The demand for accurate information about the internal structure and characteristics of DRAM has been on the rise. Recent studies have explored the structure and characteristics of DRAM to improve processing in memory, enhance reliability, and mitigate a vulnerability known as rowhammer. However, DRAM manufacturers only disclose limited information through official documents, making it difficult to find specific information about actual DRAM devices. This paper presents reliable findings on the internal structure and characteristics of DRAM using activate-induced bitflips (AIBs), retention time test, and row-copy operation. While previous studies have attempted to understand the internal behaviors of DRAM devices, they have only shown results without identifying the causes or have analyzed DRAM modules rather than individual chips. We first uncover the size, structure, and operation of DRAM subarrays and verify our findings on the characteristics of DRAM. Then, we correct misunderstood information related to AIBs and demonstrate experimental results supporting the cause of rowhammer.
{"title":"X-ray: Discovering DRAM Internal Structure and Error Characteristics by Issuing Memory Commands","authors":"Hwayong Nam;Seungmin Baek;Minbok Wi;Michael Jaemin Kim;Jaehyun Park;Chihun Song;Nam Sung Kim;Jung Ho Ahn","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3296153","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3296153","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for accurate information about the internal structure and characteristics of DRAM has been on the rise. Recent studies have explored the structure and characteristics of DRAM to improve processing in memory, enhance reliability, and mitigate a vulnerability known as rowhammer. However, DRAM manufacturers only disclose limited information through official documents, making it difficult to find specific information about actual DRAM devices. This paper presents reliable findings on the internal structure and characteristics of DRAM using activate-induced bitflips (AIBs), retention time test, and row-copy operation. While previous studies have attempted to understand the internal behaviors of DRAM devices, they have only shown results without identifying the causes or have analyzed DRAM modules rather than individual chips. We first uncover the size, structure, and operation of DRAM subarrays and verify our findings on the characteristics of DRAM. Then, we correct misunderstood information related to AIBs and demonstrate experimental results supporting the cause of rowhammer.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49364167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3290427
Ipoom Jeong;Jiaqi Lou;Yongseok Son;Yongjoo Park;Yifan Yuan;Nam Sung Kim
The advancement in I/O technology has posed an unprecedented demand for high-performance processing on I/O data, leading to the development of Data Direct I/O (DDIO) technology. DDIO improves I/O processing efficiency by directly injecting all inbound I/O data into the last-level cache (LLC) in cooperation with any type of I/O device. Nonetheless, in certain scenarios with more than one I/O applications, DDIO may have sub-optimal performance caused by interference inside the LLC, resulting in the degradation of system performance. Especially, in this paper, we demonstrate that storage I/O on modern high-performance NVMe SSDs hardly benefits from DDIO, sometimes causing inefficient use of the shared LLC due to the “leaky DMA problem”. To address this problem, we propose LADIO , an adaptive approach that mitigates inter-application interference by dynamically controlling the DDIO functionality and reallocating LLC ways based on the leakage and locality of storage I/O data, respectively. In scenarios with heavy I/O interference, LADIO improves the throughput of network-intensive applications by 20% while maintaining that of storage-intensive applications.
随着I/O技术的进步，对高性能的I/O数据处理提出了前所未有的要求，导致了DDIO (data Direct I/O)技术的发展。DDIO通过与任何类型的I/O设备合作，直接将所有入站I/O数据注入最后一级缓存(LLC)，从而提高了I/O处理效率。尽管如此，在某些具有多个I/O应用程序的场景中，由于LLC内部的干扰，DDIO的性能可能不太理想，从而导致系统性能下降。特别是，在本文中，我们证明了现代高性能NVMe ssd上的存储I/O很难从DDIO中受益，有时由于“泄漏DMA问题”导致共享LLC的低效使用。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了LADIO，这是一种自适应方法，通过动态控制DDIO功能和根据存储I/O数据的泄漏和局域性重新分配LLC方式来减轻应用程序间的干扰。在有严重I/O干扰的场景中，radio在保持存储密集型应用的吞吐量的同时，将网络密集型应用的吞吐量提高20%。
{"title":"LADIO: Leakage-Aware Direct I/O for I/O-Intensive Workloads","authors":"Ipoom Jeong;Jiaqi Lou;Yongseok Son;Yongjoo Park;Yifan Yuan;Nam Sung Kim","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3290427","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3290427","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement in I/O technology has posed an unprecedented demand for high-performance processing on I/O data, leading to the development of Data Direct I/O (DDIO) technology. DDIO improves I/O processing efficiency by directly injecting all inbound I/O data into the last-level cache (LLC) in cooperation with any type of I/O device. Nonetheless, in certain scenarios with more than one I/O applications, DDIO may have sub-optimal performance caused by interference inside the LLC, resulting in the degradation of system performance. Especially, in this paper, we demonstrate that storage I/O on modern high-performance NVMe SSDs hardly benefits from DDIO, sometimes causing inefficient use of the shared LLC due to the “leaky DMA problem”. To address this problem, we propose \u0000<monospace>LADIO</monospace>\u0000, an adaptive approach that mitigates inter-application interference by dynamically controlling the DDIO functionality and reallocating LLC ways based on the leakage and locality of storage I/O data, respectively. In scenarios with heavy I/O interference, \u0000<monospace>LADIO</monospace>\u0000 improves the throughput of network-intensive applications by 20% while maintaining that of storage-intensive applications.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48507765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3290197
Hwanjun Lee;Seunghak Lee;Yeji Jung;Daehoon Kim
New memory interconnect technology, such as Intel's Compute Express Link (CXL), helps to expand memory bandwidth and capacity by adding CPU-less NUMA nodes to the main memory system, addressing the growing memory wall challenge. Consequently, modern computing systems embrace the heterogeneity in memory systems, composing the memory systems with a tiered memory system with near and far memory (e.g., local DRAM and CXL-DRAM). However, adopting NUMA interleaving, which can improve performance by exploiting node-level parallelism and utilizing aggregate bandwidth, to the tiered memory systems can face challenges due to differences in the access latency between the two types of memory, leading to potential performance degradation for memory-intensive workloads. By tackling the challenges, we first investigate the effects of the NUMA interleaving on the performance of the tiered memory systems. We observe that while NUMA interleaving is essential for applications demanding high memory bandwidth, it can negatively impact the performance of applications demanding low memory bandwidth. Next, we propose a dynamic cache management, called T-CAT , which partitions the last-level cache between near and far memory, aiming to mitigate performance degradation by accessing far memory. T-CAT attempts to reduce the difference in the average access latency between near and far memory by re-sizing the cache partitions. Through dynamic cache management, T-CAT can preserve the performance benefits of NUMA interleaving while mitigating performance degradation by the far memory accesses. Our experimental results show that T-CAT improves performance by up to 17% compared to cases with NUMA interleaving without the cache management.
{"title":"T-CAT: Dynamic Cache Allocation for Tiered Memory Systems With Memory Interleaving","authors":"Hwanjun Lee;Seunghak Lee;Yeji Jung;Daehoon Kim","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3290197","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3290197","url":null,"abstract":"New memory interconnect technology, such as Intel's Compute Express Link (CXL), helps to expand memory bandwidth and capacity by adding CPU-less NUMA nodes to the main memory system, addressing the growing memory wall challenge. Consequently, modern computing systems embrace the heterogeneity in memory systems, composing the memory systems with a tiered memory system with near and far memory (e.g., local DRAM and CXL-DRAM). However, adopting NUMA interleaving, which can improve performance by exploiting node-level parallelism and utilizing aggregate bandwidth, to the tiered memory systems can face challenges due to differences in the access latency between the two types of memory, leading to potential performance degradation for memory-intensive workloads. By tackling the challenges, we first investigate the effects of the NUMA interleaving on the performance of the tiered memory systems. We observe that while NUMA interleaving is essential for applications demanding high memory bandwidth, it can negatively impact the performance of applications demanding low memory bandwidth. Next, we propose a dynamic cache management, called \u0000<monospace>T-CAT</monospace>\u0000, which partitions the last-level cache between near and far memory, aiming to mitigate performance degradation by accessing far memory. \u0000<monospace>T-CAT</monospace>\u0000 attempts to reduce the difference in the average access latency between near and far memory by re-sizing the cache partitions. Through dynamic cache management, \u0000<monospace>T-CAT</monospace>\u0000 can preserve the performance benefits of NUMA interleaving while mitigating performance degradation by the far memory accesses. Our experimental results show that \u0000<monospace>T-CAT</monospace>\u0000 improves performance by up to 17% compared to cases with NUMA interleaving without the cache management.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48978905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3289515
Kiseok Jeon;Junghee Lee;Bumsoo Kim;James J. Kim
As the value of Bitcoin increases, the difficulty level of mining keeps increasing. This is generally addressed with application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), but block candidates are still created by the software. The overhead of block candidate generation is relatively growing because the hash computation is boosted by ASIC. Additionally, it is getting harder to find the target nonce; If it is not found for a block candidate, a new block candidate must be generated. A new candidate can be generated to reduce the overhead of block candidate generation by modifying the coinbase without selecting and verifying transactions again. To this end, we propose a hardware accelerator for generating Merkle trees efficiently. The hash computation for Merkle tree generation is conducted with ASIC to reduce the overhead of block candidate generation, and the tree with only the modified coinbase is rapidly regenerated by reusing the intermediate results of the previously generated tree. Our simulation results demonstrate that the execution time can be reduced by up to 98.92% and power consumption by up to 99.73% when the number of transactions in a tree is 2048.
{"title":"Hardware Accelerated Reusable Merkle Tree Generation for Bitcoin Blockchain Headers","authors":"Kiseok Jeon;Junghee Lee;Bumsoo Kim;James J. Kim","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3289515","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3289515","url":null,"abstract":"As the value of Bitcoin increases, the difficulty level of mining keeps increasing. This is generally addressed with application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), but block candidates are still created by the software. The overhead of block candidate generation is relatively growing because the hash computation is boosted by ASIC. Additionally, it is getting harder to find the target nonce; If it is not found for a block candidate, a new block candidate must be generated. A new candidate can be generated to reduce the overhead of block candidate generation by modifying the coinbase without selecting and verifying transactions again. To this end, we propose a hardware accelerator for generating Merkle trees efficiently. The hash computation for Merkle tree generation is conducted with ASIC to reduce the overhead of block candidate generation, and the tree with only the modified coinbase is rapidly regenerated by reusing the intermediate results of the previously generated tree. Our simulation results demonstrate that the execution time can be reduced by up to 98.92% and power consumption by up to 99.73% when the number of transactions in a tree is 2048.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41591979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In-storage processing (ISP) efficiently examines large datasets but faces performance and security challenges. We introduce DockerSSD, a flexible ISP model that runs various applications near flash without modification. It employs lightweight OS-level virtualization in modern SSDs for faster ISP and better storage intelligence with a high flexiblity. DockerSSD reuses existing Docker container images for real-time data processing without altering the storage interface or runtime. Our design includes a new communication method and virtual firmware, alongside automated container-related network and I/O handling hardware. DockerSSD achieves a 2× speed improvement and reduces system-level power by 35.7%, on average.
{"title":"Containerized In-Storage Processing Model and Hardware Acceleration for Fully-Flexible Computational SSDs","authors":"Donghyun Gouk, Miryeong Kwon, Hanyeoreum Bae, Myoungsoo Jung","doi":"10.1109/lca.2023.3289828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lca.2023.3289828","url":null,"abstract":"In-storage processing (ISP) efficiently examines large datasets but faces performance and security challenges. We introduce DockerSSD, a flexible ISP model that runs various applications near flash without modification. It employs lightweight OS-level virtualization in modern SSDs for faster ISP and better storage intelligence with a high flexiblity. DockerSSD reuses existing Docker container images for real-time data processing without altering the storage interface or runtime. Our design includes a new communication method and virtual firmware, alongside automated container-related network and I/O handling hardware. DockerSSD achieves a 2× speed improvement and reduces system-level power by 35.7%, on average.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3289710
Fernando Mosquera;Krishna Kavi;Gayatri Mehta;Lizy John
Microarchitectural innovations such as deep cache hierarchies, out-of-order execution, branch prediction and speculative execution have made possible the design of processors that meet ever-increasing demands for performance. However, these innovations have inadvertently introduced vulnerabilities, which are exploited by side-channel attacks and attacks relying on speculative executions. Mitigating the attacks while preserving the performance has been a challenge. In this letter we present an approach to obfuscate cache timing, making it more difficult for side-channel attacks to succeed. We create false cache hits using a small Guard Cache with randomization, and false cache misses by randomly evicting cache lines. We show that our false hits and false misses cause very minimal performance penalties and our obfuscation can make it difficult for common side-channel attacks such as Prime &Probe, Flush &Reload or Evict &Time to succeed.
{"title":"Guard Cache: Creating Noisy Side-Channels","authors":"Fernando Mosquera;Krishna Kavi;Gayatri Mehta;Lizy John","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3289710","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3289710","url":null,"abstract":"Microarchitectural innovations such as deep cache hierarchies, out-of-order execution, branch prediction and speculative execution have made possible the design of processors that meet ever-increasing demands for performance. However, these innovations have inadvertently introduced vulnerabilities, which are exploited by side-channel attacks and attacks relying on speculative executions. Mitigating the attacks while preserving the performance has been a challenge. In this letter we present an approach to obfuscate cache timing, making it more difficult for side-channel attacks to succeed. We create \u0000<italic>false cache hits</i>\u0000 using a small \u0000<italic>Guard Cache</i>\u0000 with randomization, and \u0000<italic>false cache misses</i>\u0000 by randomly evicting cache lines. We show that our \u0000<italic>false hits</i>\u0000 and \u0000<italic>false misses</i>\u0000 cause very minimal performance penalties and our obfuscation can make it difficult for common side-channel attacks such as Prime &Probe, Flush &Reload or Evict &Time to succeed.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41685733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a processor that achieves high throughput by exploiting data parallelism. We found that many GPU workloads also contain instruction-level parallelism that can be extracted through out-of-order execution to provide additional performance improvement opportunities. We propose the TURBULENCE architecture for very low-cost out-of-order execution on GPUs. TURBULENCE consists of a novel ISA that introduces the concept of referencing operands by inter-instruction distance instead of register numbers, and a novel microarchitecture that executes the novel ISA. This distance-based operand has the property of not causing false dependencies. By exploiting this property, we achieve cost-effective out-of-order execution on GPUs without introducing expensive hardware such as a rename logic and a load-store queue. Simulation results show that TURBULENCE improves performance by 17.6% without increasing energy consumption over an existing GPU.
图形处理器（GPU）是一种通过利用数据并行性实现高吞吐量的处理器。我们发现，许多 GPU 工作负载也包含指令级并行性，可以通过失序执行来提取指令级并行性，从而提供额外的性能提升机会。我们提出了 TURBULENCE 架构，用于在 GPU 上实现极低成本的失序执行。TURBULENCE 由一个新颖的 ISA 和一个执行新颖 ISA 的新颖微体系结构组成，前者引入了通过指令间距离而不是寄存器编号来引用操作数的概念。这种基于距离的操作数具有不会造成错误依赖的特性。利用这一特性，我们无需引入重命名逻辑和加载存储队列等昂贵的硬件，就能在 GPU 上实现经济高效的无序执行。仿真结果表明，与现有的 GPU 相比，TURBULENCE 在不增加能耗的情况下将性能提高了 17.6%。
{"title":"TURBULENCE: Complexity-Effective Out-of-Order Execution on GPU With Distance-Based ISA","authors":"Reoma Matsuo;Toru Koizumi;Hidetsugu Irie;Shuichi Sakai;Ryota Shioya","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3289317","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3289317","url":null,"abstract":"A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a processor that achieves high throughput by exploiting data parallelism. We found that many GPU workloads also contain instruction-level parallelism that can be extracted through out-of-order execution to provide additional performance improvement opportunities. We propose the TURBULENCE architecture for very low-cost out-of-order execution on GPUs. TURBULENCE consists of a novel ISA that introduces the concept of referencing operands by inter-instruction distance instead of register numbers, and a novel microarchitecture that executes the novel ISA. This distance-based operand has the property of not causing false dependencies. By exploiting this property, we achieve cost-effective out-of-order execution on GPUs without introducing expensive hardware such as a rename logic and a load-store queue. Simulation results show that TURBULENCE improves performance by 17.6% without increasing energy consumption over an existing GPU.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-20DOI: 10.1109/LCA.2023.3287762
Chandana S. Deshpande;Arthur Perais;Frédéric Pétrot
Intel introduced 5-level paging mode to support 57-bit virtual address space in 2017. This, coupled to paradigms where backup storage can be accessed through load and store instructions (e.g., non volatile memories), lets us envision a future in which a 64-bit address space has become insufficient. In that event, the straightforward solution would be to adopt a flat 128-bit address space. In this early stage letter, we conduct high-level experiments that lead us to suggest a possible general-purpose processor micro-architecture providing 128-bit support with limited hardware cost.
{"title":"Toward Practical 128-Bit General Purpose Microarchitectures","authors":"Chandana S. Deshpande;Arthur Perais;Frédéric Pétrot","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3287762","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3287762","url":null,"abstract":"Intel introduced 5-level paging mode to support 57-bit virtual address space in 2017. This, coupled to paradigms where backup storage can be accessed through load and store instructions (e.g., non volatile memories), lets us envision a future in which a 64-bit address space has become insufficient. In that event, the straightforward solution would be to adopt a flat 128-bit address space. In this early stage letter, we conduct high-level experiments that lead us to suggest a possible general-purpose processor micro-architecture providing 128-bit support with limited hardware cost.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48523174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this letter, we propose DVFaaS , a per-core DVFS framework that utilizes control systems theory to assign just-enough frequency for the purpose of addressing the QoS requirements on serverless workflows comprising unseen functions. DVFaaS exploits the intermittent nature of serverless workflows, which enables staged control on distinguishable functions, which jointly contribute to the end-to-end latency. Our results show that DVFaaS considerably outperforms related work, reducing power consumption by up to 22%, with 2x fewer QoS violations.
{"title":"DVFaaS: Leveraging DVFS for FaaS Workflows","authors":"Achilleas Tzenetopoulos;Dimosthenis Masouros;Dimitrios Soudris;Sotirios Xydis","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3288089","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3288089","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we propose \u0000<italic>DVFaaS</i>\u0000, a per-core DVFS framework that utilizes control systems theory to assign \u0000<italic>just-enough</i>\u0000 frequency for the purpose of addressing the QoS requirements on serverless workflows comprising unseen functions. \u0000<italic>DVFaaS</i>\u0000 exploits the intermittent nature of serverless workflows, which enables staged control on distinguishable functions, which jointly contribute to the end-to-end latency. Our results show that \u0000<italic>DVFaaS</i>\u0000 considerably outperforms related work, reducing power consumption by up to 22%, with 2x fewer QoS violations.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46172046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current KV-SSD design assumes a specific range of typical workloads, where the size of values is quite large while that of keys is relatively small. However, we find that (i) there exist another spectrum of workloads, whose key sizes are relatively large, compared to their value sizes, and (ii) the current KV-SSD design suffers from long tail latencies and low storage utilization under such large-key workloads. To this end, we present novel design of a KV-SSD (called LK-SSD), which can reduce tail latences and increase storage utilization under large-key workloads, and add an enhancement to it for longer device lifetime. Through extensive experiments, we show that LK-SSD is more suitable design for the large-key workloads, and also available for the typical workloads.
{"title":"Design of a High-Performance, High-Endurance Key-Value SSD for Large-Key Workloads","authors":"Chanyoung Park;Chun-Yi Liu;Kyungtae Kang;Mahmut Kandemir;Wonil Choi","doi":"10.1109/LCA.2023.3282276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCA.2023.3282276","url":null,"abstract":"Current KV-SSD design assumes a specific range of typical workloads, where the size of values is quite large while that of keys is relatively small. However, we find that (i) there exist another spectrum of workloads, whose key sizes are relatively large, compared to their value sizes, and (ii) the current KV-SSD design suffers from long tail latencies and low storage utilization under such large-key workloads. To this end, we present novel design of a KV-SSD (called LK-SSD), which can reduce tail latences and increase storage utilization under large-key workloads, and add an enhancement to it for longer device lifetime. Through extensive experiments, we show that LK-SSD is more suitable design for the large-key workloads, and also available for the typical workloads.","PeriodicalId":51248,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Computer Architecture Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49962230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：