Consciousness and Cognition最新文献

Unconscious semantic processing: Insights from metaphorical priming 无意识语义加工：隐喻启动的启示

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104035

Chiara Saponaro , Andrea Nadalini , Daniel Casasanto , Davide Crepaldi , Roberto Bottini

The limits of unconscious processing in the semantic domain are highly debated. While prior research presents polarized views on whether word representations are accessible when presented subliminally, this work proposes a more fine-grained investigation into which aspects of word meaning can be accessed unconsciously. Specifically, we explore the conditions under which high-level semantic information, such as metaphorical relations, can be processed subliminally. We rely on space–time and space-number metaphorical mappings, which have been observed in many experiments as well as in spontaneous behavior, such as the association of the past (or subtraction) and the future (or addition) with “left” and “right”, respectively. We exploited the fact that some of these conceptual associations (i.e., sagittal or vertical mappings) are also present in language (e.g., “you have a bright future in front of you”; “taxes are going down”), whereas others (i.e., lateral mapping) are not (e.g., “you have a bright future on your right”; “taxes are going left”). In two experiments, space–time and space-number semantic priming consistent with canonical metaphorical mappings emerged when both prime (e.g., “right”) and target (e.g., “tomorrow”) were consciously perceived, confirming their conceptual association. However, with masked priming, only language-encoded associations were activated. These results suggest that consciousness is necessary to process even ubiquitous and overlearned metaphorical associations and that putatively unconscious semantic priming, when present, may be lexical in nature.

无意识加工在语义领域的局限性一直备受争议。虽然先前的研究对词语表征在潜意识中是否可被访问提出了两极分化的观点，但这项工作提出了一个更细致的调查，即哪些方面的词义可以在无意识中被访问。具体地说，我们探讨了隐喻关系等高级语义信息可以潜意识处理的条件。我们依赖于时空和空间-数的隐喻映射，这已经在许多实验和自发行为中被观察到，例如将过去（或减法）和未来（或加法）分别与“左”和“右”联系起来。我们利用了这样一个事实，即其中一些概念关联（即矢状或垂直映射）也存在于语言中（例如，“你面前有一个光明的未来”；“税收正在下降”），而另一些（即横向映射）则没有（例如，“你的右边有一个光明的未来”；“税收正在下降”）。在两个实验中，当启动物（如“正确”）和目标物（如“明天”）被有意识地感知时，时空和空间-数语义启动与规范隐喻映射一致，确认了它们的概念关联。然而，对于隐藏启动，只有语言编码的联想被激活。这些结果表明，意识对于处理无处不在和过度学习的隐喻关联是必要的，并且假定无意识的语义启动，当存在时，本质上可能是词汇的。

{"title":"Unconscious semantic processing: Insights from metaphorical priming","authors":"Chiara Saponaro , Andrea Nadalini , Daniel Casasanto , Davide Crepaldi , Roberto Bottini","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The limits of unconscious processing in the semantic domain are highly debated. While prior research presents polarized views on whether word representations are accessible when presented subliminally, this work proposes a more fine-grained investigation into which aspects of word meaning can be accessed unconsciously. Specifically, we explore the conditions under which high-level semantic information, such as metaphorical relations, can be processed subliminally. We rely on space–time and space-number metaphorical mappings, which have been observed in many experiments as well as in spontaneous behavior, such as the association of the past (or subtraction) and the future (or addition) with “left” and “right”, respectively. We exploited the fact that some of these conceptual associations (i.e., sagittal or vertical mappings) are also present in language (e.g., “you have a bright future in front of you”; “taxes are going down”), whereas others (i.e., lateral mapping) are not (e.g., “you have a bright future on your right”; “taxes are going left”). In two experiments, space–time and space-number semantic priming consistent with canonical metaphorical mappings emerged when both prime (e.g., “right”) and target (e.g., “tomorrow”) were consciously perceived, confirming their conceptual association. However, with masked priming, only language-encoded associations were activated. These results suggest that consciousness is necessary to process even ubiquitous and overlearned metaphorical associations and that putatively unconscious semantic priming, when present, may be lexical in nature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104035"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of visual imagery and verbal coding in short-term memory conjunctive binding: evidence from aphantasia 视觉意象和语言编码在短时记忆中的作用：来自失忆症的证据。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104036

Emma Delhaye , Pauline Fritz , Charlotte Martial , Christine Bastin

Conjunctive binding − as opposed to relational binding − refers to our short-term memory for integrated representations of a series of features into a complex − unitized − object. The mechanisms necessary to encode conjunctive representations in memory are, to date, unknown. In this study, we tested whether mental visual imagery and verbal coding are necessary to encode conjunctive representations in short-term memory. We also explored the memory processes supporting retrieval of these representations. To explore specifically the role of visual imagery, we tested a population of aphantasic participants (N = 29) that we compared with typical imagers (N = 49), as assessed by the VVIQ. To assess the role of verbal coding, we had participants memorise colour-shape conjunctive representations while manipulating the ease with which labels could be used to define the shapes. Results showed a robust effect of the use of verbal coding on performance and confidence ratings, accompanied by an increase in both automatic and controlled memory processes. There was however no difference between aphantasics and typical imagers on these measures. In addition, even in the difficult-to-label condition, aphantasics performed well above chance, suggesting that neither visual imagery nor verbal coding are necessary to perform conjunctive binding. This supports the idea that binding is automatic, and the existing hypothesis according to which the first stage of conjunctive binding is implicit. It is possible that aphantasic participants used implicit representations, unavailable to their phenomenological experience, to solve the task, or non-visual spatial or sensorimotor strategies.

联合绑定——相对于关系绑定——指的是我们将一系列特征整合到一个复杂的、统一的对象中的短期记忆。迄今为止，在记忆中编码联结表征所需的机制尚不清楚。在这项研究中，我们测试了心理视觉意象和语言编码在短期记忆中是否需要编码联合表征。我们还探讨了支持这些表征检索的记忆过程。为了探索视觉意象的具体作用，我们测试了一组幻视参与者（N = 29），并将其与典型成像者（N = 49）进行比较，通过VVIQ进行评估。为了评估语言编码的作用，我们让参与者记忆颜色-形状连接表征，同时操纵标签用来定义形状的难易程度。结果显示，使用语言编码对表现和信心评级有强有力的影响，并伴随着自动和控制记忆过程的增加。然而，在这些措施上，幻视者和典型成像者之间没有差异。此外，即使在难以标记的情况下，失语症患者的表现也高于偶然，这表明视觉意象和语言编码都不是执行连词绑定所必需的。这支持了结合是自动的观点，以及现有的假设，根据该假设，连接结合的第一阶段是隐含的。这可能是由于被试者使用了现象学经验无法获得的内隐表征来解决任务，或者使用了非视觉空间或感觉运动策略。

{"title":"The role of visual imagery and verbal coding in short-term memory conjunctive binding: evidence from aphantasia","authors":"Emma Delhaye , Pauline Fritz , Charlotte Martial , Christine Bastin","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conjunctive binding − as opposed to relational binding − refers to our short-term memory for integrated representations of a series of features into a complex − unitized − object. The mechanisms necessary to encode conjunctive representations in memory are, to date, unknown. In this study, we tested whether mental visual imagery and verbal coding are necessary to encode conjunctive representations in short-term memory. We also explored the memory processes supporting retrieval of these representations. To explore specifically the role of visual imagery, we tested a population of aphantasic participants (N = 29) that we compared with typical imagers (N = 49), as assessed by the VVIQ. To assess the role of verbal coding, we had participants memorise colour-shape conjunctive representations while manipulating the ease with which labels could be used to define the shapes. Results showed a robust effect of the use of verbal coding on performance and confidence ratings, accompanied by an increase in both automatic and controlled memory processes. There was however no difference between aphantasics and typical imagers on these measures. In addition, even in the difficult-to-label condition, aphantasics performed well above chance, suggesting that neither visual imagery nor verbal coding are necessary to perform conjunctive binding. This supports the idea that binding is automatic, and the existing hypothesis according to which the first stage of conjunctive binding is implicit. It is possible that aphantasic participants used implicit representations, unavailable to their phenomenological experience, to solve the task, or non-visual spatial or sensorimotor strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104036"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147373552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social mindfulness is associated with reduced self-bias: A computational approach 社会正念与减少自我偏见有关：一种计算方法

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104037

Marius Golubickis , Siobhan Caughey , Esther S. Selvaraj , Parnian Jalalian , Yadvi Sharma , Jessica Highflield , Rinki Kanakraj , C. Neil Macrae

An established literature has demonstrated the benefits that personal possession exerts on decision-making. Compared to items owned by others, objects belonging to the self are identified more rapidly and accurately, a phenomenon termed self-prioritization. What is not yet understood, however, is the extent to which individual differences are linked to the emergence of these facilitatory effects. Addressing this issue, here we considered whether social mindfulness — a psychological construct that captures how attuned people are to others — influences self-prioritization. Using an object-classification task, participants reported the ownership of previously assigned items (i.e., owned-by-self vs. owned-by-friend). As predicted, increased social mindfulness was accompanied by a reduction in self-bias. An additional modeling (i.e., Drift Diffusion Model) analysis identified the cognitive pathway through which this effect arose. Heightened social mindfulness was associated with weakened egocentrism (i.e., default-to-self response), the decisional strategy that underpins self-prioritization during object-classification tasks. Collectively, these findings further underscore the malleability of self-prioritization and provide a computational account of how social mindfulness impacts decision-making.

已有文献证明了个人占有对决策的好处。与他人拥有的物品相比，属于自己的物品被识别得更快更准确，这种现象被称为自我优先排序。然而，目前尚不清楚的是，个体差异在多大程度上与这些促进效应的出现有关。为了解决这个问题，我们考虑了社会正念——一种捕捉人们如何与他人和谐相处的心理结构——是否会影响自我优先排序。使用对象分类任务，参与者报告先前分配的物品的所有权（即，自己拥有的与朋友拥有的）。正如预测的那样，社会意识的增强伴随着自我偏见的减少。另一个模型（即漂移扩散模型）分析确定了这种效应产生的认知途径。增强的社会正念与减弱的自我中心主义（即默认自我反应）有关，这是在对象分类任务中支撑自我优先级的决策策略。总的来说，这些发现进一步强调了自我优先排序的可塑性，并提供了社会正念如何影响决策的计算说明。

{"title":"Social mindfulness is associated with reduced self-bias: A computational approach","authors":"Marius Golubickis , Siobhan Caughey , Esther S. Selvaraj , Parnian Jalalian , Yadvi Sharma , Jessica Highflield , Rinki Kanakraj , C. Neil Macrae","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An established literature has demonstrated the benefits that personal possession exerts on decision-making. Compared to items owned by others, objects belonging to the self are identified more rapidly and accurately, a phenomenon termed self-prioritization. What is not yet understood, however, is the extent to which individual differences are linked to the emergence of these facilitatory effects. Addressing this issue, here we considered whether social mindfulness — a psychological construct that captures how attuned people are to others — influences self-prioritization. Using an object-classification task, participants reported the ownership of previously assigned items (i.e., owned-by-self vs. owned-by-friend). As predicted, increased social mindfulness was accompanied by a reduction in self-bias. An additional modeling (i.e., Drift Diffusion Model) analysis identified the cognitive pathway through which this effect arose. Heightened social mindfulness was associated with weakened egocentrism (i.e., default-to-self response), the decisional strategy that underpins self-prioritization during object-classification tasks. Collectively, these findings further underscore the malleability of self-prioritization and provide a computational account of how social mindfulness impacts decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104037"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

True or false: The effect of numerical magnitude on sense of agency 对或错：数字大小对代理感的影响

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104042

Ryuhei Yasuda, Kyoshiro Sasaki

Sense of agency (SoA) refers to the feeling that one’s actions cause environmental changes. A previous study showed that SoA is enhanced when keypress-triggered motion stimuli move faster, suggesting that SoA depends on the extent of action outcomes. We examined whether the numerical magnitude of action outcomes similarly affects SoA. Participants pressed a key, which triggered the presentation of dots (Experiments 1–2) or digit values (Experiment 3), and then rated their SoA on a 10-point scale. Results showed that SoA ratings increased with greater numerical magnitude. However, Experiments 4a and 4b, using an intentional binding paradigm, found that the interval between the keypress and dot onset was perceived as longer when more dots were presented. This contradicts Experiments 1–3 and suggests the observed SoA enhancement might stem from response bias (e.g., higher numerical magnitude of the outcomes leading to higher values in the rating/estimating phase). To test this, Experiments 5a and 5b replicated Experiment 2 with a reversed rating scale (1 = strongest, 10 = weakest) and support the response bias account. In contrast, the effect of motion speed was unaffected by rating direction, suggesting a genuine influence on SoA (Experiment 6). These findings highlight the importance of carefully distinguishing true effects from mere response biases when evaluating how outcome magnitude influences SoA.

代理感（SoA）是指个人行为引起环境变化的感觉。先前的一项研究表明，当按键触发的运动刺激移动得更快时，SoA会得到增强，这表明SoA取决于动作结果的程度。我们研究了行动结果的数值大小是否同样影响SoA。参与者按下一个键，触发点（实验1-2）或数字值（实验3）的呈现，然后以10分制对他们的SoA进行评分。结果表明，SoA评级随着数值幅度的增加而增加。然而，实验4a和4b使用了一个有意识的绑定范例，发现当出现更多的点时，按键和点出现之间的间隔被认为更长。这与实验1-3相矛盾，并表明观察到的SoA增强可能源于响应偏差（例如，结果的数值量级越高，导致评级/估计阶段的值越高）。为了验证这一点，实验5a和5b采用反向评定量表（1 =最强，10 =最弱）复制了实验2，并支持反应偏差说。相比之下，运动速度的影响不受评级方向的影响，这表明对SoA有真正的影响（实验6）。这些发现强调了在评估结果量级如何影响SoA时，仔细区分真正的影响和单纯的反应偏差的重要性。

{"title":"True or false: The effect of numerical magnitude on sense of agency","authors":"Ryuhei Yasuda, Kyoshiro Sasaki","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sense of agency (SoA) refers to the feeling that one’s actions cause environmental changes. A previous study showed that SoA is enhanced when keypress-triggered motion stimuli move faster, suggesting that SoA depends on the extent of action outcomes. We examined whether the numerical magnitude of action outcomes similarly affects SoA. Participants pressed a key, which triggered the presentation of dots (Experiments 1–2) or digit values (Experiment 3), and then rated their SoA on a 10-point scale. Results showed that SoA ratings increased with greater numerical magnitude. However, Experiments 4a and 4b, using an intentional binding paradigm, found that the interval between the keypress and dot onset was perceived as longer when more dots were presented. This contradicts Experiments 1–3 and suggests the observed SoA enhancement might stem from response bias (e.g., higher numerical magnitude of the outcomes leading to higher values in the rating/estimating phase). To test this, Experiments 5a and 5b replicated Experiment 2 with a reversed rating scale (1 = strongest, 10 = weakest) and support the response bias account. In contrast, the effect of motion speed was unaffected by rating direction, suggesting a genuine influence on SoA (Experiment 6). These findings highlight the importance of carefully distinguishing true effects from mere response biases when evaluating how outcome magnitude influences SoA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104042"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Method matters: Diverging patterns in online measures of temporal binding 方法问题：时间绑定在线测量的不同模式。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104022

Crystal A. Silver , Benjamin W. Tatler , Ramakrishna Chakravarthi , Bert Timmermans

Temporal Binding (TB) refers to the subjective compression of time between an action and its outcome. While TB has been demonstrated across various paradigms, questions remain about its methodological reliability, particularly in online settings where technical control is limited. The present study examined whether two common interval judgement methods, estimation and replication, yield comparable TB effects when implemented online and whether either method is differentially sensitive to social contextual framing.

In Experiment 1, participants judged action-effect intervals using estimation or replication, across action-reaction and observation conditions. Results revealed that the two methods produced different and often opposing patterns of results across action-effect intervals.

Experiment 2 introduced a minimal social manipulation in which participants were led to believe that a previous participant generated interval outcomes. Again, method-specific patterns emerged, depending on different action-effect intervals.

These findings raise concerns about the robustness of TB effects as measured in online environments. The observed divergences across methods suggest that interval judgement paradigms may be highly sensitive to procedural and contextual factors. We suggest that TB effects obtained through online interval estimation or replication should be interpreted with caution, as the presence or absence of a TB effect may be due to the specific method used or the presented action-effect intervals.

时间约束（Temporal Binding， TB）是指一个行为与其结果之间的主观时间压缩。虽然结核病已在各种范例中得到证明，但其方法的可靠性仍然存在问题，特别是在技术控制有限的在线环境中。本研究检验了两种常见的间隔判断方法——估计和复制——在在线实施时是否产生可比较的结核病效果，以及这两种方法对社会语境框架是否有不同的敏感性。在实验1中，被试在动作-反应和观察条件下使用估计或复制来判断动作-效果间隔。结果表明，这两种方法产生了不同的，往往是相反的模式的结果跨越行动-效果区间。实验2引入了一个最小的社会操纵，参与者被引导相信前一个参与者产生了间隔结果。同样，根据不同的作用-效果间隔，出现了方法特定模式。这些发现引起了人们对在线环境中衡量结核病影响的稳健性的关注。观察到的不同方法之间的差异表明，间隔判断范式可能对程序和上下文因素高度敏感。我们建议应谨慎解释通过在线间隔估计或复制获得的结核病效应，因为结核病效应的存在或不存在可能是由于所使用的特定方法或所呈现的作用-效应间隔。

{"title":"Method matters: Diverging patterns in online measures of temporal binding","authors":"Crystal A. Silver , Benjamin W. Tatler , Ramakrishna Chakravarthi , Bert Timmermans","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temporal Binding (TB) refers to the subjective compression of time between an action and its outcome. While TB has been demonstrated across various paradigms, questions remain about its methodological reliability, particularly in online settings where technical control is limited. The present study examined whether two common interval judgement methods, estimation and replication, yield comparable TB effects when implemented online and whether either method is differentially sensitive to social contextual framing.</div><div>In Experiment 1, participants judged action-effect intervals using estimation or replication, across action-reaction and observation conditions. Results revealed that the two methods produced different and often opposing patterns of results across action-effect intervals.</div><div>Experiment 2 introduced a minimal social manipulation in which participants were led to believe that a previous participant generated interval outcomes. Again, method-specific patterns emerged, depending on different action-effect intervals.</div><div>These findings raise concerns about the robustness of TB effects as measured in online environments. The observed divergences across methods suggest that interval judgement paradigms may be highly sensitive to procedural and contextual factors. We suggest that TB effects obtained through online interval estimation or replication should be interpreted with caution, as the presence or absence of a TB effect may be due to the specific method used or the presented action-effect intervals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104022"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146259986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On sensory similarities 关于感官相似性。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104019

Charles Spence , Nicola Di Stefano

Similarity has been a central concern for millennia, drawing the attention of philosophers, scientists, and artists. The issue of similarity is especially intriguing in the domain of the senses (and of sensory perception), where considerable research effort has been devoted to describing the affinities and divergences between different sensory modalities. In this work, we critically review the multiple different ways in which ‘sensory similarity’ has been theorized, highlighting how the similarities and analogies that researchers have proposed between the senses tend to constrain the theorization about how the senses operate. Similarities between different pairs of senses have been identified at multiple levels including in terms of stimuli/energy, transduction mechanisms, information-processing, synthetic/analytic analysis, perceptual organization, similarity of structure of the sensory space, and/or of the temporal evolution of different kinds of sensations. Based on the reviewed evidence, we propose an integrated framework, suggesting that sensory similarity can be understood as arising from (i) shared phenomenal qualities, (ii) analogous structural or organizational patterns, or (iii) convergent affective or semantic meanings, each grounded in increasingly cognitive and culturally-mediated processes.

几千年来，相似性一直是人们关注的焦点，引起了哲学家、科学家和艺术家的注意。在感官（和感官知觉）领域，相似性的问题尤其有趣，在这个领域，大量的研究工作致力于描述不同感官模式之间的亲和和分歧。在这项工作中，我们批判性地回顾了“感官相似性”被理论化的多种不同方式，强调了研究人员在感官之间提出的相似性和相似性如何限制了关于感官如何运作的理论化。不同感觉对之间在刺激/能量、转导机制、信息处理、综合/分析分析、感知组织、感觉空间结构的相似性和/或不同类型感觉的时间演化等多个层面上的相似性已被确定。基于所审查的证据，我们提出了一个综合框架，表明感官相似性可以理解为(i)共同的现象品质，（ii）类似的结构或组织模式，或（iii）趋同的情感或语义，每一个都基于越来越多的认知和文化中介过程。

{"title":"On sensory similarities","authors":"Charles Spence , Nicola Di Stefano","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Similarity has been a central concern for millennia, drawing the attention of philosophers, scientists, and artists. The issue of similarity is especially intriguing in the domain of the senses (and of sensory perception), where considerable research effort has been devoted to describing the affinities and divergences between different sensory modalities. In this work, we critically review the multiple different ways in which ‘sensory similarity’ has been theorized, highlighting how the similarities and analogies that researchers have proposed between the senses tend to constrain the theorization about how the senses operate. Similarities between different pairs of senses have been identified at multiple levels including in terms of stimuli/energy, transduction mechanisms, information-processing, synthetic/analytic analysis, perceptual organization, similarity of structure of the sensory space, and/or of the temporal evolution of different kinds of sensations. Based on the reviewed evidence, we propose an integrated framework, suggesting that sensory similarity can be understood as arising from (i) shared phenomenal qualities, (ii) analogous structural or organizational patterns, or (iii) convergent affective or semantic meanings, each grounded in increasingly cognitive and culturally-mediated processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147285898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Shape tasting: A comparative evaluation of crossmodal correspondence in wine tasting 形状品鉴：葡萄酒品鉴中跨模式对应的比较评价。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104023

Max Opitz , Nicolette Sutherland , Enriqueta Canseco-Gonzalez , Greg Jensen , Patrick Reuter , Michael Pitts

Crossmodal correspondence is a robust, consistent and near-universal phenomenon in which one sensory experience is perceptually associated with another sensation of a different modality. Previous research has found that specific flavors have cross-culturally consistent pairings with specific colors and shapes. While these associations between flavors and visual features can significantly affect the enjoyment and quality of a culinary experience, it remains unclear how visuo-spatial associations might enhance the learning of flavor discriminations in pursuits such as wine tasting. This preliminary experiment evaluates perceptual learning using a novel “shape tasting” method developed by Patrick Reuter of Dominio IV Vineyards. Intermediate-level wine drinkers performed sensory discrimination tests of varying difficulties before and after three weeks of training. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control group or one of two experimental groups who were trained to associate flavors with linguistic notes or shape-tasting notes. The shape-tasting group demonstrated superior improvement from pre- to post-training compared to the other two groups for easy discrimination tests while for difficult tests, the control group performed the best, replicating the “verbal overshadowing” effect. Overall, these results suggest great promise for the shape tasting method, particularly during early stages of enological perceptual learning, and justify further systematic research into how visuospatial-flavor correspondence can be implemented in wine tasting and beyond.

跨模态对应是一种强大的、一致的、近乎普遍的现象，在这种现象中，一种感觉体验在知觉上与另一种不同模态的感觉相关联。之前的研究发现，特定的口味与特定的颜色和形状有着跨文化的一致搭配。虽然味道和视觉特征之间的这些联系可以显著地影响烹饪体验的享受和质量，但视觉空间联系如何在品酒等活动中增强对味道辨别的学习，目前还不清楚。这个初步实验利用多米尼克葡萄园的帕特里克·罗伊特开发的一种新颖的“形状品尝”方法来评估感知学习。中级水平的葡萄酒饮用者在三周的训练前后进行了不同难度的感官辨别测试。参与者被随机分配到对照组或两个实验组中的一个，实验组接受过将味道与语言笔记或形状品尝笔记联系起来的训练。与其他两组相比，形状品尝组在简单的辨别测试中表现出了从训练前到训练后的卓越进步，而在困难的测试中，对照组表现最好，复制了“言语遮蔽”效应。总的来说，这些结果表明形状品尝方法的巨大前景，特别是在葡萄酒感知学习的早期阶段，并证明进一步系统研究如何在葡萄酒品尝中实现视觉空间-风味对应。

{"title":"Shape tasting: A comparative evaluation of crossmodal correspondence in wine tasting","authors":"Max Opitz , Nicolette Sutherland , Enriqueta Canseco-Gonzalez , Greg Jensen , Patrick Reuter , Michael Pitts","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crossmodal correspondence is a robust, consistent and near-universal phenomenon in which one sensory experience is perceptually associated with another sensation of a different modality. Previous research has found that specific flavors have cross-culturally consistent pairings with specific colors and shapes. While these associations between flavors and visual features can significantly affect the enjoyment and quality of a culinary experience, it remains unclear how visuo-spatial associations might enhance the learning of flavor discriminations in pursuits such as wine tasting. This preliminary experiment evaluates perceptual learning using a novel “shape tasting” method developed by Patrick Reuter of Dominio IV Vineyards. Intermediate-level wine drinkers performed sensory discrimination tests of varying difficulties before and after three weeks of training. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control group or one of two experimental groups who were trained to associate flavors with linguistic notes or shape-tasting notes. The shape-tasting group demonstrated superior improvement from pre- to post-training compared to the other two groups for easy discrimination tests while for difficult tests, the control group performed the best, replicating the “verbal overshadowing” effect. Overall, these results suggest great promise for the shape tasting method, particularly during early stages of enological perceptual learning, and justify further systematic research into how visuospatial-flavor correspondence can be implemented in wine tasting and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146776636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Top-down and bottom-up attentional responses to manipulations of perceptual organization in a complex visual Image: A flicker task study using a medieval mosaic as a case study 复杂视觉图像中知觉组织操纵的自上而下和自下而上注意反应：以中世纪马赛克为例的闪烁任务研究。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104020

Vanja Martini , Giuseppe Forte , Francesca Favieri , Ilaria Corbo , Enrico Di Pace , Marco Iosa , Maria Casagrande

The perception of art involves a complex interplay of bottom-up and top-down attentional processes, which are shaped by principles of perceptual organization. In this study, we investigated how systematic manipulations of visual features governed by Gestalt principles affect attentional deployment in a highly structured image. Using the apse mosaic of Saint Agnes Outside the Walls as a stimulus for a case-study, thirty participants performed a flicker change-detection task. Variations of spatial and chromatic symmetry, figure-ground ratio, and size of the central figure were introduced. Reaction time and response correctness to marginal and central interest changes were measured. Departures from perceptual regularities were associated with increased response times. Moreover, under specific conditions involving figure–ground alteration and enlargement of the central figure, a reversal of the typical flicker task effect was observed, with faster detection of marginal than central changes. These results suggest that disruptions of perceptual organization modulate the balance between automatic and controlled attention during visual processing. The present study contributes to knowledge about the impact of visual complexity, emphasizing the active and adaptive character of involved cognitive mechanisms.

对艺术的感知涉及自下而上和自上而下的注意过程的复杂相互作用，这是由感知组织原则形成的。在本研究中，我们研究了格式塔原理控制下的视觉特征的系统操作如何影响高度结构化图像的注意力部署。在一个案例研究中，30名参与者使用墙外的圣阿格尼斯的后殿马赛克作为刺激，完成了一项闪烁变化检测任务。介绍了空间和色彩对称的变化、图底比和中心图的大小。测量对边际和中心利益变化的反应时间和反应正确性。偏离知觉规律与反应时间增加有关。此外，在涉及图像-背景改变和中心图像放大的特定条件下，观察到典型的闪烁任务效应的逆转，边缘变化的检测速度比中心变化快。这些结果表明，知觉组织的中断调节了视觉加工过程中自动注意和控制注意之间的平衡。本研究有助于了解视觉复杂性的影响，强调相关认知机制的主动性和适应性。

{"title":"Top-down and bottom-up attentional responses to manipulations of perceptual organization in a complex visual Image: A flicker task study using a medieval mosaic as a case study","authors":"Vanja Martini , Giuseppe Forte , Francesca Favieri , Ilaria Corbo , Enrico Di Pace , Marco Iosa , Maria Casagrande","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The perception of art involves a complex interplay of bottom-up and top-down attentional processes, which are shaped by principles of perceptual organization. In this study, we investigated how systematic manipulations of visual features governed by Gestalt principles affect attentional deployment in a highly structured image. Using the apse mosaic of Saint Agnes Outside the Walls as a stimulus for a case-study, thirty participants performed a flicker change-detection task. Variations of spatial and chromatic symmetry, figure-ground ratio, and size of the central figure were introduced. Reaction time and response correctness to marginal and central interest changes were measured. Departures from perceptual regularities were associated with increased response times. Moreover, under specific conditions involving figure–ground alteration and enlargement of the central figure, a reversal of the typical flicker task effect was observed, with faster detection of marginal than central changes. These results suggest that disruptions of perceptual organization modulate the balance between automatic and controlled attention during visual processing. The present study contributes to knowledge about the impact of visual complexity, emphasizing the active and adaptive character of involved cognitive mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104020"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146259983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New approaches to subliminal perception: exploring the unconscious perception of masked primes with Bayesian regression models and General Recognition Theory (GRT) 阈下知觉的新途径：利用贝叶斯回归模型和一般识别理论探讨隐性启动的无意识知觉。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104018

Mikel Jimenez , Christian Andrade , José Antonio Hinojosa , Pedro R. Montoro , Antonio Prieto

One of the central debates in experimental psychology concerns the extent to which information outside conscious awareness can influence behavior. This study aims to assess whether two novel approaches to unconscious perception, a regression-based Bayesian generative model and Sensitivity vs. Awareness curves derived from General Recognition Theory (GRT), produce convergent results when examining the visual processing of briefly presented masked stimuli. While both investigate “unconscious processing,” they differ not only in how they define “unconscious” (chance-level discrimination vs. absence of subjective awareness) and “processing” (priming vs. detection), but also in their underlying mathematical frameworks. To investigate this, we examined the grouping of local elements into global shapes using two prime-mask stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA): a shorter baseline SOA of 40 ms (Experiment 1) and a longer SOA of 67 ms (Experiment 2). Both methods provided evidence for the unconscious processing of the primes’ global shape in Experiment 2. However, while GRT analyses also supported unconscious processing at the shorter 40 ms SOA, the Bayesian generative models produced strong evidence against it. We show that discrepancies between both approaches may arise not only from their operational definitions, but also their underlying mathematical frameworks and validity. While the plausibility of the Goldstein model’s assumptions remains debated, preliminary SvA simulations suggest limited robustness of the GRT-based model, warranting caution pending further validation. Although both approaches provide refined tools for studying unconscious perception, persistent methodological challenges remain, highlighting the need for clearer definitions of unconscious processing and more thorough validation of the methods employed.

实验心理学的核心争论之一是意识意识之外的信息对行为的影响程度。本研究旨在评估两种无意识感知的新方法，即基于回归的贝叶斯生成模型和源自通用识别理论（GRT）的敏感性与意识曲线，在检查短暂呈现的隐藏刺激的视觉处理时是否产生收敛的结果。虽然两者都在研究“无意识处理”，但它们不仅在如何定义“无意识”（机会层面的歧视与缺乏主观意识）和“处理”（启动与检测）方面存在差异，而且在其潜在的数学框架上也存在差异。为了研究这一点，我们使用两个启动掩模刺激启动异步（SOA）来研究局部元素分组成全局形状：一个较短的基线SOA为40毫秒（实验1），一个较长的SOA为67毫秒（实验2）。两种方法都为实验2中启动物整体形状的无意识加工提供了证据。然而，尽管GRT分析也支持较短的40毫秒SOA的无意识处理，贝叶斯生成模型却提供了强有力的证据来反对它。我们表明，这两种方法之间的差异可能不仅来自它们的操作定义，而且来自它们潜在的数学框架和有效性。虽然Goldstein模型假设的合理性仍有争议，但初步的SvA模拟表明，基于grt的模型的鲁棒性有限，需要谨慎等待进一步的验证。尽管这两种方法都为研究无意识感知提供了完善的工具，但方法论上的挑战仍然存在，这突出表明需要更清晰地定义无意识处理，并对所采用的方法进行更彻底的验证。

{"title":"New approaches to subliminal perception: exploring the unconscious perception of masked primes with Bayesian regression models and General Recognition Theory (GRT)","authors":"Mikel Jimenez , Christian Andrade , José Antonio Hinojosa , Pedro R. Montoro , Antonio Prieto","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the central debates in experimental psychology concerns the extent to which information outside conscious awareness can influence behavior. This study aims to assess whether two novel approaches to unconscious perception, a regression-based Bayesian generative model and Sensitivity vs. Awareness curves derived from General Recognition Theory (GRT), produce convergent results when examining the visual processing of briefly presented masked stimuli. While both investigate “unconscious processing,” they differ not only in how they define “unconscious” (chance-level discrimination vs. absence of subjective awareness) and “processing” (priming vs. detection), but also in their underlying mathematical frameworks. To investigate this, we examined the grouping of local elements into global shapes using two prime-mask stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA): a shorter baseline SOA of 40 ms (Experiment 1) and a longer SOA of 67 ms (Experiment 2). Both methods provided evidence for the unconscious processing of the primes’ global shape in Experiment 2. However, while GRT analyses also supported unconscious processing at the shorter 40 ms SOA, the Bayesian generative models produced strong evidence against it. We show that discrepancies between both approaches may arise not only from their operational definitions, but also their underlying mathematical frameworks and validity. While the plausibility of the Goldstein model’s assumptions remains debated, preliminary SvA simulations suggest limited robustness of the GRT-based model, warranting caution pending further validation. Although both approaches provide refined tools for studying unconscious perception, persistent methodological challenges remain, highlighting the need for clearer definitions of unconscious processing and more thorough validation of the methods employed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104018"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147318860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Eye movements reflect thought patterns while listening to literary narratives 在听文学叙事时，眼球运动反映了思维模式。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2026.104031

Diane Mézière , Johanna K. Kaakinen , Jarkko Lehtola , Karin Kukkonen , Jonathan Smallwood , Jaana Simola

While listening to an audiobook, listeners’ attention may shift between the text and self-generated thoughts occurring during mind-wandering. Despite the growing use of audiobooks, little is known about how listeners process text when listening to it. The present study investigated the types of thought patterns that listeners have while listening to an audiobook, and whether and how these are reflected in eye movements. Participants (N_Study1 = 63, N_Study2 = 58) listened to an audio recording of a novel and responded to a 13-item mind-wandering questionnaire and a simple memory question 30 times during the listening task. In study 2, participants’ eye movements were also recorded while they looked at a fixation cross on a screen. A principal components analysis (PCA) of the mind-wandering questionnaire responses produced four components in Study 1, and three components in Study 2. Three components were replicated across the two studies: Immersion, Mind-wandering, and Sub-vocalization. We then examined how these thought patterns were reflected in eye movements in Study 2 including: fixation duration, fixation count, fixation dispersion, saccade amplitude, blink duration, and blink count. The results showed that higher levels of immersion was characterized by fewer and less dispersed fixations on the screen, shorter saccades, and longer blinks. Mind-wandering was related to more dispersed fixations. Sub-vocalization resulted in more fixations, higher dispersion across the screen, and more blinks. The results suggest that eye movements reflect shifts in attentional focus while listening to a literary text. The results provide important information about the processes underlying literary experience.

在听有声读物时，听者的注意力可能会在文本和走神时自己产生的想法之间转移。尽管有声读物的使用越来越多，但人们对听者在听文本时是如何处理文本的知之甚少。目前的研究调查了听者在听有声书时的思维模式类型，以及这些模式是否以及如何反映在眼球运动中。参与者（NStudy1 = 63, NStudy2 = 58）听了一段小说的录音，并在听力任务中回答了一份包含13个问题的走神问卷和一个简单的记忆问题30次。在研究2中，参与者在看屏幕上的固定十字时，也记录了他们的眼球运动。对走神问卷的主成分分析（PCA）在研究1中得到4个成分，在研究2中得到3个成分。两项研究重复了三个组成部分：沉浸、走神和默念。然后，我们在研究2中研究了这些思维模式是如何在眼球运动中反映出来的，包括：注视时间、注视次数、注视分散度、扫视幅度、眨眼时间和眨眼次数。结果表明，沉浸程度越高，盯着屏幕的时间越少，扫视时间越短，眨眼时间越长。走神与更分散的注视有关。默念导致更多的注视，屏幕上更多的分散和更多的眨眼。研究结果表明，在听文学文本时，眼球运动反映了注意力的转移。研究结果提供了关于文学体验背后的过程的重要信息。

{"title":"Eye movements reflect thought patterns while listening to literary narratives","authors":"Diane Mézière , Johanna K. Kaakinen , Jarkko Lehtola , Karin Kukkonen , Jonathan Smallwood , Jaana Simola","doi":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.concog.2026.104031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While listening toan audiobook, listeners’ attention may shift between the text and self-generated thoughts occurring during mind-wandering. Despite the growing use of audiobooks, little is known about how listeners process text when listening to it. The present study investigated the types of thought patterns that listeners have while listening to an audiobook, and whether and how these are reflected in eye movements. Participants (N<sub>Study1</sub> = 63, N<sub>Study2</sub> = 58) listened to an audio recording of a novel and responded to a 13-item mind-wandering questionnaire and a simple memory question 30 times during the listening task. In study 2, participants’ eye movements were also recorded while they looked at a fixation cross on a screen. A principal components analysis (PCA) of the mind-wandering questionnaire responses produced four components in Study 1, and three components in Study 2. Three components were replicated across the two studies: Immersion, Mind-wandering, and Sub-vocalization. We then examined how these thought patterns were reflected in eye movementsin Study 2 including: fixation duration, fixation count, fixation dispersion, saccade amplitude, blink duration, and blink count. The results showed that higher levels of immersion was characterized by fewer and less dispersed fixations on the screen, shorter saccades, and longer blinks. Mind-wandering was related to more dispersed fixations. Sub-vocalization resulted in more fixations, higher dispersion across the screen, and more blinks. The results suggest that eye movements reflect shifts in attentional focus while listening to a literary text. The results provide important information about the processes underlying literary experience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51358,"journal":{"name":"Consciousness and Cognition","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104031"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147345689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0