Language and Speech最新文献

Research with nonnative speech spans many different linguistic branches and topics. Most studies include one or a few well-known features of a particular accent. However, due to a lack of empirical studies, little is known about how common these features are among nonnative speakers or how uncommon they are among native speakers. Moreover, it remains to be seen whether findings from such studies generalize to lesser-known features. Here, we demonstrate a quantitative approach to study nonnative accent features using Dutch-accented English as an example. By analyzing the phonetic distances between transcriptions of speech samples, this approach can identify the features that best distinguish nonnative from native speech. In addition, we describe a method to test hypotheses about accent features by checking whether the prevalence of the features overall varies between native and nonnative speakers. Furthermore, we include English speakers from the United States and United Kingdom and native Dutch speakers from Belgium and The Netherlands to address the issue of regional accent variability in both the native and target language. We discuss the results concerning three observed features. Overall, the results provide empirical support for some well-known features of Dutch-accented English, but suggest that others may be infrequent among nonnatives or in fact frequent among natives. In addition, the findings reveal potentially new accent features, and factors that may modulate the expression of known features. Our study demonstrates a fruitful approach to study nonnative accent features that has the potential to expand our understanding of the phenomenon of accent.

Encoding and establishing a new second-language (L2) phonological category is notoriously difficult. This is particularly true for phonological contrasts that do not exist in the learners' native language (L1). Phonological categories that also exist in the L1 do not seem to pose any problems. However, foreign-language learners are not only presented with oral input. Instructed L2 learning often involves heavy reliance on written forms of the target language. The present study investigates the contribution of orthography to the quality of phonolexical encoding by examining the acoustics of French schwa by Austrian German learners-a perceptually and articulatorily easy L2 phone with incongruent grapheme-phoneme correspondences between the L1 and L2. We compared production patterns in an auditory word-repetition task (without orthographic input) with those in a word-reading task. We analyzed the formant values (F1, F2, F3) of the schwa realizations of two groups of Austrian high-school students who had been learning French for 1 and 6 years. The results show that production patterns are more likely to be affected by L1 grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences when orthographic input is present. However, orthography does not appear to play the dominant role, as L2 development patterns are strongly determined by both the speaker and especially the lexical item, suggesting a highly complex interaction of multiple internal and external factors in the establishment of L2 phonological categories beyond orthography and phonology.

We sought to examine the contribution of visual cues, such as lipreading, in the identification of familiar (words) and unfamiliar (phonemes) words in terms of percent accuracy. For that purpose, in this retrospective study, we presented lists of words and phonemes (adult female healthy voice) in auditory (A) and audiovisual (AV) modalities to 65 Spanish normal-hearing male and female listeners classified in four age groups. Our results showed a remarkable benefit of AV information in word and phoneme recognition. Regarding gender, women exhibited better performance than men in both A and AV modalities, although we only found significant differences for words but not for phonemes. Concerning age, significant differences were detected in word recognition in the A modality between the youngest (18-29 years old) and oldest (⩾50 years old) groups only. We conclude visual information enhances word and phoneme recognition and women are more influenced by visual signals than men in AV speech perception. On the contrary, it seems that, overall, age is not a limiting factor for word recognition, with no significant differences observed in the AV modality.

The present study extends previous research reporting that orthographic forms, such as the use of a single letter or two letters to indicate the same sound, affect sound duration in second-language (L2) production. Native-language (L1) Korean L2 English sequential bilinguals performed a delayed repetition task for word pairs containing the same consonant or vowel spelled with one or two letters. Korean provided an interesting case because (1) it has an alphabetic orthographic system but not a Roman alphabet and thus, there may be no interorthographic interference and (2) it has no phonemic length contrast for vowels, whereas there is some disagreement on the contrastiveness of the consonant length, which can lead to an asymmetry in the grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence between vowels and consonants. The results showed that Korean learners produced the same English vowel with a short duration when spelled with a single letter and with a long duration when spelled with double letters or digraphs composed of two different letters; this variation in duration did not appear when producing English consonants spelled with a single or two letters. This study further examined whether individual differences in inhibitory control influenced the magnitude of orthographic effects in the production of English vowels by Korean learners. Individual differences in inhibitory control were not strongly related to the influence of orthography on vowel production.

Research has indicated that second-language learners have difficulty producing geminates accurately. Previous studies have also shown an effect of orthography on second-language speech production. We tested whether the existence of a contrast in the first language phonology for length aids the second-language production of the same contrast. Furthermore, we examined the effect of exposure to orthographic input on geminate consonant production in a cross-script context. We tested the production of Arabic geminate-singleton stop consonants [/bː/-/b/, /tː/-/t/, /dː/-/d/, and /kː/-/k/], a nasal stop consonant /mː/-/m/, and an emphatic stop consonant /tˤː/-/tˤ/, as well as the effect of the diacritic used in Arabic to mark gemination in a delayed imitation task and two reading tasks (ortho-with diacritics and ortho-without diacritics). A comparison of the productions of advanced Japanese-speaking learners, English-speaking learners, and an Arabic control group showed that both learner groups were able to produce Arabic geminate stops; however, the Japanese-speaking learners exhibited an advantage over the English-speaking learners in the auditory-only task and in the presence of diacritics, highlighting the fact that orthographic effects may occur in some cross-script contexts.

Phonological awareness (PA) is of great significance to children's early language learning and cognitive development. However, there has been a clear lack of research on the role of PA in developing children's perception of connected speech in foreign languages. Thus, this study focused on the cross-linguistic association between PA and children's connected speech perception skills. A total of 82 10- to-11-year-old Chinese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners participated in a battery of tasks on English connected speech perception and English and Chinese PA. The data yielded three critical results based on correlation, linear regression, Sobel test, and bootstrapping analyses. First, EFL young learners' English connected speech perception skills were significantly associated with their English and Chinese PA. Second, English phonemic and Chinese sound awareness were recognized as predictors of their connected speech perception skills. Moreover, the results further revealed that Chinese tone awareness predicted English connected speech perception skills via a direct pathway through Chinese sound awareness as a mediator. These findings demonstrated a cross-linguistic positive correlation between PA and connected speech perception skills from graphic to alphabetic characters in childhood. The results of this study shed light on teaching strategies for connected speech in EFL primary school education.

This study examined Korean three-way stop contrasts produced by North Korean (NK) immigrant speakers now living in South Korea, from the perspective of second dialect acquisition (SDA). Their production was compared with that of South Korean (SK) speakers. SK speakers and NK refugee speakers (N = 22 each) completed three tasks designed to elicit careful and conversational speech: reading aloud lists of one-syllable words and short phrases and participating in a sociolinguistic interview. The potential acoustic cues voice onset time (VOT), F0, and H1-H2 were measured and analyzed for 14,478 stops. Results indicated that in conversational speech (interview), SK speakers neutralized VOT between lenis and aspirated and used F0 robustly to differentiate the two categories, while distinguishing the long VOT for lenis and aspirated from the short VOT for fortis stops. In careful speech (reading one-syllable words), SK speakers differentiated all three categories by VOT. In contrast, NK speakers distinguished all three categories by VOT in all tasks, except for neutralizing the contrast for fortis and lenis in phrase reading. Furthermore, F0 was not used as robustly by NK as by SK speakers. We also examined the effects of age of arrival (AoA) and length of residence (LoR) on NK speakers' SDA. Our results indicated that the longer the NK refugees lived in SK, the more they could produce more SK-like stops. The results suggest that NK stop contrasts are likely distinguished by VOT, and these refugee speakers are in the process of acquiring SK stop patterns.

This paper explores the early lexicons of nine infants acquiring English or French to determine the extent of systematicity in the early vocabulary, and how this changes over time. Network graphs are generated from the point of first word production in the dataset until age 30 months. Two measures of systematicity-mean path length and clustering coefficient-are analyzed to establish the extent to which the early productive lexicon consists of closely connected clusters of similar-sounding forms. Results show that early production is highly systematic when compared with random networks, but that the network becomes more dispersed as it increases in size. Connectivity within the network is consistently higher for infants' actual productions when compared with the adult target forms, and this effect increases over time. This suggests a systematic approach to production over the course of early development.

How do speakers think and feel about neologisms? And how do these thoughts and feelings affect speakers' desire to use a neologism? In the present work, we synthesized existing literature on speakers' intrapersonal reasons for neologism use. From this synthesis, we derived a model of speaker attitudes about neologisms consisting of three core factors-efficiency, extravagance, and extralinguistic relevance. In three studies, we then empirically assessed whether this model accurately reflected how speakers thought and felt about neologisms, as well as how these thoughts and feelings affected whether speakers wanted to use a neologism. Results indicated that our conceptual model reasonably captured the various types of feelings people have about neologisms and confirmed that each of these types of feelings can be relevant to neologism use.

Sarcasm has been associated with several acoustic cues, but exploration of such cues in Cantonese has been limited. The present study revisited the production and perception of sarcasm in Cantonese, investigating how prosodic features and voice quality measures signal sarcastic speech and how well they can be recognized. Eighteen native Hong Kong Cantonese speakers produced colloquial sentences with three attitudes: sarcasm, neutrality, and sincerity. Five prosodic parameters and three voice quality parameters were analyzed and compared between attitudes, genders, and individual speakers. In addition, 42 native listeners rated the degree of sarcasm and sincerity of the target utterances. Average rating scores were compared between attitudes. Results show that Cantonese sarcasm is characterized by a slower speech rate, lower mean F0, narrower F0 range, lower mean amplitude, greater amplitude range, higher harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), lower jitter, and lower shimmer than sincere speech. Speakers utilized different combinations of acoustic cues to express sarcastic feeling. Listeners were able to distinguish sarcasm from sincerity according to the acoustic cues alone in the absence of verbal context. The more acoustic cues were utilized in a sarcastic utterance, the easier it would be for the listeners to understand the implied sarcastic meaning. Moreover, the insertion of an intensifier "zan55hai22 (really)" enhanced the sarcastic intonation, increasing listeners' accuracy at recognizing the speaker's sarcastic intention. The present study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between prosody and sarcastic speech by using an improved method and providing evidence of production and perception in native Cantonese speakers.