each time, together with modelling genetic effects over time. Methods. The paper investigates the suitability of two-directional invariant multivariate autoregressive (2DIMVAR1) models for analysis of multi-assessment perennial crop data. The analysis method is applied to persistence data from a pasture breeding trial. Key results. The multivariate autoregressive spatio-temporal residual models are a significant improvement on separable residual models under different genetic models. The paper demonstrates how to fit the models in practice using the software ASReml-R. Conclusions. A flexible modelling approach for multi-assessment perennial crop data is presented, allowing differing spatial correlation parameters for each time. The models allow investigation into genotype × time interactions, while optimally accounting for spatial and temporal correlation. Implications. The models provide improvements on current approaches and hence will result in more accurate genetic predictions in multi-assessment perennial crop variety selection trials.
{"title":"Modelling spatial and temporal correlation in multi-assessment perennial crop variety selection trials using a multivariate autoregressive model","authors":"J. De Faveri, A. Verbyla, R. Culvenor","doi":"10.1071/cp22280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp22280","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Perennial crop variety selection trials are often conducted over several seasons or years. These field trials often exhibit spatial correlation between plots. When data from multiple assessment times are analysed, it is necessary to account for both spatial and temporal correlation. A current approach is to use linear mixed models with separable spatial and temporal residual covariance structures. A limitation of these separable models is that they assume the same spatial correlation structure for each assessment time, which may not hold in practice. Aims. This study aims to provide more flexible methods for modelling the spatio-temporal correlation in multi-assessment perennial crop data, allowing for differing spatial parameters for each time, together with modelling genetic effects over time. Methods. The paper investigates the suitability of two-directional invariant multivariate autoregressive (2DIMVAR1) models for analysis of multi-assessment perennial crop data. The analysis method is applied to persistence data from a pasture breeding trial. Key results. The multivariate autoregressive spatio-temporal residual models are a significant improvement on separable residual models under different genetic models. The paper demonstrates how to fit the models in practice using the software ASReml-R. Conclusions. A flexible modelling approach for multi-assessment perennial crop data is presented, allowing differing spatial correlation parameters for each time. The models allow investigation into genotype × time interactions, while optimally accounting for spatial and temporal correlation. Implications. The models provide improvements on current approaches and hence will result in more accurate genetic predictions in multi-assessment perennial crop variety selection trials.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"1142 - 1155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58705803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Godfrey, T. Nordblom, M. Anwar, Ryan H. L. Ip, D. Luckett, M. Bange
ABSTRACT Context. Production of rainfed (dryland) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) occurs in many places globally, and is always burdened with greater uncertainties in outcomes than irrigated cotton. Assessing farm financial viability helps farmers to make clearer and more informed decisions with a fuller awareness of the potential risks to their business. Aim. We aimed to highlight key points of uncertainty common in rainfed cotton production and quantify these variable conditions to facilitate clearer decision-making on sowing dates and row configurations. Methods. The consequences of these decisions at six locations across two states in Australia, given estimates of plant-available water at sowing, are expressed in terms of comparable probability distributions of cotton lint yield (derived from crop modelling using historical weather data) and gross margin per hectare (derived from historical prices for inputs and cotton lint yield), using the copula approach. Examples of contrasting conditions and likely outcomes are summarised. Key results. Sowing at the end of October with solid row configuration tended to provide the highest yield; however, single- and double-skip row configurations generally resulted in higher gross margins. Places associated with higher summer-dominant rainfall had greater chance of positive gross margins. Conclusion. In order to maximise the probability of growing a profitable crop, farmers need to consider the variabilities and dependencies within and across price and yield before selecting the most appropriate agronomic decisions. Implications. Given appropriate data on growing conditions and responses, our methodology can be applied in other locations around the world, and to other crops.
{"title":"Untangling the complex mix of agronomic and economic uncertainties inherent in decisions on rainfed cotton","authors":"S. Godfrey, T. Nordblom, M. Anwar, Ryan H. L. Ip, D. Luckett, M. Bange","doi":"10.1071/cp22145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/cp22145","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Production of rainfed (dryland) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) occurs in many places globally, and is always burdened with greater uncertainties in outcomes than irrigated cotton. Assessing farm financial viability helps farmers to make clearer and more informed decisions with a fuller awareness of the potential risks to their business. Aim. We aimed to highlight key points of uncertainty common in rainfed cotton production and quantify these variable conditions to facilitate clearer decision-making on sowing dates and row configurations. Methods. The consequences of these decisions at six locations across two states in Australia, given estimates of plant-available water at sowing, are expressed in terms of comparable probability distributions of cotton lint yield (derived from crop modelling using historical weather data) and gross margin per hectare (derived from historical prices for inputs and cotton lint yield), using the copula approach. Examples of contrasting conditions and likely outcomes are summarised. Key results. Sowing at the end of October with solid row configuration tended to provide the highest yield; however, single- and double-skip row configurations generally resulted in higher gross margins. Places associated with higher summer-dominant rainfall had greater chance of positive gross margins. Conclusion. In order to maximise the probability of growing a profitable crop, farmers need to consider the variabilities and dependencies within and across price and yield before selecting the most appropriate agronomic decisions. Implications. Given appropriate data on growing conditions and responses, our methodology can be applied in other locations around the world, and to other crops.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1223 - 1237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58705696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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