Consciousness and Cognition最新文献

英文中文

The priority state of items in visual working memory determines their influence on early visual processing 视觉工作记忆中项目的优先状态决定了它们对早期视觉处理的影响。

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103800

Dan Wang, Samson Chota, Luzi Xu, Stefan Van der Stigchel, Surya Gayet

Items held in visual working memory (VWM) influence early visual processing by enhancing memory-matching visual input. Depending on current task demands, memory items can have different priority states. Here, we investigated how the priority state of items in VWM affects two key aspects of early visual processing: access to visual awareness and attention allocation. We used three perceptual tasks: the breaking continuous flash suppression task (Experiment 1), the attentional capture task (Experiment 2), and a visual search task (Experiment 3). We found that stimuli matching prioritized VWM items yielded a large perceptual advantage over stimuli matching non-prioritized VWM items (despite minimal memory loss). Additionally, stimuli matching non-prioritized memory items exhibited a (small but consistent) perceptual advantage over VWM-unrelated stimuli. Taken together, observers can flexibly de-prioritize and re-prioritize VWM contents based on current task demands, allowing observers to exert control over the extent to which VWM contents influence concurrent visual processing.

视觉工作记忆（VWM）中的项目通过增强记忆匹配视觉输入来影响早期视觉加工。根据当前的任务需求，内存项可以具有不同的优先级状态。在此，我们研究了VWM中项目的优先状态如何影响早期视觉加工的两个关键方面：视觉意识的获取和注意分配。我们使用了三个感知任务：打破连续闪光抑制任务（实验1）、注意捕获任务（实验2）和视觉搜索任务（实验3）。我们发现，匹配优先级VWM项目的刺激比匹配非优先级VWM项目的刺激产生了很大的感知优势（尽管记忆损失最小）。此外，与非优先记忆项目匹配的刺激比与vwm无关的刺激表现出（小但一致的）知觉优势。综上所述，观察者可以根据当前任务需求灵活地取消和重新确定VWM内容的优先级，从而允许观察者控制VWM内容对并发视觉处理的影响程度。

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引用次数: 0

Introspection about forced and free choice: Accurate subjective time estimation for externally as well as self-determined actions 对强迫和自由选择的反思：对外部和自我决定的行动进行准确的主观时间估计。

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103804

Daniel Bratzke , Ian Grant Mackenzie , Hartmut Leuthold , Victor Mittelstädt

Free-choice behavior is unique in that actions are internally self-determined, unlike forced-choice behavior, which is externally specified. Several studies suggest these two action modes can lead to different behavioral, affective, and motivational outcomes. We examined whether people estimate free-choice differently from forced-choice processing time due to possible introspective biases associated with these modes. Consistent with previous studies, free choices were slower than forced choices and action mode interacted with perceptual difficulty. Importantly, all effects in mean reaction times (RTs) were mirrored in mean introspective RTs (iRTs). Moreover, objective RTs alone could essentially predict iRTs without any contributing distortion of choice modes. Thus, introspection about RT appears equally accurate for both externally and self-determined actions, suggesting that iRTs are primarily based on a direct read-out of temporal information. Possibly, accurate introspection about processing time is a crucial basis for potentially distinct subjective experiences of free and forced choices.

自由选择行为的独特之处在于行动是内部自我决定的，而不像强制选择行为是外部指定的。一些研究表明，这两种行为模式会导致不同的行为、情感和动机结果。我们研究了人们对自由选择和强迫选择处理时间的估计是否不同，这可能是由于与这些模式相关的内省偏见。与之前的研究一致，自由选择比强制选择慢，行动模式与感知困难相互作用。重要的是，平均反应时间（RTs）的所有影响都反映在平均内省RTs （iRTs）中。此外，客观RTs本身基本上可以预测irt，而不需要任何选择模式的扭曲。因此，对于外部和自我决定的行为，关于RT的内省似乎同样准确，这表明RT主要基于对时间信息的直接读出。可能，对处理时间的准确内省是自由和被迫选择的潜在不同主观体验的关键基础。

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引用次数: 0

Drawing behaviour influences ongoing thought patterns and subsequent memory 绘画行为会影响持续的思维模式和随后的记忆。

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103791

Silvia Shiwei Zhou , Keanna Rowchan , Brontë Mckeown , Jonathan Smallwood , Jeffrey D. Wammes

For millennia, humans have created drawings as a means of externalizing visual representations, and later, to aid communication and learning. Despite its cultural value, we understand little about the cognitive states elicited by drawing, and their downstream benefits. In two preregistered experiments, we explored these states; Undergraduate participants (Ns = 69, 60) encoded words by drawing or writing, periodically describing their thoughts using multi-dimensional experience sampling, a tool for characterizing the features of ongoing thought. Subsequent memory was tested via free recall. Contrasted with writing, drawing improved memory, and evoked thoughts that were more visual and elaborative. Recall was also dictated by the emergence of these thought patterns, with the former most important when drawing. Our findings establish that drawing elicits unique thought patterns that promote successful memory, providing an explanation for drawing’s influential role in our everyday lives.

千百年来，人类一直将绘画作为一种外化视觉表征的手段，后来又用来帮助交流和学习。尽管绘画具有文化价值，但我们对其引发的认知状态及其下游益处却知之甚少。在两项预先登记的实验中，我们对这些状态进行了探索；本科生参与者（人数分别为 69 和 60）通过绘画或写作对文字进行编码，并定期使用多维经验采样（一种用于描述正在进行的思维特征的工具）来描述他们的想法。随后的记忆通过自由回忆进行测试。与书写相比，绘画提高了记忆力，并唤起了更直观、更详尽的思考。这些思维模式的出现也会影响记忆，其中前者在绘画时最为重要。我们的研究结果表明，绘画能激发独特的思维模式，从而促进成功记忆，这为绘画在我们日常生活中的影响作用提供了解释。

引用次数: 0

Self-face processing in relation to self-referential tasks in 24-month-old infants: A study through eye movements and pupillometry measures 24个月婴儿自我面孔加工与自我参照任务的关系：一项通过眼动和瞳孔测量的研究。

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103803

Hiroshi Nitta , Yusuke Uto , Kengo Chaya , Kazuhide Hashiya

The aim of the current study was to investigate visual scan patterns for the self-face in infants with the ability to recognize themselves with a photograph. 24-month-old infants (N = 32) were presented with faces including the self-face in the upright or inverted orientation. We also measured infants’ ability to recognize oneself in a mirror and with a photograph. Results showed that only in trials with the self-face was pupil dilation greater in the upright orientation than in the inverted orientation, and that eye movements and pupil dilation were not associated with PSR tasks. Our findings suggest that the processing of the self-face was processed in a manner similar to that of others, with longer and more fixations on eyes and nose, but infants allocated more attentional resources to processing upright self-face. Self-face processing in infancy may be independent of the understanding of the self beyond the here and now.

目前这项研究的目的是调查那些有能力通过照片认出自己的婴儿的自我脸的视觉扫描模式。对32名24月龄婴儿进行直立或倒立的面部观察。我们还测量了婴儿在镜子和照片中认出自己的能力。结果表明，只有在自我面孔的实验中，瞳孔在直立方向上的扩张大于在倒立方向上的扩张，而眼球运动和瞳孔扩张与自我识别任务无关。我们的研究结果表明，婴儿对自我面孔的处理方式与其他人相似，对眼睛和鼻子的注视时间更长，注视时间更长，但婴儿将更多的注意力资源分配给处理直立的自我面孔。婴儿期的自我面孔加工可能独立于对此时此地之外的自我的理解。

引用次数: 0

Functions of consciousness in emotional processing 意识在情绪处理中的功能。

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103801

Dylan Ludwig

Contrary to the leading theories of consciousness on offer, it is a fruitful working hypothesis that conscious experiences facilitate a variety of functional capacities that are distinct to particular psychological tasks, individuals, and species (i.e., functional pluralism). In this paper, I illustrate this novel methodological point by identifying some of the functional contributions that consciousness makes to (human) emotional processing. I first consolidate empirical evidence of the capacities and limitations of unconscious emotional processing, drawing on a) experimental paradigms that employ the tools of vision science (masking and suppression of emotionally relevant stimuli), and b) theoretical and clinical research on emotional disorder (Generalized Anxiety Disorder). After comparing the functional characteristics of unconscious and conscious emotional processes, I argue that conscious experiences facilitate a cluster of functions that are specific to emotion, including increased capacities for representing fine-grained evaluative information, inhibition, and flexible response.

与现有的主流意识理论相反，这是一个卓有成效的工作假设，即意识体验促进了各种不同于特定心理任务、个体和物种的功能能力（即功能多元主义）。在本文中，我通过识别意识对（人类）情绪处理的一些功能贡献来说明这一新颖的方法论观点。我首先巩固了无意识情绪处理能力和局限性的经验证据，借鉴了a)使用视觉科学工具的实验范式（掩盖和抑制情绪相关刺激），以及b)情绪障碍（广泛性焦虑障碍）的理论和临床研究。在比较了无意识和有意识的情感过程的功能特征后，我认为有意识的经历促进了一系列特定于情感的功能，包括表达细粒度评估信息、抑制和灵活反应的能力增强。

引用次数: 0

Evidence for the dependence of visual and kinesthetic motor imagery on isolated visual and motor practice 视觉和动觉运动意象依赖于孤立的视觉和运动练习的证据。

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103802

Carrie M. Peters , Matthew W. Scott , Ryan Jin , Minghao Ma , Sarah N. Kraeutner , Nicola J. Hodges

Motor imagery (MI) is a cognitive process believed to rely on the representation developed through experience. The equivalence between MI and execution has been questioned and the relationship between experience types and MI is unclear. We tested how observational and physical practice of hand gesture sequences impacted visual and kinesthetic MI and transfer to the unpracticed effector. Three groups (n = 22/gp.); no-vision physical practice, observational practice and no-practice control, practiced and visually and kinesthetically imagined performing the sequences. MI was assessed using mental chronometry, a movement time (MT) congruency measure and subjective ratings. Physical practice improved kinesthetic MI ratings and observational practice improved visual MI ratings. Contrary to predictions, physical practice did not enhance timing congruency. Imagined MTs were longer in transfer after physical practice, suggesting MI was not based on the same representation. These data question ideas of equivalence, with poor temporal matching after no-vision physical practice.

运动意象（MI）是一种依赖于经验形成的表征的认知过程。MI和执行之间的等价性受到质疑，经验类型和MI之间的关系也不清楚。我们测试了手势序列的观察和身体练习如何影响视觉和动觉性心肌梗死并转移到未练习的效应器。3组（n = 22/gp）；无视觉的身体练习，观察练习和无练习控制，练习和视觉上和动觉上想象表演的序列。MI评估使用心理计时法，运动时间（MT）一致性测量和主观评分。物理练习提高了动觉性心肌梗死评分，观察性训练提高了视觉性心肌梗死评分。与预测相反，物理练习并没有提高时间一致性。假设mt在物理练习后的转移时间更长，这表明MI不是基于相同的表征。这些数据质疑等效的观念，无视觉物理练习后的时间匹配性较差。

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引用次数: 0

How can virtual reality help to understand consciousness? A thematic analysis of students’ experiences in a novel virtual environment 虚拟现实如何帮助我们理解意识？学生在虚拟环境中的体验专题分析。

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103792

Keelan R. Gorman, Aimee Wrightson-Hester, Michael Landman, Warren Mansell

Research on consciousness typically presents stimuli and records the responses that follow, to infer the intervening processes. Yet, VR allows ecological validity by giving the user freedom to continuously control their sensory input across three spatial dimensions via head and eye movement. We designed a virtual world in which the angle of view relates to the information complexity of the sensory input. We assessed its acceptability and feasibility, and explored the first-person experience. Ten university students were immersed in two different novel environments, then a semi-structured interview, guided by first-person video footage of the VR experience, elicited participants’ reports. The methodology proved feasible, and a thematic analysis was consistent with Mansell’s (2024) control theory perspective, and to a lesser degree, Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Global Workspace Theory (GWT). We conclude that novel virtual environments provide an accessible, dynamic and valid way to gather evidence regarding different theories of consciousness.

对意识的研究通常呈现刺激并记录随之而来的反应，以推断干预过程。然而，VR通过让用户自由地通过头部和眼睛的运动来持续控制他们在三个空间维度上的感官输入，从而实现了生态有效性。我们设计了一个虚拟世界，其中的视角与感官输入的信息复杂性有关。我们评估了它的可接受性和可行性，并探索了第一人称体验。10名大学生沉浸在两个不同的新环境中，然后在VR体验的第一人称视频片段的指导下进行半结构化采访，引出参与者的报告。该方法被证明是可行的，并且主题分析与Mansell（2024）的控制论观点一致，并且在较小程度上与集成信息论（IIT）和全局工作空间理论（GWT）一致。我们的结论是，新颖的虚拟环境提供了一种可访问的、动态的和有效的方式来收集关于不同意识理论的证据。

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引用次数: 0

“The Giant Black Elephant with white Tusks stood in a field of Green Grass”: Cognitive and brain mechanisms underlying aphantasia “长着白色獠牙的巨型黑象站在绿草地上”：认知和大脑机制背后的幻觉

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103790

Paula Argueta , Julia Dominguez , Josie Zachman , Paul Worthington , Rajesh K. Kana

Aphantasia, a spectrum of inabilities creating and perceiving mental images, is becoming more of a focus in continued research to better understand functions of sensory perception and imagination. Current research on aphantasia is still in an era of exploration to find its underlying neural mechanisms, comorbidities and comparing levels of visual imagery to other cognitive functions. Through a systematic review, this article explores the most influential developments in aphantasia research. The search included 3 databases-PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. After a rigorous selection process, 52 studies are included in this review. The findings include new research themes across different studies such as relationships between aphantasia and diminished episodic and autobiographical memory, comorbidities including autism, attention, emotions, and neurobiological differences. By integrating diverse perspectives, this review aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes underlying mental imagery and offers implications for further development in aphantasia research.

幻像症是一种创造和感知心理图像的一系列障碍，它正成为持续研究的焦点，以更好地理解感官知觉和想象的功能。目前对失视症的研究仍处于探索其潜在的神经机制、合并症以及视觉意象与其他认知功能水平比较的时代。本文通过系统回顾，探讨了幻像研究中最具影响力的进展。搜索包括3个数据库：psycinfo、PubMed和Web of Science。经过严格的筛选过程，本综述纳入了52项研究。这些发现包括不同研究的新研究主题，如缺失症与情景记忆和自传式记忆减少之间的关系，包括自闭症在内的合并症，注意力，情绪和神经生物学差异。通过对不同视角的整合，本综述旨在加深对心理意象认知过程的理解，并为幻影症研究的进一步发展提供启示。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of the degree of action voluntariness on sense of agency in saccades 跳跳中行动自愿程度对代理感的影响

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103793

Julian Gutzeit , Lynn Huestegge

Experiencing a sense of agency (SoA), the feeling of being in control over one’s actions and their outcomes, typically requires intentional and voluntary actions. Prior research has compared the association of voluntary versus completely involuntary actions with the SoA. Here, we leveraged unique characteristics of oculomotor actions to partially manipulate the degree of action voluntariness. Participants performed either highly automatized prosaccades or highly controlled (voluntary) anti-saccades, triggering a gaze-contingent visual action effect. We assessed explicit SoA ratings and temporal action and effect binding as an implicit SoA measure. Anti-saccades were associated with stronger action binding compared to prosaccades, demonstrating a robust association between higher action voluntariness and a stronger implicit sense of action agency. We conclude that our manipulation of action voluntariness may have impacted the implicit phenomenological feeling of bodily agency, but it did not affect the SoA over effect outcomes or explicit agency perception.

体验代理感（SoA），即控制自己的行为及其结果的感觉，通常需要有意和自愿的行为。先前的研究比较了SoA中自愿行为与完全非自愿行为的关联。在这里，我们利用动眼肌动作的独特特征来部分操纵动作自愿的程度。参与者要么进行高度自动化的扫视，要么进行高度受控的（自愿的）反扫视，从而触发随凝视而定的视觉动作效应。我们评估了显式SoA评级以及作为隐式SoA度量的时间动作和效果绑定。反扫视与前扫视相比，具有更强的动作约束，这表明更高的行动自愿性与更强的内隐行动代理感之间存在强大的关联。我们的结论是，我们对行动自愿的操纵可能影响了身体代理的内隐现象学感觉，但它不影响SoA效应结果或外显代理感知。

引用次数: 0

Valence in perception: Are affective valence and visual brightness integral dimensions in visual experience? 感知中的情感：情绪情感和视觉亮度是视觉体验中不可或缺的两个维度吗？

IF 2.1 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103783

Hilla Jacobson , Zohar Ongil , Daniel Algom , Marius Usher

A fundamental question in the domain of affect and conscious perception is whether the former can impact the latter. Traditionally, perception and affect were conceived as largely independent. Against this backdrop, it was recently argued that the affective valence of a stimulus can modulate the perceptual experience of its sensory features. An alternative hypothesis is that perceptual experiences have a valenced aspect over and above their sensory aspects, with these two aspects interacting and comprising integral perceptual dimensions. To test this, we carried out two experiments deploying Wendell Garner’s speeded classification paradigm to decide whether visual brightness and affective valence are separable or integral dimensions. We found Garner interference, documenting that brightness and valence are integral dimensions. We did not observe effects of congruity – responses to bright positive stimuli were not faster than to bright negative stimuli — providing no support for affect induced changes in the perception of brightness.

情感和有意识感知领域的一个基本问题是，前者是否会影响后者。传统上，人们认为知觉和情感在很大程度上是独立的。在此背景下，最近有一种观点认为，刺激物的情感价值可以调节对其感官特征的知觉体验。另一种假设是，知觉体验除了感官方面之外，还有情感方面，这两个方面相互作用，构成了完整的知觉维度。为了验证这一点，我们采用温德尔-加纳（Wendell Garner）的加速分类范式进行了两项实验，以确定视觉亮度和情感价位是可分离的还是不可分割的维度。我们没有观察到一致性的影响--对明亮的正面刺激的反应速度并不比对明亮的负面刺激的反应速度快--这就不支持情感会诱发亮度感知的变化。

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