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Acoustic and Articulatory Visual Feedback in Classroom L2 Vowel Remediation 课堂 L2元音矫正中的声学和发音视觉反馈
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/00238309231223736
Tanja Kocjančič, Tomáš Bořil, Susanna Hofmann
This paper presents L2 vowel remediation in a classroom setting via two real-time visual feedback methods: articulatory ultrasound tongue imaging, which shows tongue shape and position, and a newly developed acoustic formant analyzer, which visualizes a point correlating with the combined effect of tongue position and lip rounding in a vowel quadrilateral. Ten Czech students of the Swedish language participated in the study. Swedish vowel production is difficult for Czech speakers since the languages differ significantly in their vowel systems. The students selected the vowel targets on their own and practiced in two classroom groups, with six students receiving two ultrasound training lessons, followed by one acoustic, and four students receiving two acoustic lessons, followed by one ultrasound. Audio data were collected pre-training, after the two sessions employing the first visual feedback method, and at post-training, allowing measuring Euclidean distance among selected groups of vowels and observing the direction of change within the vowel quadrilateral as a result of practice. Perception tests were performed before and after training, revealing that most learners perceived selected vowels correctly already before the practice. The study showed that both feedback methods can be successfully applied to L2 classroom learning, and both lead to the improvement in the pronunciation of the selected vowels, as well as the Swedish vowel set as a whole. However, ultrasound tongue imaging seems to have an advantage as it resulted in a greater number of improved targets.
本文介绍了在课堂环境中通过两种实时视觉反馈方法对 L2元音进行补救的情况:发音超声舌头成像(可显示舌头的形状和位置)和新开发的声学共形分析仪(可显示与元音四边形中舌头位置和嘴唇变圆的综合影响相关的点)。十名学习瑞典语的捷克学生参与了这项研究。由于瑞典语和捷克语在元音系统上存在很大差异,因此捷克语学生很难发出瑞典语元音。学生们自行选择元音目标,并分两组在课堂上进行练习,其中六名学生接受了两节超声波训练课,然后是一节声学课;四名学生接受了两节声学课,然后是一节超声波课。分别在训练前、采用第一种视觉反馈方法的两节课后和训练后收集音频数据,以便测量选定元音组之间的欧氏距离,并观察元音四边形内的变化方向。在训练前后进行的感知测试表明,大多数学习者在练习前就已经正确感知了所选元音。研究表明,这两种反馈方法都能成功地应用于 L2 课堂学习,都能改善所选元音以及整个瑞典语元音的发音。不过,超声舌位成像似乎更有优势,因为它能带来更多的改进目标。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Japanese L1 Rhythm on English L2 Speech 日语第一语言节奏对英语第二语言语音的影响
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/00238309241247210
Saya Kawase, Chris Davis, Jeesun Kim
The study aimed to examine whether L1 speech rhythm affects L2 speech by assessing how the speech rhythm of Japanese L2 English speakers differed from native speakers. We chose Japanese and English because they differ markedly in the phonological properties that likely contribute to speech rhythm. Speech rhythm was measured by the variability of vowel and consonant intervals using rate-normalized rhythm metrics (VarcoV and VarcoC; nPVI-V and nPVI-C) and %V. The study utilized recordings of spoken sentences in English by 10 native Australian English speakers; and in English and also in Japanese by 10 native Japanese speakers (who had limited experience in speaking English). Experiment 1 compared the rhythm of L1 English (by measuring 1,750 vowels and 3,093 consonants from 20 sentences) and L1 Japanese (1,923 vowels and 2,097 consonants from 10 sentences). The results showed that for all measures, Japanese had reduced durational variability in both consonant and vowel intervals compared with English. In Experiment 2, we examined the rhythm characteristics of L1 and L2 English using 40 sentences (including the 20 in Experiment 1). The results showed that vowel and consonant intervals were less variable in L2 (Japanese English) than in L1 (Australian English) speech, mirroring the results of Experiment 1. Overall, the results are consistent with the proposal that L1 (Japanese) speech rhythm influenced L2 (English) speech.
本研究旨在通过评估日语 L2 英语使用者的语音节奏与母语使用者的语音节奏有何不同,来研究 L1 的语音节奏是否会影响 L2 的语音。我们之所以选择日语和英语,是因为这两种语言在语音特性上存在明显差异,而语音特性很可能会影响语音节奏。语音节奏是通过元音和辅音间隔的变异性来测量的,使用的是速率归一化节奏度量(VarcoV 和 VarcoC;nPVI-V 和 nPVI-C)和 %V。研究使用了 10 位以英语为母语的澳大利亚人的英语口语句子录音;以及 10 位以英语和日语为母语的日本人(他们的英语口语经验有限)的英语口语句子录音。实验 1 比较了母语为英语(通过测量 20 个句子中的 1,750 个元音和 3,093 个辅音)和母语为日语(通过测量 10 个句子中的 1,923 个元音和 2,097 个辅音)的节奏。结果表明,与英语相比,在所有测量中,日语辅音和元音音程的持续时间变异性都较低。在实验 2 中,我们使用 40 个句子(包括实验 1 中的 20 个句子)研究了 L1 和 L2 英语的节奏特点。结果表明,与第一语言(澳大利亚英语)相比,第二语言(日语)的元音和辅音音程变化较小,这与实验 1 的结果一致。总体而言,结果与第一语言(日语)语音节奏影响第二语言(英语)语音的观点一致。
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引用次数: 0
Bilinguals from Larynx to Lips: Exploring Bilingual Articulatory Strategies with Anatomic MRI Data 从喉咙到嘴唇的双语:利用核磁共振成像解剖数据探索双语发音策略
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1177/00238309231224790
Pierre Badin, Thomas R. Sawallis, Marija Tabain, Laurent Lamalle
The goal of this article is to illustrate the use of MRI for exploring bi- and multi-lingual articulatory strategies. One male and one female speaker recorded sets of static midsagittal MRIs of the whole vocal tract, producing vowels as well as consonants in various vowel contexts in either the male’s two or the female’s three languages. Both speakers were native speakers of English (American and Australian English, respectively), and both were fluent L2 speakers of French. In addition, the female speaker was a heritage speaker of Croatian. Articulatory contours extracted from the MRIs were subsequently used at three progressively more compact and abstract levels of analysis. (1) Direct comparison of overlaid contours was used to assess whether phones analogous across L1 and L2 are similar or dissimilar, both overall and in specific vocal tract regions. (2) Consonant contour variability along the vocal tract due to vowel context was determined using dispersion ellipses and used to explore the variable resistance to coarticulation for non-analogous rhotics and analogous laterals in Australian, French, and Croatian. (3) Articulatory modeling was used to focus on specific articulatory gestures (tongue position and shape, lip protrusion, laryngeal height, etc.) and then to explore the articulatory strategies in the speakers’ interlanguages for production of the French front rounded vowel series. This revealed that the Australian and American speakers used different strategies to produce the non-analogous French vowel series. We conclude that MRI-based articulatory data constitute a very rich and underused source of information that amply deserves applications to the study of L2 articulation and bilingual and multi-lingual speech.
本文旨在说明核磁共振成像在探索双语和多语发音策略中的应用。一男一女两位说话者分别记录了全声道的静态中矢状面核磁共振成像,在各种元音语境下发出元音和辅音,男的使用两种语言,女的使用三种语言。两人的母语都是英语(分别为美式英语和澳大利亚英语),并且都是流利的法语第二语言使用者。此外,女性说话者还会说克罗地亚语。从核磁共振成像中提取的发音轮廓随后被用于三个逐渐紧凑和抽象的分析层次。(1) 重叠轮廓的直接比较用于评估 L1 和 L2 中类似的电话在整体和特定声道区域是相似还是不相似。(2) 使用离散椭圆来确定元音上下文导致的声道上的辅音轮廓变化,并用于探索澳大利亚语、法语和克罗地亚语中非类比元音和类比侧元音的共发音阻力变化。(3) 通过发音建模来关注特定的发音姿态(舌位和舌形、嘴唇前突、喉头高度等),然后探索说话者在法语前圆元音系列的跨语言发音策略。结果发现,澳大利亚和美国的说话者使用不同的策略来发出非类比的法语元音系列。我们的结论是,基于核磁共振成像的发音数据是一种非常丰富且未被充分利用的信息来源,值得应用于第二语言发音以及双语和多语言语音的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Rhythm Is a Marker of Ethnicity in Modern Hebrew: Evidence from a Perception Study and Actors’ Ethnicized Portrayals 节奏是现代希伯来语中的种族标志:来自感知研究和演员民族化形象的证据
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1177/00238309241243025
Si Berrebi, Sharon Peperkamp
In Modern Hebrew, only three segmental markers are typically acknowledged as ethnically conditioned, and usage of these markers has significantly decreased in second and third generation speakers. Yet the sociolinguistic situation of diverging language backgrounds of first generation speakers, compounded with ethnic segregation in housing and the workforce, seems like a fertile ground for social identification from speech. We report two studies on prosodic variation in Modern Hebrew: a perception study and a “matched-pairs” corpus study. The results of the first illustrate that even in the absence of the known segmental markers, ethnicity perception of young native speakers may still diverge between two major ethnic identities, Mizrahi (Middle Eastern) and Ashkenazi (European). The main acoustic correlate was rhythm, measured as the proportional duration of vowels in the utterance. In the second study, actors’ speech rhythm was found to be modulated by their portrayed ethnic identity in the same direction, suggesting that this variable is socially salient—and for some speakers, controllable—enough to be involved in style shifting. This study joins a growing body of work illustrating that relatively mild rhythmic variation can contribute to social identification, and in the current case, also for ethnicity portrayal.
在现代希伯来语中,只有三个音段标记通常被认为是受种族条件制约的,而且这些标记在第二代和第三代使用者中的使用率已明显下降。然而,第一代希伯来语使用者的语言背景各不相同,再加上住房和劳动力中的种族隔离,这种社会语言状况似乎是通过语音进行社会识别的肥沃土壤。我们报告了两项关于现代希伯来语前音变异的研究:一项感知研究和一项 "配对 "语料库研究。第一项研究的结果表明,即使没有已知的分段标记,年轻母语使用者的种族感知仍可能在两种主要种族身份(中东米兹拉希人和欧洲阿什肯纳兹人)之间存在差异。主要的声学相关因素是节奏,以元音在语篇中的持续时间比例来衡量。在第二项研究中,我们发现演员的语音节奏也会受到他们所描述的种族身份的影响,这表明这一变量在社会中是显著的,而且对某些说话者来说是可控的,足以参与风格的转变。越来越多的研究表明,相对温和的节奏变化有助于社会认同,而在本研究中,节奏变化也有助于种族形象的塑造。
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引用次数: 0
Language Dependency of /s/ Production: Native Dutch Versus Non-Native English /s/发音的语言依赖性:母语荷兰语与非母语英语
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1177/00238309241242114
Meike M. de Boer, Willemijn F. L. Heeren
With forensic recordings being collected in multiple languages increasingly often, this study investigates the language dependency of the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ in speakers of native (L1) Dutch and non-native (L2) English. Due to phonetic similarity between the languages, Dutch learners of English may exhibit language-independent /s/ acoustics, making it an interesting feature for multilingual forensic speaker comparisons (FSCs). However, the findings show that out of the four spectral moments, center of gravity, standard deviation ( SD), skewness, and kurtosis, only SD remained stable across the languages; the other measurements were language-dependent. The results were largely independent of the /s/ tokens’ contexts, although an interaction between language and context was found for skewness and kurtosis: With a labial right phonetic neighbor, language dependency was largely reduced. The findings have implications for FSCs: as /s/ is language-dependent in speakers of L1 Dutch and L2 English, it shows limited potential for cross-linguistic speaker comparisons in forensic casework.
随着多语言法证录音的收集日益频繁,本研究调查了母语为荷兰语(L1)和非母语为英语(L2)的人的无声齿龈摩擦音/s/的语言依赖性。由于两种语言在语音上的相似性,学习荷兰语的英语学习者可能会表现出与语言无关的/s/声学特征,使其成为多语言法证说话者比较(FSCs)的一个有趣特征。然而,研究结果表明,在重心、标准差(SD)、偏斜度和峰度这四个频谱矩中,只有标准差在不同语言中保持稳定,其他测量值都与语言有关。虽然偏度和峰度与语言和语境之间存在交互作用,但结果基本上与 /s/ 标记的语境无关:有了唇音右邻,语言依赖性就大大降低了。研究结果对法医鉴定具有重要意义:由于/s/对第一语言荷兰语和第二语言英语的使用者具有语言依赖性,因此在法医鉴定工作中进行跨语言使用者比较的潜力有限。
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引用次数: 0
The Effects of Phonological Complexity on Word Production in French-Speaking Children. 语音复杂性对法语儿童造词能力的影响
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1177/00238309241237473
Margaret Kehoe

Word complexity indices, such as the Index of Phonetic Complexity (IPC) and the Word Complexity Measure (WCM), code a word in terms of featural and structural properties that pose difficulty in phonological development. Studies have investigated the influence of complexity indices on vocabulary development; however, few have examined their influence on consonant accuracy. Furthermore, these indices were developed for English-speaking children and have not been widely applied to other languages. This study investigates whether a word's phonological complexity influences how accurately it is produced in French-speaking children. Four databases consisting of the productions of children (n = 74), aged 1;11 to 4;9, were analyzed. Words were coded in terms of the IPC, WCM, and parameters that add complexity during phonological development. Using mixed-effects logistic regression, we examined whether phonological complexity as determined by the IPC, WCM, or by alternative indices better accounts for the influence of complexity on production. We also investigated whether the accuracy of a target sound/structure was influenced by a word's complexity. Results indicated that complexity based on the IPC or WCM significantly influenced consonant accuracy; however, indices tapping fewer features provided superior model fit. At younger ages, the presence of fricatives/liquids and, at all ages, the presence of alveopalatal fricatives, codas, and clusters significantly influenced accuracy. Findings were inconclusive as to whether whole word complexity influenced the accuracy of a target sound/structure. Results suggest that current complexity indices provide only approximate indications of how featural and structural properties of words influence production.

单词复杂性指数,如语音复杂性指数(IPC)和单词复杂性测量(WCM),根据给语音发展带来困难的特征和结构特性对单词进行编码。已有研究调查了复杂性指数对词汇发展的影响,但很少研究它们对辅音准确性的影响。此外,这些指数都是针对英语儿童开发的,尚未广泛应用于其他语言。本研究探讨了单词的语音复杂程度是否会影响法语儿童发音的准确性。研究分析了四个数据库中 1;11 到 4;9 岁儿童(n = 74)的发音。根据 IPC、WCM 和在语音发展过程中增加复杂性的参数对单词进行了编码。通过混合效应逻辑回归,我们研究了由 IPC、WCM 或其他指数决定的语音复杂性是否能更好地解释复杂性对发音的影响。我们还研究了目标音/结构的准确性是否受单词复杂性的影响。结果表明,基于 IPC 或 WCM 的复杂度会显著影响辅音的准确性;然而,采用较少特征的指数能提供更好的模型拟合效果。在较小的年龄段,摩擦音/液音的存在,以及在所有年龄段,齿龈摩擦音、密码音和音群的存在都会对准确性产生显著影响。至于整个单词的复杂程度是否会影响目标音/结构的准确性,研究结果尚无定论。研究结果表明,目前的复杂度指数只能大致说明词语的特征和结构特性对发音的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating Linguistic Alignment in Collaborative Dialogue: A Study of Syntactic and Lexical Patterns in Middle School Students. 调查合作对话中的语言一致性:中学生句法和词汇模式研究。
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1177/00238309241234565
Xiaoyi Tian, Amanda E Griffith, Zane Price, Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Kevin Tang

Linguistic alignment, the tendency of speakers to share common linguistic features during conversations, has emerged as a key area of research in computer-supported collaborative learning. While previous studies have shown that linguistic alignment can have a significant impact on collaborative outcomes, there is limited research exploring its role in K-12 learning contexts. This study investigates syntactic and lexical linguistic alignments in a collaborative computer science-learning corpus from 24 pairs (48 individuals) of middle school students (aged 11-13). The results show stronger effects of self-alignment than partner alignment on both syntactic and lexical levels, with students often diverging from their partners on task-relevant words. Furthermore, student self-alignment on the syntactic level is negatively correlated with partner satisfaction ratings, while self-alignment on lexical level is positively correlated with their partner's satisfaction.

语言一致性是指说话者在会话过程中分享共同语言特征的趋势,它已成为计算机支持的协作学习的一个关键研究领域。虽然以往的研究表明,语言一致性对协作结果有重大影响,但探索其在 K-12 学习环境中的作用的研究却很有限。本研究调查了计算机科学协作学习语料库中 24 对(48 人)初中生(11-13 岁)的句法和词汇语言对齐情况。结果表明,在句法和词法层面上,自我对齐的效果比伙伴对齐的效果更强,在任务相关的词上,学生经常与伙伴产生分歧。此外,学生在句法层面的自我对齐与伙伴的满意度评分呈负相关,而在词法层面的自我对齐与伙伴的满意度评分呈正相关。
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引用次数: 0
Production of the English /ɹ/ by Mandarin-English Bilingual Speakers. 普通话-英语双语者的英语/ɹ/发音。
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-10 DOI: 10.1177/00238309241230895
Shuwen Chen, D H Whalen, Peggy Pik Ki Mok

Rhotic sounds are some of the most challenging sounds for L2 learners to acquire. This study investigates the production of English rhotic sounds by Mandarin-English bilinguals with two English proficiency levels. The production of the English /ɹ/ by 17 Mandarin-English bilinguals was examined with ultrasound imaging and compared with the production of native English speakers. The ultrasound data show that bilinguals can produce native-like bunched and retroflex gestures, but the distributional pattern of tongue shapes in various contexts differs from that of native speakers. Acoustically, the English /ɹ/ produced by bilinguals had a higher F3 and F3-F2, as well as some frication noise in prevocalic /ɹ/, features similar to the Mandarin /ɹ/. Mandarin-English bilinguals did produce language-specific phonetic realizations for the English and Mandarin /ɹ/s. There was a positive correlation between language proficiency and English-specific characteristics of /ɹ/ by Mandarin-English bilinguals in both articulation and acoustics. Phonetic similarities facilitated rather than hindered L2 speech learning in production: Mandarin-English bilinguals showed better performance in producing the English /ɹ/ allophones that were more similar to the Mandarin /ɹ/ (syllabic and postvocalic /ɹ/s) than producing the English /ɹ/ allophone that was less similar to the Mandarin /ɹ/ (prevocalic /ɹ/). This study contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of speech production in late bilinguals.

元音是第二语言学习者最难掌握的发音之一。本研究调查了两种英语水平的普通话-英语双语学习者发出英语/ɹ/的情况。17 名普通话-英语双语者的英语/ɹ/发音受到了超声波成像的检测,并与英语母语者的发音进行了比较。超声波数据显示,双语者能做出类似母语的束舌和倒舌手势,但在不同语境中的舌形分布模式与母语者不同。从声学角度看,双语者发出的英语/ɹ/具有较高的F3和F3-F2,在前音/ɹ/中还有一些摩擦噪音,这些特征与普通话/ɹ/相似。普通话和英语的双语者确实产生了英语和普通话/ɹ/s的特定语言语音。普通话-英语双语者的语言能力与英语/ɹ/的发音和声学特征之间存在正相关。语音相似性促进而非阻碍了生产中的第二语言语音学习:普通话-英语双语者在发出与普通话/ɹ/更相似的英语/ɹ/异音(音节和后音/ɹ/s)时,比发出与普通话/ɹ/不太相似的英语/ɹ/异音(前音/ɹ/)时表现得更好。这项研究有助于我们了解晚期双语者的语音生成机制。
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引用次数: 0
Speech Fluency Production and Perception in L1 (Slovak) and L2 (English) Read Speech. 第一语言(斯洛伐克语)和第二语言(英语)朗读中的语音流畅度生成和感知。
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1177/00238309241230899
Lucia Mareková, Štefan Beňuš

Research on fluency in native (L1) and non-native (L2) speech production and perception helps us understand how individual L1 speaking style might affect perceived L2 fluency and how this relationship might be reflected in L1 versus L2 oral assessment. While the relationship between production and perception of fluency in spontaneous speech has been studied, the information provided by reading has been overlooked. We argue that reading provides a direct and controlled way to assess language proficiency that might complement information gained from spontaneous speaking. This work analyzes the relationship between speech fluency production and perception in passages of L1 (Slovak) and L2 (English) read by 57 undergraduate Slovak students of English and rated for fluency by 15 English teachers who are Slovak natives. We compare acoustic production measures between L1 and L2 and analyze how their effect on perceived fluency differs for the two languages. Our main finding is that the articulation rate, the overall number of pauses, and the number of between-clause and mid-clause pauses predict ratings differently in L1 Slovak versus L2 English. The speech rate and durations of pauses predict ratings similarly in both languages. The contribution of our results to understanding fluency aspects of spontaneous and read speech, the relationship between L1 and L2, the relationship between production and perception, and to the teaching of L2 English are discussed.

对母语(L1)和非母语(L2)说话流畅性的研究有助于我们了解个人的 L1 说话风格如何影响 L2 的流畅性,以及这种关系如何反映在 L1 和 L2 的口语评估中。虽然人们已经研究了自发言语流利性的产生与感知之间的关系,但却忽视了阅读所提供的信息。我们认为,阅读提供了一种直接、可控的语言能力评估方法,可以补充从即兴口语中获得的信息。本研究分析了由 57 名斯洛伐克英语本科生朗读的 L1(斯洛伐克语)和 L2(英语)段落中语音流利度的产生与感知之间的关系,并由 15 名斯洛伐克本土英语教师对流利度进行评分。我们比较了 L1 和 L2 的发音量,并分析了这两种语言的发音量对感知流利程度的影响有何不同。我们的主要发现是,发音率、停顿总数以及句间停顿和句中停顿的数量对斯洛伐克语第一语言和英语第二语言的评分预测不同。在这两种语言中,语速和停顿持续时间对评分的预测效果相似。我们的研究结果有助于理解自发语音和朗读语音的流畅性、L1 和 L2 之间的关系、生产和感知之间的关系以及 L2 英语教学。
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引用次数: 0
The "Starting-Small" Effect in Phonology: Evidence From Biased Learning of Opaque and Transparent Vowel Harmony. 语音学中的 "小起点 "效应:不透明和透明元音和谐的偏向学习证据。
IF 1.8 2区 文学 Q3 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1177/00238309241230625
Tsung-Ying Chen

The starting-small effect is a cognitive advantage in language acquisition when learners begin by generalizing on regularities from structurally simple and shorter tokens in a skewed input distribution. Our study explored this effect as a potential explanation for the biased learning of opaque and transparent vowel harmony. In opaque vowel harmony, feature agreement occurs strictly between adjacent vowels, and an intervening "neutral vowel" blocks long-distance vowel harmony. Thus, opaque vowel harmony could be acquired even if learners start with structurally simpler and more frequent disyllabic tokens. Alternatively, transparent vowel harmony can only be observed in longer tokens demonstrating long-distance agreement by skipping a neutral vowel. Opaque vowel harmony is predicted to be learned more efficiently due to its compatibility with local dependency acquired via starting-small learning. In two artificial grammar learning experiments, learners were exposed to both vowel harmony patterns embedded in an equal number of disyllabic and trisyllabic tokens or a skewed distribution with twice as many disyllabic tokens. In Exp I, learners' test performance suggests the consistently biased learning of local and opaque vowel harmony with starting-small learning. Furthermore, in Exp II, the acquired vowel harmony patterns varied significantly by working memory capacity with a balanced but not skewed input distribution, presumably because of the ease of cognitive demand with starting-small learning.

起点小效应是语言习得中的一种认知优势,即学习者从结构简单且较短的词块开始,在倾斜的输入分布中归纳出规律性的东西。我们的研究将这种效应作为不透明和透明元音和谐学习偏差的潜在解释。在不透明元音和谐中,特征一致严格发生在相邻元音之间,中间的 "中性元音 "会阻碍长距离元音和谐。因此,即使学习者从结构更简单、频率更高的双音节标记开始学习,也能掌握不透明元音和谐。或者说,只有通过跳过一个中性元音来显示长距离元音和谐的较长标记中,才能观察到透明元音和谐。由于不透明元音和谐与通过起始小学习获得的局部依赖性相兼容,因此不透明元音和谐的学习效率预计会更高。在两个人工语法学习实验中,学习者同时接触了嵌入相同数量的双音节和三音节标记的元音和谐模式,或嵌入两倍双音节标记的倾斜分布的元音和谐模式。在实验一中,学习者的测试成绩表明,在起始学习量较小的情况下,对局部和不透明元音和谐的学习一直存在偏差。此外,在实验 II 中,在输入分布均衡而非倾斜的情况下,所获得的元音和谐模式因工作记忆容量的不同而有显著差异,这可能是因为起始量小的学习方式更容易满足认知要求。
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引用次数: 0
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