Consciousness and Cognition最新文献_第4页

Comparing the characteristics of hallucinations and mental imagery: a large cross-sectional study in the general population 比较幻觉和心理意象的特征：一项针对普通人群的大型横断面研究

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103974

Guillaume Pepin , Hélène Lœvenbruck , Alan Chauvin , Camille Jacquet , Jean-Baptiste Eichenlaub , Catherine Bortolon

Hallucinations (HAs), the perceptual experiences that occur without external stimuli, are classically associated with psychiatric disorders, but also occur in the general population. Involuntary mental imagery (IMI), the spontaneous occurrence of visual or auditory mental content, shares several features with HAs. The continuum hypothesis suggests that these phenomena exist on a spectrum ranging from benign to clinically significant experiences. However, the precise boundaries of these phenomena remain under-explored. This pre-registered cross-sectional study focusing on the experiential continuum, involved 1,951 French-speaking adults who completed an online questionnaire assessing the frequency and characteristics of their HAs and IMI experiences. These experiences could include hearing music or voices, or seeing shadows. Participants rated ten phenomenologically-informed dimensions, including vividness, emotional valence, controllability, distress, agency, and perceived location. Associations were tested using Spearman correlations and Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni correction. IMIs were significantly more frequent than HAs and were rated as more vivid, emotionally positive, and self-generated. In contrast, HAs were associated with greater distress and external attribution. Moderate to strong correlations between HAs and IMIs on most dimensions support the hypothesis of a shared experiential continuum. However, the fact that confidence and agency cannot be fully separated from controllability raises questions about cognitive models of self-monitoring and metacognition. These findings provide empirical evidence for both convergence and divergence in the phenomenological profiles of HAs and IMIs. Refining these distinctions could enhance theoretical models of hallucinatory experiences and facilitate the early identification and prevention of distressing internal phenomena in individuals at risk.

幻觉（HAs）是在没有外界刺激的情况下发生的感知体验，通常与精神疾病有关，但也发生在普通人群中。无意识心理意象（IMI），即视觉或听觉心理内容的自发发生，与HAs有几个共同特征。连续统假说表明，这些现象存在于从良性到临床显著经验的范围内。然而，这些现象的确切界限仍未得到充分探索。这项预先登记的横断面研究关注于经验连续体，涉及1951名讲法语的成年人，他们完成了一份在线问卷，评估他们的HAs和IMI经历的频率和特征。这些体验可能包括听到音乐或声音，或者看到阴影。参与者对十个现象学信息维度打分，包括生动度、情绪效价、可控性、痛苦、代理和感知位置。采用Spearman相关和Wilcoxon检验，并进行Bonferroni校正。imi明显比HAs更频繁，被评为更生动、情绪积极和自我产生。相反，HAs与更大的痛苦和外部归因有关。卫生指标和综合管理指数在大多数方面之间的中等至强烈的相关性支持了共同经验连续体的假设。然而，信心和能动性不能与可控性完全分离，这一事实引发了对自我监控和元认知的认知模型的质疑。这些发现提供了实证证据，证明了高等教育指数和综合管理指数在现象学上的趋同和分化。细化这些区别可以增强幻觉体验的理论模型，并有助于早期识别和预防处于危险中的个体的痛苦内部现象。

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引用次数: 0

The nature of mind scale (NOMS): Validation of an eight-dimensional scale assessing beliefs about the relationship between mind and matter 心灵本质量表（NOMS）：一种评估心灵与物质关系信念的八维量表的验证

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103961

Matthias Forstmann , Pascal Burgmer

We developed and validated the Nature of Mind Scale (NOMS), a 24-item measure assessing lay beliefs about eight distinct philosophical positions on the mind–body relationship. Given the limitations of existing measures and the theoretical diversity of mind–body positions, our goal was to develop a comprehensive yet practical scale that could capture the full range of philosophical stances without reducing them to overly simplified dimensions. Across four studies with 1074 participants, we established the NOMS’s psychometric properties and nomological network. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we identified an eight-factor structure representing belief in substance dualism, interactionism, panpsychism, idealism, reductive physicalism, non-reductive physicalism, mystical monism, and neutral monism. Participants most strongly endorsed interactionism, non-reductive physicalism, and mystical monism, while showing the least support for idealism. The scale demonstrated good model fit and strong evidence of measurement invariance across samples. Convergent validity was established through correlations with existing mind–body belief measures. Construct validity was supported by theoretically consistent relationships with religiosity, free will beliefs, cognitive style, personality traits, and afterlife beliefs. The NOMS represents an extension of previous measures of mind–body relations, capturing the multifaceted nature of these beliefs while maintaining sufficient brevity for practical research applications.

我们开发并验证了心理本质量表（NOMS），这是一个24项的测量方法，评估外行人对身心关系中8种不同哲学立场的看法。考虑到现有测量方法的局限性和身心位置的理论多样性，我们的目标是开发一种全面而实用的量表，能够捕捉到哲学立场的全部范围，而不会将它们简化到过于简化的维度。通过对1074名参与者的四项研究，我们建立了NOMS的心理测量特性和法则网络。通过探索性和验证性因素分析，我们确定了一个代表物质二元论、相互作用论、泛心论、唯心主义、还原物理主义、非还原物理主义、神秘一元论和中性一元论信仰的八因素结构。参与者最强烈地支持互动论、非还原物理主义和神秘一元论，而对唯心主义的支持最少。该量表显示出良好的模型拟合和跨样本测量不变性的有力证据。通过与现有心身信念测量的相关性建立收敛效度。建构效度与宗教信仰、自由意志信仰、认知风格、人格特质和来世信仰的理论关系一致。NOMS代表了先前身心关系测量的延伸，捕捉了这些信念的多面性，同时为实际研究应用保持了足够的简洁性。

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引用次数: 0

Implicit observational learning of second-order conditional repeated sequences presented in rapid serial visual presentation 快速序列视觉呈现中二阶条件重复序列的内隐观察学习

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103967

Salvatore G. Chiarella , Luca Simione , Monia D’Angiò , Chiara Saracini , Antonino Raffone , Enrico Di Pace

This study investigated whether second-order conditional (SOC) sequences can be learned through observation by combining rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) with a serial reaction time task (SRTT). Sixty participants observed either repeated SOC sequences or random sequences during RSVP, then completed explicit learning tasks and an SRTT. Explicit learning tasks showed no evidence of sequence knowledge. In the SRTT, groups did not differ in RTs, but the control group accumulated more errors in later blocks. Furthermore, RTs during the first two blocks predicted performance in recovery after interference in later blocks in the experimental group. This RT pattern was also reflected in the speed–accuracy trade-off as captured by inverse efficiency scores (IES) but only partially by the balanced integration scores (BIS). Finally, in the SRTT the experimental group reported higher awareness of sequence repetitiveness. These findings indicate that RSVP exposure may foster subtle and predominantly implicit learning of SOC sequences.

本研究采用快速连续视觉呈现（RSVP）和连续反应时间任务（SRTT）相结合的方法，探讨了二级条件序列（SOC）是否可以通过观察学习。60名参与者在RSVP期间观察重复的SOC序列或随机序列，然后完成显性学习任务和SRTT。显性学习任务没有显示序列知识的证据。在SRTT中，各组在RTs上没有差异，但对照组在后面的区块中积累了更多的错误。此外，在实验组中，前两个模块的RTs预测了后两个模块干扰后的恢复表现。这种RT模式也反映在逆向效率分数（IES）捕获的速度-准确性权衡中，但仅部分反映在平衡整合分数（BIS）中。最后，在SRTT中，实验组报告了更高的序列重复意识。这些结果表明，RSVP暴露可能会促进有机碳序列的微妙和显性内隐学习。

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引用次数: 0

Preoccupation priming: How repetitive thinking can influence our involuntary memories 专注启动：重复思考如何影响我们的非自愿记忆

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103966

John H. Mace, Emily Chow

Studies have reported that the contents of everyday involuntary autobiographical memories may at times be influenced (primed) by the contents of ongoing preoccupations. However, these studies did not manipulate (nor simulate) preoccupations experimentally, and therefore causal connections between preoccupations and the priming of involuntary memories cannot be established with their findings. The goal of the current study was to establish a causal link between preoccupations and involuntary memory production. Participants in a repetitive thinking group thought about a single topic (food) repeatedly, after which they were engaged in an involuntary memory task (the vigilance task), which contained a handful of food related cues.

The performance of repetitive thinking participants on the vigilance task was compared to the performance of control participants, who in place of the repetitive thinking task, thought about various, different topics (e.g., think about setting goals; imagine sitting in a chair). The results showed that compared to the control group, the repetitive thinking group produced more food related involuntary memories, as well as more involuntary memories overall. The results support the idea that one’s preoccupations can influence involuntary remembering, and we argue preoccupations can be a priming source for everyday involuntary memories, among other potential sources.

研究表明，日常非自愿自传式记忆的内容有时会受到持续关注的内容的影响（启动）。然而，这些研究并没有通过实验操纵（也没有模拟）专注，因此专注和非自愿记忆启动之间的因果关系不能用他们的发现来建立。当前研究的目标是建立专注和非自愿记忆产生之间的因果关系。重复思考组的参与者反复思考一个主题（食物），之后他们参与了一个非自愿记忆任务（警惕任务），其中包含一些与食物相关的线索。重复思维参与者在警惕性任务中的表现与对照参与者的表现进行了比较，对照参与者在重复思维任务中思考各种不同的主题（例如，思考设定目标；想象坐在椅子上）。结果显示，与对照组相比，重复性思维组产生了更多与食物相关的非自愿记忆，以及更多的非自愿记忆。研究结果支持了一个人的专注可以影响非自愿记忆的观点，我们认为专注可以成为日常非自愿记忆的启动源，以及其他潜在的来源。

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引用次数: 0

Disentangling perceptual from non-perceptual expectation biases in short-term memory 短期记忆中知觉与非知觉期望偏差的分离。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103964

Jochem G. Koopmans , Sushrut Thorat , Genevieve L. Quek , Marius V. Peelen

There is debate about how many items can be represented in visual consciousness at once. Evidence against the view that visual consciousness consists of many detailed items has come from a study using the partial-report paradigm. De Gardelle et al. (2009) showed that rotated letters shown in non-cued (i.e., unattended) parts of a briefly presented letter array are sometimes illusorily perceived as upright. Presumably, the expectation that letters are generally seen upright modulated a rotated letter’s visual representation towards an upright one. The present study elaborates on this finding by comparing reports of rotated letters to two kinds of controls: letters shown upright, and letters that were not shown in the preceding stimulus. Results showed that participants were able to discriminate non-cued letters from not-shown letters, providing evidence that such letters remained available for some time after stimulus offset. This was found for letters that were shown upright but also for letters shown inverted. Upright letters were reported as upright more often than not-shown letters were, showing that information about letter orientation was preserved. Inverted letters were also reported as upright but, importantly, not more so than not-shown letters were. This replicates the earlier finding that inverted letters can be reported as upright but shows that such errors might be attributable to non-perceptual stages of processing. Post-perceptual biases influencing reports of visual representations might present a new ground to distinguish between phenomenally conscious contents and reports thereof.

关于视觉意识能同时呈现多少项存在争议。反对视觉意识由许多细节组成的观点的证据来自一项使用部分报告范式的研究。De Gardelle等人（2009）表明，在简短呈现的字母数组中，非提示（即无人看管）部分显示的旋转字母有时会被误认为是直立的。据推测，人们对字母通常被视为直立的期望将旋转后的字母的视觉表现调整为直立的。目前的研究详细阐述了这一发现，将旋转字母的报告与两种对照进行比较：直立显示的字母和在前一个刺激中没有显示的字母。结果显示，参与者能够区分没有提示的字母和没有显示的字母，这提供了证据，证明这些字母在刺激抵消后仍然存在一段时间。这不仅适用于直立显示的字母，也适用于倒立显示的字母。竖着的字母比没有显示的字母更常被认为是竖着的，这表明关于字母方向的信息被保留了下来。颠倒的字母也被认为是直立的，但重要的是，并不比没有显示的字母更直立。这重复了先前的发现，颠倒的字母可以被报告为直立，但表明这种错误可能归因于处理的非感知阶段。影响视觉表征报告的后知觉偏差可能为区分现象意识内容及其报告提供了新的基础。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of eyes on attributions of agency and experience in humanoid robots 眼对人形机器人代理和经验归因的影响

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103963

Jari K. Hietanen , Samuli Linnunsalo , Dennis Küster

Humans’ tendency to attribute mental states to robots positively correlates with the increasingly human-like appearance of the robots. As eyes have been suggested to be “the windows to the soul”, in the present study we investigated whether the presence or absence of facial features appearing as eyes in humanoid robots affects how perceivers attribute mental capacities of agency and experience to robots. We created images of highly realistic humanoid robots with full bodies and showed these robots either with the eyes or without the eyes. In Experiment 1, attribution of agency and experience was measured with self-evaluation questionnaires, whereas in Experiment 2, we used the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Results from both explicit and implicit measurements showed that humans attribute higher levels of agency and experience to humanoid robots with eyes (i.e. eyelike facial features) compared to robots without eyes. The results have great practical relevance to humanoid robot technology as the presence or absence of eyes in humanoid robots could have a fundamental effect on human-robot interaction.

人类倾向于将心理状态归因于机器人，这与机器人越来越像人类的外观呈正相关。由于眼睛被认为是“灵魂的窗户”，在本研究中，我们调查了人形机器人中出现的面部特征是否会影响感知者如何将代理和经验的心理能力归因于机器人。我们制作了具有完整身体的高度逼真的人形机器人的图像，并展示了这些机器人有眼睛或没有眼睛。在实验1中，我们使用自我评价问卷来测量代理和经验的归因，而在实验2中，我们使用内隐联想测验（IAT）来测量代理和经验的归因。显性和隐性测量的结果表明，与没有眼睛的机器人相比，人类将更高水平的代理和经验归因于有眼睛的类人机器人（即像眼睛一样的面部特征）。研究结果对仿人机器人技术具有重要的实际意义，因为仿人机器人的眼睛的存在或不存在可能对人机交互产生根本性影响。

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引用次数: 0

Working with an Online Artificial Partner Enhances Implicit and Reduces Explicit Sense of Agency 与在线人工伙伴一起工作增强了内隐感，减少了外显感。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103962

Anh H. Le, Thomas Burke, Andrew P. Bayliss

A “sense of agency” is the feeling that one is the cause of events in the world. The presence of others has been shown to create a diffusion of responsibility and thus reduce individuals’ explicit ratings of control. This notion has recently been conceptualised as “interfered agency”. The current study investigated both explicit and implicit measures of agency in an interfered agency paradigm. In two online experiments, we showed that when being induced to feel that they were working with an artificial virtual agent who could potentially act in a shared task, participants felt less control i.e., explicit measure. We also found greater temporal binding (an implicit measure) implying a stronger sense of agency; that is, the opposite pattern of results compared with the explicit measure. Across the two experiments conducted online, we demonstrated that these effects were due to the implied ability for the partner to act and not an effect of social presence per se. We propose that explicit measures of agency reflect the conscious attribution of responsibility, while implicit measures reflect the strength of the representation of the causal links between action and effect. These data reinforce recent theoretical developments in our understanding of the sense of agency and social agency when working with an artificial partner.

“代理感”是一种感觉，即自己是世界上事件的起因。其他人的存在已被证明会造成责任的分散，从而降低个人对控制的明确评级。这一概念最近被概念化为“干预代理”。本研究考察了干涉代理范式下的显性和隐性代理度量。在两个在线实验中，我们表明，当被诱导感觉到他们正在与一个可能在共享任务中行动的人工虚拟代理一起工作时，参与者感到控制较少，即明确的测量。我们还发现，更大的时间约束（一种隐含的衡量标准）意味着更强的能动性；也就是说，与明确的测量相比，结果的模式相反。通过在线进行的两个实验，我们证明了这些影响是由于伴侣的潜在行动能力，而不是社会存在本身的影响。我们认为，明确的代理措施反映了责任的有意识归因，而隐含的措施反映了行为和效果之间因果关系的表征强度。这些数据加强了我们对与人工伙伴合作时的代理感和社会代理感的理解的最新理论发展。

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引用次数: 0

Synesthesia is associated with distinctive patterns in dream content 联觉与梦境内容的独特模式有关。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103959

Kyle Napierkowski, Emily Cook

Dreams offer insight into how individual differences shape conscious experience in the absence of external input or task demands. This study examines whether synesthesia is linked to distinct patterns in dream content, suggesting underlying differences in cognitive architecture. Leveraging the statistical power of large-scale, naturalistic data, we analyzed 2,337 dream reports from Reddit, comparing 1,169 reports from self-identified synesthetes with 1,168 matched controls. Semantic embedding models and logistic regression achieved modest classification performance, indicating group-level differences in language use. Topic modeling revealed four themes—digital, interpersonal regret, diverse worlds, and violent conflict—that were significantly more prevalent in synesthete dreams. These results suggest that trait-level cognitive organization, as expressed in synesthetic perception, extends across states of consciousness and shapes the thematic content of dreams. The findings support theoretical accounts of dreaming as continuous with waking cognition and demonstrate how stable neurocognitive traits manifest in unstructured, self-generated thought.

梦让我们了解在没有外部输入或任务要求的情况下，个体差异是如何塑造意识体验的。这项研究考察了联觉是否与梦内容的不同模式有关，从而表明认知结构的潜在差异。利用大规模自然数据的统计力量，我们分析了Reddit上的2337份梦报告，将1169份来自自我认同的联觉者的报告与1168份匹配的对照进行了比较。语义嵌入模型和逻辑回归的分类表现一般，表明语言使用在群体水平上存在差异。主题模型揭示了四个主题——数字化、人际遗憾、多元化世界和暴力冲突——它们在联觉梦中更为普遍。这些结果表明，特质水平的认知组织，如联觉知觉所表达的那样，跨越了意识状态，并塑造了梦的主题内容。这一发现支持了做梦与清醒认知的理论解释，并证明了稳定的神经认知特征是如何在非结构化的、自我产生的思维中表现出来的。

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引用次数: 0

Action without agent, but with awareness? meditation and the modulation of agency induced sensory suppression 行动没有代理，但有意识？冥想与代理诱导的感觉抑制的调节

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103960

Yoav Schweitzer , Aviva Berkovich-Ohana , Yair Dor-Ziderman , Ohad Nave , Stephen Fulder , Fynn-Mathis Trautwein

The human brain constructs a boundary between self and world by distinguishing self-generated sensory events from external ones. For events that are self-initiated, the brain attenuates its response, what is known as the sensory suppression effect. This effect is regarded as a proxy of the sense of agency, i.e., our feeling of being subjective agents controlling our actions and ensuing events in the world. In deep meditative states, where the self-world boundary blurs, phenomenological reports indicate a reduced or absent sense of agency, accompanied by neural oscillatory changes. However, definitive neural markers of agency have not been identified in these states. In our preregistered study, we engaged 46 experienced meditators in a button-pressing task during Magnetoencephalography (MEG) monitoring to assess how meditation-induced self-boundary dissolution affects sensory suppression. Participants’ self-reports indicated partial attainment of deep meditative states during the task. At the overall group level, dissolution states did not significantly modulate sensory suppression. However, individual variations showed a positive correlation between the depth of meditation and sensory suppression magnitude. This suggests that variation in the induced states might have obscured group-level effects. Our findings highlight the complex interplay between meditation depth, agency suspension, intention awareness, and sensory suppression.

人脑通过区分自我产生的感觉事件和外界的感觉事件，在自我和世界之间建立了一个界限。对于自我发起的事件，大脑会减弱其反应，这就是所谓的感觉抑制效应。这种效应被认为是代理感的代理，即我们作为主观代理控制我们的行为和随后发生的世界事件的感觉。在深度冥想状态下，自我世界的界限变得模糊，现象学报告表明代理感减少或消失，并伴有神经振荡变化。然而，在这些状态中尚未确定代理的明确神经标记。在我们预先注册的研究中，我们让46名有经验的冥想者在脑磁图监测期间按下按钮，以评估冥想诱导的自我边界溶解如何影响感觉抑制。参与者的自我报告表明，在任务期间，他们部分达到了深度冥想状态。在整个组水平上，溶解状态没有显著调节感觉抑制。然而，个体差异显示冥想深度与感觉抑制程度呈正相关。这表明，诱导状态的变化可能掩盖了群体水平的影响。我们的研究结果强调了冥想深度、代理暂停、意图意识和感觉抑制之间复杂的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Modulation of attentional bias by hypnosis: Disentangling the effect of induction and suggestion 催眠对注意偏误的调节：归纳与暗示效应之厘清。

IF 2 3区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL

Consciousness and Cognition

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2025.103948

Jeremy Brunel , Stéphanie Mathey , Mathieu Landry , Sandrine Delord

Hypnotic suggestions can modulate unintentional emotional processing. However, the specific contributions of hypnotic induction and suggestion — two central components of the hypnotic procedure — remain unclear. The present study aims to disentangle the effects of hypnotic induction and emotional numbing suggestion on the modulation of attentional bias in two experiments. In Experiment 1, high suggestible individuals (N = 34) performed an online emotional Stroop task in a two-by-two within-subject experimental design in which we crossed hypnotic induction and suggestion. Results show that both the emotional numbing suggestion — whether delivered within or outside the hypnotic context — and the relaxation-based hypnotic induction led to equivalent modulation of attentional bias. Experiment 2 tested the potential confounding effects of demand characteristics and of session repetition on the modulation of attentional bias in low suggestible individuals (N = 38). Results from this second experiment show no significant modulation of attentional bias across the four experimental sessions in this group. Our findings suggest that relaxation-based hypnotic induction and emotional numbing suggestion contribute to the modulation of attentional bias in high suggestible individuals. The results are discussed in line with socio-cognitive perspectives of the hypnotic induction, acting as a relaxation suggestion supporting emotional numbing effects.

催眠暗示可以调节无意识的情绪处理。然而，催眠诱导和暗示——催眠过程的两个核心组成部分——的具体贡献仍然不清楚。本研究在两个实验中探讨了催眠诱导和情绪麻木暗示对注意偏倚调节的影响。在实验1中，高易受暗示个体（N = 34）以二乘二的实验设计完成了一项在线情感Stroop任务，其中我们交叉了催眠诱导和暗示。结果表明，无论是在催眠环境内还是在催眠环境外，情感麻木暗示和基于放松的催眠诱导都会导致相同的注意偏差调节。实验2检验了需求特征和会话重复对低易受暗示个体注意偏倚调节的潜在混淆效应（N = 38）。第二个实验的结果显示，在这个组的四个实验阶段中，注意偏差没有显著的调节。我们的研究结果表明，基于放松的催眠诱导和情绪麻木暗示有助于调节高易受暗示个体的注意偏见。结果与催眠诱导的社会认知观点一致，作为支持情绪麻木效果的放松建议进行了讨论。

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引用次数: 0