Consciousness and Cognition最新文献_第5页

Resting state functional connectivity underlining the association between working memory capacity and self-future mind wandering 静息状态功能连接强调了工作记忆容量和自我未来走神之间的联系。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103957

Hong He , Binqian Leng , Jinghong Shi , Xinyue Zhang , Ting Li , Xuemin Zhang

Previous research has reported inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and tendencies for future-oriented mind wandering. To address this, the present study incorporated self-relevant elements into probes to further specify self-relevant, future-oriented (self-future) mind wandering, aiming to clarify its relationship with WMC and explore the functional connectivity mediating this association. Ninety-four participants completed the sustained attention to response task (SART) with thought probes, the operation span (OSPAN) task, and the reading span (RSPAN) task. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were also collected. The findings demonstrated a significant positive association between WMC and self-future mind wandering. Additionally, functional connectivity between the left lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the left lateral premotor cortex (LPMC) was positively associated with both WMC and self-future mind wandering. Further analyses revealed that LPFC–LPMC connectivity statistically mediated the relationship between WMC and self-future mind wandering. Conversely, self-future mind wandering also mediated the association between WMC and LPFC–LPMC connectivity. These findings are consistent with the context regulation hypothesis and provide insight into the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, LPFC-LPMC connectivity may link to the integration of motor sequence predictions and anticipated speech and nonverbal communication, whereas the reverse mediation suggests that self-future mind wandering may contribute to shaping neural connectivity associated with executive control.

先前的研究报告了关于工作记忆容量（WMC）和面向未来的走神倾向之间关系的不一致的发现。为了解决这一问题，本研究将自我相关因素纳入探针，进一步明确自我相关、未来导向（自我未来）走神与WMC的关系，并探讨其功能连通性的中介作用。94名被试完成了包含思维探针的持续注意反应任务（SART）、操作广度任务（osspan）和阅读广度任务（RSPAN）。静息状态功能磁共振成像（rs-fMRI）数据也被收集。研究结果表明，WMC与自我未来走神之间存在显著的正相关。此外，左外侧前额叶皮层（LPFC）和左外侧运动前皮层（LPMC）之间的功能连通性与WMC和自我未来走神都呈正相关。进一步分析表明，LPFC-LPMC连通性在WMC与自我未来走神之间具有统计学中介作用。相反，自我未来走神也介导了WMC与LPFC-LPMC连通性之间的关联。这些发现与环境调节假说一致，并提供了对潜在机制的见解。具体而言，LPFC-LPMC连接可能与运动序列预测和预期言语和非言语交流的整合有关，而反向中介表明，自我未来走神可能有助于形成与执行控制相关的神经连接。

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引用次数: 0

The phenomenology of encoding: Experience sampling reveals thoughts associated with the retention of visual and verbal materials 编码现象学：经验抽样揭示了与视觉和语言材料保留相关的思想。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103958

Brecken Marome , Shivang Shelat , Jonathan W. Schooler

Evaluating ongoing thoughts during behavioral tasks can offer valuable insight into underlying cognitive processes. Yet, despite their ubiquity, dimensions of thought are often overlooked in experimental psychology, where researchers typically prioritize the assessment of task performance and neglect the accompanying mental experience. In this study, we used experience sampling to investigate the phenomenology of task-unrelated and task-relevant thoughts during memory encoding for verbal and visual stimuli. In two experiments, participants studied words and images matched in intrinsic memorability before completing a recognition memory test. During the study phase, participants responded to several thought probes at pseudorandom intervals, rating dimensions of task-relatedness, awareness, unguidedness, inner speech, visual imagery, auditory imagery, bodily sensation, and emotion. Our results revealed a robust effect across experiments between task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) and recognition failures, suggesting attention lapses interfere with encoding. Meta-awareness during TUTs showed a protective effect on encoding in Experiment 1 that did not replicate in Experiment 2, and modality-matched TUTs (e.g., visual TUT during image study) did not differentially impair memory. During task-oriented states, verbal stimuli evoked more auditory imagery, while visual stimuli evoked more unguidedness, visual imagery, and emotion. Importantly, certain on-task thought qualities, such as awareness and inner speech, were uniquely linked to enhanced memory performance, suggesting that task-relevant thoughts are heterogeneous in their role in processing and encoding. By emphasizing the intricate relationship between external stimuli, inner experience, and memory encoding, this work calls for a more integrative approach that incorporates phenomenological perspectives in the study of cognition.

在行为任务中评估正在进行的想法可以为潜在的认知过程提供有价值的见解。然而，尽管思维维度无处不在，但它们在实验心理学中经常被忽视，在实验心理学中，研究人员通常优先考虑任务表现的评估，而忽略了伴随的心理体验。在本研究中，我们采用经验抽样的方法研究了在语言和视觉刺激的记忆编码过程中任务无关和任务相关思维的现象学。在两个实验中，参与者在完成识别记忆测试之前，研究了内在记忆能力相匹配的单词和图像。在研究阶段，参与者以伪随机间隔对几个思想探针做出反应，对任务相关性、意识、无导向、内心语言、视觉意象、听觉意象、身体感觉和情感等维度进行评级。我们的研究结果揭示了任务无关思维（TUTs）和识别失败之间的强大效应，表明注意力缺失会干扰编码。实验1中元意识对编码的保护作用在实验2中没有重复，模态匹配的TUT（如图像学习期间的视觉TUT）对记忆的损害不存在差异。在任务导向状态下，言语刺激诱发更多的听觉意象，而视觉刺激诱发更多的无导向、视觉意象和情绪。重要的是，某些与任务相关的思想品质，如意识和内心语言，与增强的记忆表现有独特的联系，这表明与任务相关的思想在加工和编码过程中的作用是不同的。通过强调外部刺激、内在体验和记忆编码之间的复杂关系，这项工作呼吁在认知研究中采用一种更综合的方法，将现象学的观点结合起来。

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引用次数: 0

A systematic review investigating the link between social cognition and self-awareness in adults 研究成人社会认知与自我意识关系的系统综述

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103945

Mathilde Despres, Elodie Bertrand, Claire Dijoux, Pascale Piolino, Pauline Narme

Social cognition, encompassing the mental processes involved in perceiving, interpreting, and responding to social information, remains a complex domain to model, particularly when considered in relation to self-awareness. As social cognition requires awareness of others, effective self-awareness is often assumed to be crucial for this process. Yet, the role of self-awareness in social cognition is still debated. This systematic review investigates the link between social cognition and self-awareness in adult populations. Following a PRISMA-guided literature search, 8,973 articles were identified, and 192 were selected for full-text screening. Eighty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria, which required quantifying at least one social cognitive process and one self-awareness component and exploring their relationship in healthy adults or patients with neurological or psychiatric conditions. Most studies focused on theory of mind, emotion recognition, and empathy, with insight and metacognition being the primary self-awareness dimensions explored. Theory of mind was most commonly linked to insight, while emotion recognition and empathy were associated with metacognition. Results varied depending on the cognitive processes studied, the population examined, and the methods employed. Notably, stronger correlations were observed when objective measures of self-awareness were used compared to subjective ones. Results point toward a potential bidirectional relationship. However, methodological heterogeneity, including variations in tools, constructs, and statistical analyses, may account for some conflicting findings. This systematic review emphasizes the need for integrative models, refined methodologies, and further research in underrepresented populations.

社会认知，包括涉及感知、解释和回应社会信息的心理过程，仍然是一个复杂的模型领域，特别是当考虑到与自我意识有关时。由于社会认知需要了解他人，有效的自我意识通常被认为是这一过程的关键。然而，自我意识在社会认知中的作用仍然存在争议。这篇系统综述调查了成人社会认知和自我意识之间的联系。在prism引导下的文献检索中，鉴定出8,973篇文章，并选择192篇进行全文筛选。88项研究符合纳入标准，这需要量化至少一个社会认知过程和一个自我意识组成部分，并探索它们在健康成人或患有神经或精神疾病的患者中的关系。大多数研究集中在心理理论、情绪识别和共情方面，以洞察力和元认知为主要的自我意识维度。心理理论通常与洞察力有关，而情感识别和同理心与元认知有关。结果因所研究的认知过程、所调查的人群和所采用的方法而异。值得注意的是，与主观测量相比，使用客观测量自我意识时观察到更强的相关性。结果指向潜在的双向关系。然而，方法的异质性，包括工具、结构和统计分析的差异，可能解释了一些相互矛盾的发现。这篇系统综述强调了对综合模型、改进方法和在代表性不足的人群中进一步研究的需要。

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引用次数: 0

The role of visual and verbal working memory in remembering the past and imagining the future 视觉和语言工作记忆在记忆过去和想象未来中的作用

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103946

Burak Yildirim , Aysu Mutlutürk

This study examines how visual and verbal working memory contributes to episodic future thinking and whether their effects vary across temporal directions while controlling the effects of working memory capacity. Using a dual-task paradigm, participants recalled past and imagined future events under single- and dual-task conditions while performing visual or verbal 2-back tasks. Results showed that episodic future thinking requires more cognitive resources than episodic memory, evidenced by longer response times and reduced phenomenological richness. Performance under visual and verbal working memory loads was similar, indicating that overall working memory capacity contributes to episodic future thinking. However, past events were rated as less important and emotionally intense under a verbal working memory load, suggesting a crucial role for verbal working memory in episodic recall. These findings reveal the modality-specific and capacity-driven mechanisms shaping mental time travel, emphasizing the role of working memory in the representations of past and future events.

本研究探讨了视觉和言语工作记忆对情景未来思维的影响，以及在控制工作记忆容量影响的同时，它们的影响是否在时间方向上有所不同。使用双任务范式，参与者在单任务和双任务条件下回忆过去和想象未来的事件，同时执行视觉或口头双回任务。结果表明，情景未来思维比情景记忆需要更多的认知资源，反应时间更长，现象丰富度降低。视觉和语言工作记忆负荷下的表现相似，表明整体工作记忆容量有助于情景未来思维。然而，在言语工作记忆负荷下，过去的事件被评为不那么重要和情感强烈，这表明言语工作记忆在情景回忆中起着至关重要的作用。这些发现揭示了心理时间旅行的特定模式和能力驱动机制，强调了工作记忆在过去和未来事件表征中的作用。

引用次数: 0

The Hitchhiker’s guide to hallucination research 幻觉研究漫游指南

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103941

Inés Abalo-Rodríguez , Ana P. Pinheiro

Hallucination research is a fast‑growing, inherently interdisciplinary field bridging psychology, neuroscience, psychiatry, and philosophy. This article maps out key conceptual and methodological issues underlying the study of hallucinations. We begin by unpacking core theoretical issues – how hallucinations differ from other perceptual alterations, whether they form a single construct or several, and how these distinctions influence study design and interpretation. Next, we review the most commonly used experimental paradigms. A clear distinction is drawn between tasks that measure enduring hallucinatory tendencies and those that capture hallucinations in real time. We also review the most widely used rating instruments – including confidence scales – and discuss the phenomenological approach, which foregrounds participants’ first‑person experience. The final section offers a concise, though not exhaustive, checklist of variables researchers must account for – ranging from sensory modality and context to cognitive style, affective state, and cultural background. Taken together, the article serves as an entry‑level guide, posing critical questions that every researcher should answer before designing a study on hallucinations.

幻觉研究是一个快速发展的跨学科领域，它将心理学、神经科学、精神病学和哲学联系在一起。这篇文章列出了幻觉研究的关键概念和方法问题。我们首先揭开核心理论问题——幻觉与其他感知变化的区别，它们是形成单一结构还是多个结构，以及这些区别如何影响研究设计和解释。接下来，我们回顾了最常用的实验范式。测量持久幻觉倾向的任务和实时捕捉幻觉的任务之间有明显的区别。我们还回顾了最广泛使用的评级工具——包括置信度量表——并讨论了现象学方法，该方法强调了参与者的第一人称体验。最后一节提供了一个简明的，虽然不是详尽的，研究人员必须考虑的变量清单-从感官形态和环境到认知风格，情感状态和文化背景。总之，这篇文章作为入门级指南，提出了每个研究人员在设计幻觉研究之前应该回答的关键问题。

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引用次数: 0

Illusory brightness under unconscious processing: Evidence from continuous flash suppression 无意识加工下的虚幻亮度：来自连续闪光抑制的证据。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103943

Hirotaka Senda, Michael Makoto Martinsen, Hideki Tamura, Shigeki Nakauchi, Tetsuto Minami

Brightness perception can diverge sharply from physical luminance due to contextual cues, but whether such illusory brightness is registered without awareness and whether it speeds entry into awareness remain open questions. We used continuous flash suppression (CFS) to test the glare illusion, which increases perceived brightness without changing central luminance. In Experiment 1, we measured breakthrough time (BT) and found no advantage for glare over physically identical controls, indicating that subjective brightness alone does not reliably hasten access to awareness. In Experiment 2, we selectively suppressed the illusion’s inducer gradients while leaving the central region visible; here the glare condition showed shorter BTs, suggesting that contextual structure can facilitate detection under suppression. In Experiment 3, participants discriminated both physically brighter stimuli and illusory brightness above chance while the stimuli remained suppressed, demonstrating unconscious processing of brightness information. Together, these findings dissociate unconscious encoding from access to awareness: illusory brightness can be processed without consciousness, yet it does not uniformly accelerate emergence into awareness unless the relevant contextual cues are available to the visual system.

由于上下文提示，亮度感知可能与物理亮度大相径庭，但这种虚幻的亮度是否在没有意识的情况下被记录下来，以及它是否加速了意识的进入，仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。我们使用连续闪光抑制（CFS）来测试眩光错觉，它在不改变中心亮度的情况下增加了感知亮度。在实验1中，我们测量了突破时间（BT），并没有发现眩光比物理上相同的控制有优势，这表明主观亮度本身并不能可靠地加速获得意识。在实验2中，我们选择性地抑制了错觉的诱导梯度，同时保持中央区域可见；这里眩光条件下显示较短的BTs，这表明上下文结构可以促进抑制下的检测。在实验3中，被试对物理上较亮的刺激和错觉上较亮的亮度的辨别都高于偶然，而刺激仍然被抑制，表明亮度信息的无意识加工。总之，这些发现将无意识编码与意识的获取分离开来：虚幻的亮度可以在没有意识的情况下进行处理，但除非视觉系统可以获得相关的上下文线索，否则它不会一致地加速进入意识。

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引用次数: 0

Art Immersion: Evidence for attention restoration in museums 艺术沉浸：博物馆注意力恢复的证据。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103939

Nicola Vasta , Francesco N. Biondi

Navigating crowded urban environments can significantly deplete attentional resources over time, making individuals less attentive and more prone to distractions. While previous research suggests that natural settings can help replenish attentional resources depleted by urban life, little is known about whether similar benefits may arise from tranquil artistic settings, like museums and art exhibitions. Here, we drew on the Attention Restoration Theory to test the restorative effects of a museum visit compared to a walk in an urban environment, using a within-subject pre-post design and a combination of self-reported, behavioral, and physiological measures. Participants completed two computer tasks assessing working memory and attentional control and filled out questionnaires assessing perceived restoration, emotions and stress before and after either a museum visit or an urban walk. Physiological activity was monitored by measuring blink rate and pupil size via an eye-tracker. Results showed greater improvement in attentional control abilities following the museum visit. Additionally, self-reported measures indicated that the museum visit was perceived as being more restorative than the urban walk. Similar improvements were observed for working memory, stress and emotions after both a museum visit and an urban walk. These findings suggest that immersion in artistic environments, like museums, can enhance key attention abilities more effectively than an urban walk, enabling individuals to replenish attention resources and become less distractible afterwards. Our results are encouraging in promoting the beneficial effects of museum visits on attention restoration.

随着时间的推移，在拥挤的城市环境中穿行会大大消耗注意力资源，使个人注意力不集中，更容易分心。虽然之前的研究表明，自然环境可以帮助补充被城市生活耗尽的注意力资源，但人们对安静的艺术环境（如博物馆和艺术展览）是否也有类似的好处知之甚少。在这里，我们利用注意力恢复理论来测试参观博物馆和在城市环境中散步的恢复效果，使用了主题内的前后设计和自我报告、行为和生理测量的结合。参与者完成了两项评估工作记忆和注意力控制的电脑任务，并在参观博物馆或城市散步前后填写了评估感知恢复、情绪和压力的问卷。通过眼动仪测量眨眼频率和瞳孔大小来监测生理活动。结果显示，在参观博物馆后，他们的注意力控制能力得到了更大的改善。此外，自我报告的测量表明，参观博物馆被认为比在城市散步更能恢复体力。在参观博物馆和城市散步后，工作记忆、压力和情绪都有类似的改善。这些发现表明，沉浸在艺术环境中，如博物馆，可以比在城市散步更有效地提高关键的注意力能力，使个人能够补充注意力资源，并在之后变得更少分心。我们的研究结果在促进博物馆参观对注意力恢复的有益影响方面是令人鼓舞的。

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引用次数: 0

Perceptual decision making and metacognition in relation to obsessive-compulsive traits 知觉决策和元认知与强迫特质的关系。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103944

Anıl Şafak Kaçar , Fuat Balcı

Metacognition is one of the cognitive functions that is shown to be altered in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Studies focusing on metacognitive efficiency have demonstrated disrupted precision of confidence estimates in OCD. However, the data of those studies may have been contaminated by the overestimation of metacognitive efficiency resulting from the use of the staircase method. We used a two-alternative forced-choice task in which difficulty was held constant within each block but varied across blocks throughout the task. No feedback was given to the participants. We collected data from 161 healthy university students with varying degrees of tendencies of OCD symptoms. Contrary to the previous literature, participants with a higher obsessive–compulsive tendency had higher metacognitive efficiency. Applying the drift–diffusion modeling approach to the first-order decisions of participants revealed that participants with a higher obsessive–compulsive tendency had lower efficiency in integrating perceptual information and less cautious thresholds. Finally, we investigated post-error slowing and found that participants with a higher obsessive–compulsive tendency exhibited limited adaptation of responses to errors and low confidence levels. Overall, our results suggest that having a higher obsessive–compulsive tendency is associated with sufficient metacognitive capacity but also with limited utilization of the metacognitive information for behavioral adaptation.

元认知是强迫症（OCD）患者的认知功能之一。关注元认知效率的研究表明，强迫症患者的信心估计精度受到干扰。然而，这些研究的数据可能因使用阶梯法而导致对元认知效率的高估而受到污染。我们使用了一个两种选择的强迫选择任务，其中难度在每个区块中保持不变，但在整个任务中不同区块的难度有所不同。没有给参与者反馈。我们收集了161名有不同程度强迫症倾向的健康大学生的数据。与以往文献相反，具有较高强迫倾向的参与者具有较高的元认知效率。将漂移-扩散建模方法应用于被试的一阶决策，结果表明，强迫倾向越高的被试对知觉信息的整合效率越低，谨慎阈值越低。最后，我们调查了错误后的减缓，发现具有较高强迫倾向的参与者对错误反应的适应能力有限，信心水平低。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，具有较高的强迫倾向与足够的元认知能力有关，但也与有限的元认知信息用于行为适应有关。

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引用次数: 0

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103942

Herrick Fung , Medha Shekhar , Kai Xue , Manuel Rausch , Dobromir Rahnev

Visual stimuli can vary in multiple dimensions that affect accuracy and confidence in a perceptual decision-making task. However, previous studies have typically included just one or at most two manipulations, leaving it unclear whether each manipulation has a unique effect on accuracy vs. confidence. Subjects indicated whether a tilted Gabor patch was oriented clockwise or counterclockwise from 45°. We included manipulations of the task-defining feature (tilt offset) and four auxiliary, non-task-defining features (size, duration, spatial frequency, and noise level). We found that the four auxiliary manipulations had fairly similar effects on accuracy and confidence. In contrast, the task-defining tilt offset manipulation stood out by affecting accuracy more strongly than confidence. In addition, tilt offset exhibited a supraadditive interaction with all other manipulations for both accuracy and confidence, whereas all auxiliary manipulations exhibited either no interactions or subadditive interactions with each other. Furthermore, tilt offset was the only manipulation for which confidence in incorrect trials decreased with increasing difficulty, while all auxiliary manipulations exhibited the opposite trend. Overall, our results reveal a noticeable similarity among the effects of all four auxiliary (non-task-defining) manipulations on accuracy and confidence, as well as a prominent difference between them and the task-defining manipulation (tilt offset). These results enable a priori predictions of how novel manipulations would affect accuracy and confidence.

视觉刺激可以在多个维度上变化，影响感知决策任务的准确性和信心。然而，之前的研究通常只包括一种或最多两种操作，不清楚每种操作是否对准确性和信心有独特的影响。受试者指出倾斜的Gabor贴片是顺时针方向还是逆时针方向45°。我们包括了任务定义特征（倾斜偏移）和四个辅助的非任务定义特征（大小、持续时间、空间频率和噪声水平）的操作。我们发现这四种辅助操作在准确性和信心上有相当相似的效果。相比之下，任务定义的倾斜偏移操作通过影响准确性而不是置信度而脱颖而出。此外，倾斜偏移与所有其他操作在准确性和置信度上都表现出超加性相互作用，而所有辅助操作之间要么没有相互作用，要么表现出亚加性相互作用。此外，倾斜偏移是唯一对错误试验的信心随着难度的增加而下降的操作，而所有辅助操作都表现出相反的趋势。总体而言，我们的结果揭示了所有四种辅助（非任务定义）操作对准确性和置信度的影响之间存在明显的相似性，以及它们与任务定义操作（倾斜偏移）之间的显着差异。这些结果使我们能够先验地预测新操作将如何影响准确性和信心。

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引用次数: 0

Agency, frustration, and the experience of boredom 代理，挫折和无聊的经历

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103940

V. Baaba Dadzie, James Danckert

Prior work shows that highly boredom prone individuals report feeling diminished levels of agency. The current study investigated the possibility that the highly boredom prone would be more sensitive (and less tolerant) to disruptions to their own agency. Participants played the video game Pong, with delays gradually introduced between their initiation of movements of the paddle and actual movements on the screen as a means of disrupting agency. In addition, participants had the option to reset the game (which also reset delays to zero) as often as they liked. State boredom ratings were negatively associated with subjective ratings of control, a proxy for agency, during game play. Frustration ratings were shown to mediate the association between state boredom and control ratings. For participants who made a minimum of two resets during game play, boredom proneness was predictive of the total number of resets, such that those higher in boredom proneness tended to reset the game more frequently. Further work is needed to determine how the relation between boredom and agency might influence the failure to launch into action that is characteristic of boredom proneness.

先前的研究表明，高度无聊倾向的人报告说他们的能动性降低了。目前的研究调查了一种可能性，即高度无聊倾向的人对自己的代理受到干扰更敏感（也更不宽容）。参与者玩电子游戏《乒乓》（Pong），在他们开始挥动球拍和屏幕上的实际动作之间逐渐引入延迟，作为干扰代理的一种手段。此外，参与者还可以根据自己的喜好选择重置游戏（游戏邦注：这也可以将延迟重置为零）。在游戏过程中，状态无聊评级与控制的主观评级呈负相关，控制是代理的代理。沮丧评级被证明可以调节状态无聊和控制评级之间的关联。对于那些在游戏过程中至少进行两次重置的参与者来说，无聊倾向可以预测重置的总次数，因此那些无聊倾向较高的人倾向于更频繁地重置游戏。需要进一步的工作来确定无聊和能动性之间的关系可能如何影响作为无聊倾向特征的行动失败。

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引用次数: 0