Consciousness and Cognition最新文献_第2页

The phenomenal binding problem for neural networks 神经网络的现象绑定问题。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104003

Chris Percy , Gautam Agarwal

Our aim is to explore neural network mechanisms for phenomenal binding, i.e. combining micro-units of information into the macro-scale conscious experience common in human phenomenology. Such experiential complexity is a key feature that aspiring theories of phenomenal consciousness must account for. We motivate phenomenal binding in a way that aids translation to computational neuroscience, connecting it to related but distinct topics: functional binding, the hard problem of consciousness, and unity of consciousness.

We define a deliberately simple artificial neural network (ANN) model, in order to explore its full space of options for implementing phenomenal binding. We demonstrate that the model can implement functional binding but fails to implement phenomenal binding while also maintaining key distinctions between unconscious and conscious processing. We use this set-up to structure possible solutions to p-binding based on which parts of the model they elaborate or which parts of the problem they reject.

Several established theories of consciousness map onto our solution structure, such as the aggregation of nodes into complexes applied by Integrated Information Theory (IIT), entanglement collapse in Orch-OR, or the exploitation of field structures in Conscious Electromagnetic Information Theory (CEMI). We also discuss possible solutions open to other theories, such as Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT) and Dendritic Integration Theory (DIT). Nonetheless, at present, each solution route needs further work, identifying opportunities for researchers to enrich existing theories to account properly for phenomenal binding.

我们的目标是探索现象结合的神经网络机制，即将微观信息单位结合到人类现象学中常见的宏观意识经验中。这种经验的复杂性是有抱负的现象意识理论必须解释的一个关键特征。我们以一种有助于翻译计算神经科学的方式激发现象绑定，将其与相关但不同的主题联系起来：功能绑定，意识的难题和意识的统一。我们定义了一个故意简单的人工神经网络（ANN）模型，以探索其实现现象绑定的全部选择空间。我们证明，该模型可以实现功能绑定，但无法实现现象绑定，同时也保持了无意识和有意识处理之间的关键区别。我们使用这种设置来构建p结合的可能解决方案，这些解决方案基于他们阐述模型的哪些部分或他们拒绝问题的哪些部分。一些已建立的意识理论映射到我们的解结构上，例如集成信息理论（IIT）中应用的节点聚集成复合体，Orch-OR中的纠缠坍缩，或有意识电磁信息理论（CEMI）中对场结构的利用。我们还讨论了其他理论的可能解决方案，如全局神经元工作空间理论（GNWT）和树突整合理论（DIT）。尽管如此，目前，每种解决途径都需要进一步的工作，为研究人员提供丰富现有理论的机会，以适当地解释现象性结合。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Self-face processing in relation to self-referential tasks in 24-month-old infants: A study through eye movements and pupillometry measures”. [Conscious. Cogn. 127 (2025) 103803] “24个月大婴儿自我面孔加工与自我参照任务的关系：一项通过眼球运动和瞳孔测量的研究”的勘误。(有意识的。法典。127(2025)103803]。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103992

Hiroshi Nitta , Yusuke Uto , Kengo Chaya , Kazuhide Hashiya

引用次数: 0

Age(ncy) differences: Age-related changes in the use of sense of agency cues 年龄（ncy）差异：与年龄相关的使用代理线索感的变化。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104001

Victoria K.E. Bart, Martina Rieger

Sense of Agency (SoA) is the experience of control over one’s actions and, through them, events in the outside world. Experimental research indicates that SoA is inferred based on different agency cues. We investigated whether younger (18–28 years) and older (65–75 years) adults differ in their use of three of these cues, namely action-effect congruency, affective valence of the effect, and temporal relation between action and effect. In an experiment, participants first learned to associate keypresses with positively and negatively valenced effects (positive or negative smileys). Subsequently, participants performed the same keypresses. Keypresses were, after different intervals, followed by positive or negative smileys. Smileys were either congruent or incongruent with the previously acquired action-effect associations. Participants were told that the occurrence of a smiley was either caused by their keypress or was automatically generated by the computer independent of their keypress. In each trial, participants indicated how sure they are that they caused the effect (authorship rating). Authorship ratings were higher for congruent than for incongruent effects and for positively than for negatively valenced effects in both age groups. This indicates that the use of action-effect congruency and affective valence of the effect as agency cues are age-independent. Authorship ratings decreased with increasing action-effect interval in younger adults, but not in older adults. This indicates that older adults may rely less on temporal cues, presumably due to age-related differences in cue integration. In conclusion, temporal agency cues are used differently across different age groups.

代理感（SoA）是一种控制自己行为的体验，并通过这些行为控制外部世界中的事件。实验研究表明，SoA是基于不同的代理线索进行推断的。我们调查了年轻人（18-28岁）和老年人（65-75岁）在使用这些线索中的三个方面是否存在差异，即行动-效果一致性、效果的情感效价和行动与效果之间的时间关系。在一项实验中，参与者首先学会了将按键与积极和消极的价值效应（积极或消极的笑脸）联系起来。随后，参与者进行相同的按键操作。在不同的按键间隔后，会出现积极或消极的笑脸。笑脸符号与先前获得的动作效应关联或一致或不一致。参与者被告知，笑脸符号的出现要么是由他们的按键引起的，要么是由计算机独立于他们的按键而自动生成的。在每次试验中，参与者都表明他们有多确定是自己造成了这种影响（作者评级）。在两个年龄组中，一致效应的作者评价高于不一致效应，积极效应高于消极效应。这表明行动-效果一致性和效果的情感效价作为行为线索是年龄无关的。在年轻人中，作者评分随动作-效果间隔的增加而下降，但在老年人中没有。这表明老年人可能较少依赖时间线索，可能是由于线索整合的年龄相关差异。总之，时间代理线索在不同年龄组的使用是不同的。

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引用次数: 0

The power of tactile imagery: parallels between imagined and physical CT-optimal touch in pleasantness and velocity 触觉意象的力量：在愉悦和速度上，想象和物理ct最佳触摸之间的相似之处。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.103999

Renee Lustenhouwer, Larissa Lauren Meijer

Interpersonal, caress-like touch evokes pleasant sensations and can reduce stress, anxiety and pain. These effects likely stem from stimulation of C-Tactile (CT) fibers, activating brain regions involved in affective processing. Imagined touch, tactile imagery, elicits similar brain activation and pleasant sensations. However, a direct comparison of CT-optimal touch perception during imagery and stimulation is lacking. Moreover, it is unclear whether individuals can imagine touch at CT-optimal velocities. Here we compared perceived pleasantness of CT-optimal and CT-non-optimal touch during imagery and stimulation in 48 healthy adults. We additionally recorded imagery durations, to investigate whether individuals can differentially imagine slower, CT-optimal (3 cm/s), and faster, CT-non-optimal (18 cm/s) stroking. Participants first performed tactile imagery of slow or fast stroking with a brush or stick, followed by equivalent stimulation by an assessor. Overall, pleasantness scores were slightly, albeit significantly, lower for imagery than stimulation. Importantly, in both imagery and stimulation, slow stroking and brush stroking (CT-optimal) were perceived as significantly more pleasant. Moreover, relative pleasantness scores for imagery and stimulation showed significant positive correlations. Importantly, participants took significantly longer to imagine slow stroking, suggesting that individuals can accurately imagine CT-optimal touch velocities. Our findings illustrate parallels between imagery and stimulation in terms of temporal congruency and affective appreciation of touch. This suggests that similar top-down processes are likely involved, and confirms tactile imagery’s potential for future clinical applications.

人与人之间，爱抚般的触摸唤起愉快的感觉，可以减少压力、焦虑和痛苦。这些影响可能源于c -触觉（CT）纤维的刺激，激活了涉及情感处理的大脑区域。想象中的触摸，即触觉意象，会引发类似的大脑活动和愉悦的感觉。然而，在图像和刺激过程中，ct最佳触摸感知的直接比较缺乏。此外，目前还不清楚个人是否能想象以ct最佳速度触摸。在这里，我们比较了48名健康成人在想象和刺激过程中ct最佳触摸和ct非最佳触摸的感知愉悦度。我们还记录了图像持续时间，以调查个体是否能不同地想象较慢的、ct最佳的（3厘米/秒）和较快的、ct非最佳的（18厘米/秒）抚摸。参与者首先用刷子或棍子进行慢速或快速抚摸的触觉想象，然后由评估员进行等效的刺激。总体而言，想象的愉悦性得分略低于刺激。重要的是，在想象和刺激两方面，慢速抚摸和毛笔抚摸（ct优化）被认为明显更令人愉快。此外，意象和刺激的相对愉悦得分显示出显著的正相关。重要的是，参与者花了更长的时间来想象缓慢的抚摸，这表明个人可以准确地想象出ct的最佳触摸速度。我们的发现说明了意象和刺激在时间一致性和触觉情感欣赏方面的相似之处。这表明可能涉及类似的自上而下的过程，并证实了触觉图像在未来临床应用中的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Deeper into dissociative Amnesia: A perspective from Higher-Order theories of consciousness 更深入解离性健忘症：从意识的高阶理论的视角。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.103998

Ella Maria Tytgat, Maria Panagiotou

Memory is a fundamental brain function relying on complex neurological mechanisms that involve the processes of experiencing, encoding, consolidating and retrieving. A disorder primarily characterized by the loss of (autobiographical) memory owing to stressful or traumatic events is dissociative amnesia, the underlying mechanisms of which are poorly understood and further research is warranted. In this review, we first outline the memory systems and associated brain areas, then introduce the neural suppression pathways of memory retrieval and discuss the neural correlates and influential theoretical models of dissociative amnesia. After reviewing notable consciousness theories, we finally examine dissociative amnesia through the lens of higher-order theories of consciousness. We propose a theoretical model, the metarepresentational system of memory suppression which learns, through self-organizing processes, to downregulate or block access to a negatively colored autobiographical content. More specifically, we hypothesize that dissociative amnesia, primarily addressing some of its selective forms, may emerge from a functional disconnect between first-order representations, located in the neocortex and hippocampus and higher-order representations, the metarepresentations, located in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) which evaluate and regulate conscious access. Additionally, we discuss that the inhibitory mechanisms in the metarepresentational system are flexible and dynamic and can reverse the suppression given the appropriate conditions, as seen in actual dissociative amnesia cases. Although empirical evidence is needed to support our theory, we suggest that disruptions in conscious access, such as those seen in dissociative amnesia, offer a powerful window into the broader mechanisms of consciousness.

记忆是一项基本的大脑功能，它依赖于复杂的神经机制，包括经历、编码、巩固和检索等过程。解离性失忆症是一种主要以压力或创伤事件导致的（自传式）记忆丧失为特征的疾病，其潜在机制尚不清楚，需要进一步研究。本文首先概述了记忆系统及其相关脑区，然后介绍了记忆提取的神经抑制通路，并讨论了解离性遗忘的神经相关因素和影响理论模型。在回顾了著名的意识理论之后，我们最后通过意识的高阶理论来研究解离性健忘症。我们提出了一个理论模型，即记忆抑制的元表征系统，它通过自组织过程来学习下调或阻止对负面色彩的自传体内容的访问。更具体地说，我们假设解离性健忘症，主要是解决它的一些选择性形式，可能出现在位于新皮层和海马的一阶表征和位于评估和调节意识访问的背前扣带皮层（dACC）和背外侧前额叶皮层（DLPFC）的高阶表征，元表征之间的功能脱节。此外，我们讨论了元表征系统中的抑制机制是灵活和动态的，并且可以在适当的条件下逆转抑制，正如在实际的解离性遗忘病例中所看到的那样。尽管需要经验证据来支持我们的理论，但我们认为，意识访问的中断，比如在解离性健忘症中看到的那些，为更广泛的意识机制提供了一个强有力的窗口。

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引用次数: 0

Poetry of coordinated motion: The beauty of dance lies in the physics of the movement 动作协调的诗意：舞蹈之美在于动作的物理性。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.103997

Michael Chang , Nicholas O’Dwyer , Stephen Cobley , Roger Adams , Mark Halaki

What is perceived as beautiful movement in dance? We investigated quantitative relations between the subjective experience of observing dance and objective physical variables. By integrating datasets from perceptual psychophysics and movement biomechanics, we explored how the control, coordination and energetics of dance movements, which represent dance skill, related to perceptual judgements of a naïve audience. Multidimensional perceptual ratings of dance were found to distil statistically into a single Gestalt, ‘aesthetic value’ (or beauty), which was systematically related to multiple physical variables. Higher aesthetic value was attributed to more-skilled dancers demonstrating greater amplitude and speed of motion, with coordinated and economical execution. These findings thus are consistent with the Romantic conception of beauty being related to vitality. Moreover, the enhanced coordination and economy of these skilled movements align with the Classical conception, endorsed by Plato, Aristotle and Leibniz, that beauty is measurable (quantifiable), proportionate (mathematical) and encompasses harmony and symmetry. Historically, the lack of technology to measure the dynamic qualities of dance movement in three-dimensional space meant that it was not possible to corroborate empirically this classical perspective, which is substantiated here for the first time. Overall, the findings support an evolutionary framework, whereby a dancer’s aesthetic value to observers reflects the quality of their vigour and neuromuscular function, the dominant perceptual factor influencing mate selection thus being the beauty of dance performance, driven by dancer skill.

在舞蹈中，什么被认为是美丽的动作？我们研究了观看舞蹈的主观体验与客观物理变量之间的定量关系。通过整合感知心理物理学和运动生物力学的数据集，我们探索了舞蹈动作的控制、协调和能量学如何与naïve观众的感知判断相关。研究发现，舞蹈的多维感知评级在统计上被提炼成一个格式塔，即“审美价值”（或美），它与多个物理变量系统地相关。更高的审美价值归因于更熟练的舞者表现出更大的幅度和速度的运动，协调和经济的执行。因此，这些发现与浪漫主义的美与活力有关的概念是一致的。此外，这些熟练动作的增强协调性和经济性与柏拉图、亚里士多德和莱布尼茨所认可的古典观念相一致，即美是可测量的（可量化的）、相称的（数学的），并包含和谐与对称。从历史上看，由于缺乏测量三维空间中舞蹈动作的动态质量的技术，这意味着不可能从经验上证实这一经典视角，这是第一次在这里得到证实。总的来说，这些发现支持了一个进化框架，即舞者对观察者的审美价值反映了他们的活力和神经肌肉功能的质量，因此影响配偶选择的主要感知因素是舞蹈表演的美，由舞者的技能驱动。

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引用次数: 0

Prioritization of self-associated voices is enhanced by positive prosodic valence: Roles of individual explicit self-esteem in self-bias and positive self-bias 积极韵律效价增强了自我关联语音的优先化：个体外显自尊在自我偏见和积极自我偏见中的作用。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.103995

Yifan Mou , Hongwei Ding

The self-prioritization effect (SPE) refers to the preferential processing of self-relevant stimuli relative to those linked to others. Recent evidence suggests that even unfamiliar, external voices can elicit an auditory SPE once arbitrarily associated with the self, whereas it remains unclear whether this prioritization is modulated by stimulus valence. Across two experiments, the present study examined the prioritization of self-associated voices and the influence of prosodic valence on its magnitude. Experiment 1 adopted a voice-label matching task in which unfamiliar voices were associated with labels of the self, a friend, and a stranger. Self-associated voices were processed faster and more accurately, accompanied by faster evidence accumulation, relative to voices assigned to a friend or a stranger. Manipulating the prosodic valence of to-be-associated voices, Experiment 2 showed that positive prosodic valence enhanced the strength of auditory SPE. A larger self-prioritization was elicited in happy prosody than neutral prosody, and valence-related effects were confined to self-associated voices. Finally, explicit self-esteem was unrelated to self-bias, but positively associated with positive self-bias. Together, these findings demonstrate the robustness and flexibility of the auditory SPE, with its magnitude being amplified by positive valence. The dissociation between explicit self-esteem and self-bias highlights the multifaceted self-representations, while meaningful individual variation in positive self-bias underscores the important role of explicit self-esteem in self-positivity bias.

自我优先效应（self- priorities effect， SPE）是指个体对自我相关刺激的优先处理。最近的证据表明，即使是不熟悉的外部声音，一旦与自我联系起来，也会引起听觉上的SPE，然而，这种优先次序是否受到刺激效价的调节尚不清楚。通过两个实验，本研究考察了自我关联语音的优先级以及韵律效价对其大小的影响。实验1采用语音标签匹配任务，将不熟悉的声音与自我、朋友和陌生人的标签联系起来。与朋友或陌生人的声音相比，与自己相关的声音处理得更快、更准确，证据积累也更快。实验2表明，通过对拟关联语音的韵律效价进行操纵，积极的韵律效价增强了听觉SPE的强度。快乐韵律比中性韵律更能激发出自我优先级，而价值相关的影响仅限于自我相关的声音。最后，外显自尊与自我偏见无关，但与积极自我偏见呈正相关。总之，这些发现证明了听觉SPE的稳健性和灵活性，其强度被正价放大。外显自尊与自我偏见的分离突出了自我表征的多面性，而积极自我偏见的显著个体差异强调了外显自尊在自我积极偏见中的重要作用。

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引用次数: 0

Operationalizing near‑death experiences: Stability of the NDE Rasch hierarchy over two decades 濒死体验的操作化：近二十年来濒死体验层级的稳定性。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103979

Marieta Pehlivanova , Rense Lange , Bruce Greyson , James Houran

This study presents the first comprehensive psychometric comparison of Greyson’s (1983) 16-item Near-Death Experience Scale (NDE Scale) and Martial et al.’s (2020) 20-item Near-Death Experience Content Scale (NDE-C) using Rasch modeling and differential item functioning (or response bias) analyses. A total of 705 self-identified “near-death experiencers” (64% women) completed both measures, which were randomly intermingled and rated for experiential relevance. Results confirmed that the two scales measure the same underlying construct of NDE phenomenology, as evidenced by a near-perfect disattenuated Pearson correlation (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). However, Rasch analysis revealed limitations in the category structures of both scales—particularly the NDE-C—and identified psychometric and conceptual weaknesses in its five novel items. Critically, the core Rasch item hierarchy derived from the original NDE Scale was replicated both in this sample and a previously simulated dataset based on the NDE-C’s development research, confirming its long-term structural stability. Based on the present evidence and the principle of parsimony, we recommend the original NDE Scale supported by Rasch scoring and a validated cut-off of 7 (out of 32), as it is conceptually coherent and psychometrically robust, while maintaining historical comparison with previous research. These findings reinforce the value of Rasch modeling for cumulative theory-building and underscore the Rasch NDE hierarchy's foundational role in operationalizing legitimate near-death experiences.

本研究采用Rasch模型和差异项目功能（或反应偏差）分析，首次对Greyson（1983）的16项濒死体验量表（NDE量表）和Martial et al.（2020）的20项濒死体验内容量表（NDE- c）进行了全面的心理测量比较。共有705名自我认定的“濒死体验者”（64%为女性）完成了这两项测量，这些测量随机混合并根据经验相关性进行评分。结果证实，两个量表测量的是相同的濒死现象学的基本结构，近似完美的非衰减Pearson相关性(r = 0.98, p

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引用次数: 0

Dispositional factors affecting the analgesic response to imagery and mindfulness suggestions during hypnosis 催眠过程中影响意象和正念暗示镇痛反应的性格因素

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.103993

Carolane Desmarteaux , Émilie Giguère , Mouni Amrane , Mathieu Piché , Arnaud Saj , Pierre Rainville , Ali Filali , David Ogez

Medical hypnosis combined with mindfulness suggestions may improve pain management, but individual benefits are difficult to predict. This study compared the effects of hypnotic induction suggestions and different hypnotic suggestions for analgesia on acute experimental pain, considering hypnotic susceptibility (SHSS:A) and five mindfulness facets (FFMQ). Thirty-four healthy participants were administered phasic electrical stimulations during a Baseline condition, a Hypnotic induction alone condition, and experimental hypnosis conditions involving Imagery and Mindfulness-like suggestions of analgesia. Results showed significant pain reduction to all three hypnotic conditions compared to Baseline (EMMs = 18.98 to 23.76; p < 0.0001) and highlighted the moderating role of dispositional factors. Imagery suggestions were more effective than Hypnotic induction (EMMs = 3.14, p < 0.001) and Mindfulness (EMMs = 4.78, p < 0.0001) but Mindfulness suggestions did not provide benefits over Hypnotic induction (EMMs = 1.64, p = 0.25). Individuals with higher hypnotic susceptibility (SHSS:A) and lower scores on the FFMQ’s non-reactivity subscale reported significantly more analgesia (p’s < 0.01). FFMQ’s Non-judgement score positively predicted hypoanalgesia in Hypnotic induction suggestions (p < 0.01), FFMQ’s Description score positively moderated Hypnotic induction and Mindfulness suggestions effects (p’s < 0.01) and FFMQ’s Awareness score was a negative moderator of mindfulness’s hypoalgesia suggestions (p < 0.001). These findings confirm that mindfulness-like suggestions can be integrated to hypnotic interventions but indicate that they may not provide additional effect on acute pain responses, beyond standard hypnotic induction techniques. Importantly, different mindfulness dispositional characteristics may sustain or reduce the potential benefits of hypnosis interventions.

医学催眠结合正念建议可能会改善疼痛管理，但个人的好处很难预测。本研究考虑催眠敏感性（SHSS:A）和五个正念面（FFMQ），比较催眠诱导暗示和不同催眠暗示对急性实验性疼痛的影响。34名健康参与者在基线条件、单独催眠诱导条件和涉及图像和正念样镇痛建议的实验性催眠条件下接受相电刺激。结果显示，与基线相比，三种催眠状态下疼痛均显著减轻（EMMs = 18.98至23.76;p < 0.0001），并强调了性格因素的调节作用。意象建议比催眠诱导（EMMs = 3.14, p < 0.001）和正念（EMMs = 4.78, p < 0.0001）更有效，但正念建议并不比催眠诱导（EMMs = 1.64, p = 0.25）更有效。催眠易感性较高（SHSS:A）和FFMQ非反应性分量表得分较低的个体报告了更多的镇痛（p 's < 0.01）。FFMQ非判断分正向预测催眠诱导提示的镇痛效果（p < 0.01）， FFMQ描述分正向调节催眠诱导和正念提示的效果（p < 0.01）， FFMQ意识分负向调节正念提示的镇痛效果（p < 0.001）。这些发现证实，类似正念的建议可以整合到催眠干预中，但表明它们可能不会对急性疼痛反应提供额外的影响，除了标准的催眠诱导技术。重要的是，不同的正念倾向特征可能维持或减少催眠干预的潜在好处。

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引用次数: 0

Three propositions about conscious experience and their implications for theories of consciousness 关于意识经验的三个命题及其对意识理论的启示

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.103994

Peter A. White

The aim of this paper is to make and defend three simple propositions about what can and cannot be conscious in the human brain and to elucidate their implications for research and theory on consciousness. The first proposition is that the fact that some information is conscious should be, but often is not, distinguished from the information itself. The second proposition is that, treating the brain as an information processing system, information can be conscious (or not) but processes that operate on information cannot be conscious. This is illustrated with analysis of voluntary action generation, such as making a verbal report. The third proposition is that access consciousness is just access. Adding the word “consciousness” to it makes no difference to how it operates. An information processing system exactly like the human brain but in which no information was conscious would function in exactly the same way as human brains in which some information is conscious. Conscious experience must be explained by means of a generative mechanism; no such mechanism has yet been proposed.

本文的目的是提出和捍卫三个简单的命题，即人类大脑中什么可以意识，什么不可以意识，并阐明它们对意识研究和理论的影响。第一个命题是，某些信息是有意识的，这一事实应该与信息本身区分开来，但往往不是这样。第二个命题是，将大脑视为一个信息处理系统，信息可以是有意识的（或无意识的），但对信息进行操作的过程不能是有意识的。这是通过分析自愿行动产生来说明的，比如做口头报告。第三个命题是，接触意识只是接触。加上“意识”这个词对它的运作方式没有任何影响。一个完全像人类大脑的信息处理系统，但其中没有信息是有意识的，它的功能与人类大脑的功能完全相同，其中有些信息是有意识的。有意识的经验必须用生成机制来解释；目前还没有人提出这样的机制。

引用次数: 0