Applied Neuropsychology-Adult最新文献

Cognitive impairments are among the most common sequences of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Computerized cognitive rehabilitation uses multimedia and informatics resources to deliver cognitive training. This review aims to investigate the effects of computerized cognitive training in patients with TBI. PubMed, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, PEDro, Web of Science, REHABDATA, and EMBASE were searched from their inception until August 2023. The methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. After screening 461 records, a total of six studies met the specified inclusion criteria and involved 270 participants (mean age 46.91 years), 41% of whom were female. The included studies exhibited "high" quality on the Cochrane Collaboration tool. There were improvements in various cognitive domains in patients with TBI following computerized cognitive training. Computerized cognitive training is a safe intervention for patients with TBI. The evidence for the effect of computerized cognitive training on patients with TBI is promising. Combining computerized cognitive training with other interventions may yield more beneficial effects in improving cognitive function in patients with TBI than computerized cognitive training alone. Additional studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are warranted.

The Brief Executive-function Assessment Tool (BEAT) was developed and validated for use in residential substance use disorder treatment settings, where participants are mostly abstinent. It is therefore unclear whether the BEAT is valid for use in outpatient settings, where participants may be actively using substances. The effects of acute intoxication and withdrawal have the potential to alter the results of the BEAT. The current study sought to establish construct and criterion validity of the BEAT in an outpatient substance use disorder sample and to detect its sensitivity to substance use over the previous 24 hours and also over the past month. A total of 74 clients of a New South Wales-based outpatient substance use disorder service participated in the current study. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between the BEAT and three performance-based tests of executive functioning. Criterion validity was established in that the BEAT discriminated between those deemed impaired or not on a criterion composite measure of executive functioning. Test operating characteristics (88% sensitivity, 69% specificity, 44% PPV, and 95% NPV) were also established relative to this composite measure as a reference standard. The BEAT was insensitive to use/abstinence over the previous 24 hours and the past month.

In this study, we explored the effect of non-computerized cognitive rehabilitation in patients with Parkinson's disease in comparison with an intervention with elements of music therapy after the completion of a three-month program and one year after the end of the intervention. After the initial neuropsychological examination, the respondents were divided into two intervention groups. The experimental group (n = 26) underwent a twelve-week program of cognitive rehabilitation at a frequency of 60 minutes once a week. The control group (n = 27) underwent an intervention program with elements of music therapy at the same frequency. Respondents who underwent the cognitive rehabilitation program improved in the delayed recall from visual memory in the follow-up examination after the end of the cognitive intervention. One year after the end, the effect of cognitive rehabilitation persisted in delayed recall from visual memory and in executive mental flexibility. Cognitive rehabilitation is an effective approach to compensate for cognitive deficits in P D, but other approaches to cognitive stimulation may be equally effective.

SARS-CoV-2 infection has a wide range of both acute and long-term symptoms. Memory alterations have been frequently reported in studies that explore cognition. The main objective of the systematic review is to update and further analyze the existing evidence of objective memory impairments in long-COVID-19 considering sample and study design characteristics, as well as to explore associations between memory performance and their epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features. A total of 13 studies were identified by searching in PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases up to May 6, 2022. Most studies evaluated verbal component of memory in the short-term and long-term recall up to 30 min and mainly performed a single assessment completed at 4-6 months after the infection. The samples mainly consisted of middle-aged adults that required hospitalization. Samples were not stratified by sex, age, and severity. Poor verbal learning was reported in most cases (6-58%), followed by deficits in long-term (4-58%) and short-term (4-37%) verbal memory. Visuospatial component of memory was studied less than verbal component, showing impairment of long-term retention of visual items (10-49%). COVID-19 severity in the acute stage was not systematically associated with poor memory performance. Verbal memory deficits were associated with anxiety and depression. The existing literature on objective memory assessment in long-COVID suggests further research is warranted to confirm memory dysfunction in association with epidemiological, pathological, and clinical factors, using both verbal and visuospatial tests, and exploring in deep long-term memory deficits.

This study applied a reliable change methodology to the test-retest data from the Spanish-language NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) normative sample. Participants included Spanish-speaking adults (n = 48; 54.2% women, 100% Latinx) evaluated twice within one to two weeks on the Spanish-language NIHTB-CB, consisting of two crystallized and five fluid cognitive tests. Test-retest means, standard deviations, and intraclass correlations were used to calculate upper and lower bounds of 70, 80, and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) around change scores, with these bounds used as cutoffs for inferring reliable change. Cutoffs were calculated for raw scores, age-adjusted standard scores (SS; M = 100, SD = 15), and demographic-adjusted T-scores (T; M = 50, SD = 10), adjusting for age, gender, and education. Test-retest change scores on the Spanish-language NIHTB-CB exceeding the following cutoffs indicate reliable change based on an 80% CI (i.e., values exceeding these cutoffs indicate greater decline or greater improvement than 90% of the sample): Dimensional Change Card Sort (SS ≥ 15/T ≥ 11), Flanker (SS ≥ 13/T ≥ 10), List Sorting (SS ≥ 13/T ≥ 9), Picture Sequence Memory (SS ≥ 14/T ≥ 9), Pattern Comparison (SS ≥ 14/T ≥ 10), Picture Vocabulary (SS ≥ 8/T ≥ 6), Oral Reading (SS ≥ 7/T ≥ 5), Fluid Cognition Composite (SS ≥ 12/T ≥ 9), Crystallized Cognition Composite (SS ≥ 6/T ≥ 5), and Total Cognition Composite (SS ≥ 8/T ≥ 7). These cutoffs are one of few resources to interpret cognitive change at retest among Spanish-speaking patients and participants.

Objective: To investigate the ability of selective measures on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (WCST-64) to predict noncredible neurocognitive dysfunction in a large sample of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) litigants.

Method: Participants included 114 adults who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological examination. Criterion groups were formed based upon their performance on stand-alone measures of cognitive performance validity (PVT).

Results: Participants failing PVTs performed worse across all WCST-64 dependent variables of interest compared to participants who passed PVTs. Receiver operating curve analysis revealed that only categories completed was a significant predictors of PVT status. Multivariate logistic regression did not add to classification accuracy.

Conclusion: Consideration of noncredible executive functioning may be warranted in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) litigants who complete ≤ 1 category on the WCST-64.

An existing theoretical framework proposes that aberrant temporal processing and a fast internal clock, denoted by overestimation and under-reproduction of time, increases the likelihood of engagement in risky behaviors (ERB). The primary aim of this project was to improve our understanding of the relationship between temporal processing and ERB in college students. The present study used the Wittmann and Paulus (2008) theoretical framework to examine the associations between temporal processing and ERB in college students. College student participants (N = 215) completed self-report measures of ERB, delay aversion, inhibitory control, ADHD symptoms and objective cognitive time estimation and time reproduction tasks. Time estimation accuracy was significantly associated with lower engagement in sexual risk behaviors (OR = .988; 95% CI: .979, .996; p = .006) and aggressive behaviors (OR = .989; 95% CI: .980, .998; p = .018). Time reproduction was not significantly associated with ERB. The present study established preliminary support for the associations between aberrant temporal processing, namely aberrant time estimation, and ERB among college students.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with various cognitive, behavioral, and mood symptoms that complicate diagnosis and treatment. The heterogeneity of these symptoms may also vary depending on certain sociodemographic factors. It is therefore important to establish more homogenous symptom profiles in patients with ADHD and determine their association with the patient's sociodemographic makeup. The current study used unsupervised machine learning to identify symptom profiles across various cognitive, behavioral, and mood symptoms in adults with ADHD. It was then examined whether symptom profiles differed based on relevant sociodemographic factors.

Methods: Participants were 382 adult outpatients (62% female; 51% non-Hispanic White) referred for neuropsychological evaluation for ADHD.

Results: Employing Gaussian Mixture Modeling, we identified two distinct symptom profiles in adults with ADHD: "ADHD-Plus Symptom Profile" and "ADHD-Predominate Symptom Profile." These profiles were primarily differentiated by internalizing psychopathology (Cohen's d = 1.94-2.05), rather than by subjective behavioral and cognitive symptoms of ADHD or neurocognitive test performance. In a subset of 126 adults without ADHD who were referred for the same evaluation, the unsupervised machine learning algorithm only identified one symptom profile. Group comparison analyses indicated that female patients were most likely to present with an ADHD-Plus Symptom Profile (χ2 = 5.43, p < .001).

Conclusion: The machine learning technique used in this study appears to be an effective way to elucidate symptom profiles emerging from comprehensive ADHD evaluations. These findings further underscore the importance of considering internalizing symptoms and patients' sex when contextualizing adult ADHD diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose: Naming difficulty is associated with temporal lobe epilepsy and a decline in naming ability is reported following dominant temporal lobe resections. The Boston Naming Test (BNT) is the most frequently used test for assessing naming ability. Evaluating naming ability in bilingual/multilingual populations is a challenge when participants are restricted to responding in one language. The study aimed to adapt and standardize the BNT as a valid clinical tool for evaluating bilingual/multilingual people undergoing epilepsy surgery in urban India.

Results: Culture-appropriate adaptations were done, and participants were allowed to respond in any language. Data from 197 participants showed a strong education effect. The adaptation showed strong internal consistency, reliability, construct validity, and high sensitivity to left temporal lobe epilepsy performance.

Conclusions: The adapted version that allowed for flexible use of more than one language is a useful clinical tool for evaluating bilingual people undergoing epilepsy surgery.