Aggression and Violent Behavior最新文献_第6页

A developmental antecedent-reciprocal effects model of the animal cruelty-later offending relationship 动物残忍-事后冒犯关系的发展前因-互惠效应模型

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2025.102053

Glenn D. Walters

This paper offers a theoretical treatise on the animal cruelty-later offending relationship in the form of a developmental antecedent-reciprocal effects model. The model itself consists of three elements (animal cruelty, low empathy, and moral neutralization) believed to be bidirectionally related to one another and either unidirectionally or bidirectionally linked to certain environmental/external events and experiences, to include victimization, opportunities for social learning, and schedules of reinforcement. Hence, animal cruelty can be both a cause and effect of low empathy, moral neutralization is just as likely to shape animal cruelty as animal cruelty is to shape moral neutralization, and low empathy both drives and is driven by neutralization. Progression at the apex of the model (in this case, animal cruelty) occurs as the individual moves from safe targets and objectives to less safe targets and objectives they find more reinforcing (smaller animal → larger animal → bullying → delinquency). A research agenda is laid out in which longitudinal data are used to map the various relationships proposed by the model and recommendations for assessment and intervention are offered.

本文以发展性前因-互惠效应模型的形式，对动物残忍与事后冒犯的关系进行了理论探讨。该模型本身由三个要素（虐待动物、低同理心和道德中立）组成，这些要素被认为是相互双向相关的，并且与某些环境/外部事件和经历单向或双向相关，包括受害、社会学习机会和强化时间表。因此，虐待动物既可以是低同理心的原因，也可以是低同理心的结果，道德中立可能会塑造动物虐待，就像动物虐待可能会塑造道德中立一样，低同理心既可以驱动中和，也可以由中和驱动。当个体从安全的目标和目标移动到更不安全的目标和目标时（小动物→大动物→欺凌→犯罪），模型的顶点（在这个例子中，动物虐待）就会发生进展。提出了一项研究议程，其中使用纵向数据来绘制模型提出的各种关系，并提供评估和干预建议。

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引用次数: 0

A systematic review of the relationship between cortisol, testosterone, and aggression in children and adolescents 儿童和青少年中皮质醇、睾酮和攻击性之间关系的系统综述

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2025.102051

Maaike Cima , Kalista Meulenbeek , Flavia Spagnuolo , Femke Oosterink , Sandra Thijssen , Danique Smeijers , Clàudia Valenzuela Pascual , Alkis Mouratidis , Maaike Oosterling , Madelon Riem , Lisa Loheide-Niesmann

Aggression, influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental factors, poses a significant public health concern. This paper reviews the hormonal influences on youth aggression, focusing on cortisol and testosterone. Employing PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched major databases to identify relevant studies involving children and adolescents. Among the 79 articles that met the inclusion criteria, the findings were predominantly non-significant or mixed. Significant results suggest a modest correlation between testosterone and aggression specifically in adolescents. Cortisol demonstrated a more complex pattern, with low cortisol levels associated with increased aggression in adolescents, particularly in males, while findings in younger children were less conclusive. The interaction between testosterone and cortisol in relation to aggression also varied; high testosterone and low cortisol were linked to increased aggression in adolescent samples. These results highlight the intricate interplay of hormonal influences on aggression, modulated by age and sex. The observed association between elevated testosterone and aggression in adolescence aligns with testosterone's role in status-driven behaviors. Consistent with the dual-hormone hypothesis, the influence of testosterone on aggression appears to be moderated by cortisol levels, suggesting adolescence as a critical period for targeted interventions. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to clarify these relationships and further test the dual-hormone hypothesis across developmental stages.

侵略受到生物、心理和环境因素的影响，是一个重大的公共卫生问题。本文综述了激素对青少年攻击行为的影响，重点介绍了皮质醇和睾酮。采用PRISMA指南，我们系统地检索了主要数据库，以确定涉及儿童和青少年的相关研究。在符合纳入标准的79篇文章中，研究结果主要是非显著性或混合的。重要的结果表明睾酮和攻击性之间存在适度的相关性，特别是在青少年中。皮质醇表现出更复杂的模式，低皮质醇水平与青少年（尤其是男性）的攻击性增加有关，而对年幼儿童的研究结果则不那么确定。睾酮和皮质醇在攻击性方面的相互作用也各不相同；在青少年样本中，高睾酮和低皮质醇与攻击性增加有关。这些结果强调了荷尔蒙对攻击性的复杂影响，受年龄和性别的调节。观察到的青春期睾酮水平升高与攻击性之间的联系与睾酮在地位驱动行为中的作用一致。与双激素假说一致，睾酮对攻击性的影响似乎被皮质醇水平所缓和，这表明青春期是有针对性干预的关键时期。未来的研究应优先考虑纵向研究，以澄清这些关系，并进一步验证跨发育阶段的双激素假说。

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引用次数: 0

Counter-radicalisation case management interventions: Findings from a Campbell systematic review 反激进化个案管理干预：坎贝尔系统性审查结果

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2025.102050

James Lewis, Sarah Marsden

This article sets out the findings of a Campbell systematic review examining the effectiveness and implementation of case management tools and approaches used to counter radicalisation to violence. This review found that the effectiveness of these tools and approaches remains poorly understood owing to the continued absence of robust impact evaluations. However, by breaking the case management process down into its constituent parts, from client identification to client assessment; case planning, implementation and delivery; monitoring and evaluation; through to exit and transition, this review was able to uncover a robust body of evidence relating to the implementation of different stages of the case management process, and programmes as-a-whole. Based on an analysis of 47 studies, the systematic review identified a range of factors that support the effective implementation of case management interventions. These include the availability of relevant tools; strong multi-agency working arrangements; intervention teams holding relevant knowledge and expertise; and adequate resourcing. In contrast, the absence of these factors can inhibit implementation, as can reliance on overly risk-oriented logics; public and political pressure; and the features of the legislative context within which programmes are delivered. The paper concludes by outlining the implications of the review, and discusses avenues for future research.

本文列出了坎贝尔系统审查的结果，该审查审查了用于打击暴力激进化的案件管理工具和方法的有效性和实施情况。这次审查发现，由于持续缺乏强有力的影响评估，这些工具和方法的有效性仍然知之甚少。然而，通过将案例管理过程分解为其组成部分，从客户识别到客户评估；案例规划、实施和交付；监测和评价；通过退出和过渡，这次审查能够发现与病例管理过程不同阶段的执行情况和整个规划有关的有力证据。基于对47项研究的分析，系统评价确定了支持有效实施病例管理干预措施的一系列因素。其中包括相关工具的可用性；强有力的多机构工作安排；拥有相关知识和专长的干预小组；以及充足的资源。相反，缺乏这些因素可能会阻碍实施，就像过度依赖风险导向的逻辑一样；公众和政治压力；以及提供方案的立法环境的特点。文章最后概述了综述的意义，并讨论了未来研究的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Psychological violence and psychological bullying among children in sports: A systematic review 体育运动中儿童的心理暴力和心理欺凌：一项系统综述

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2025.102049

Tiphaine Clerincx , Hebe Schaillée , Ramón Spaaij

Psychologically violent behavior among children in sports is often studied within two separate silos: psychological violence (PV) and psychological bullying. This division has resulted in largely isolated fields of research and intervention. Examining the operationalization of both PV and psychological bullying together can contribute to the development of more comprehensive interventions for preventing psychologically violent behavior among children in sports. This systematic review aims to explore how qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies have operationalized and measured psychologically violent behavior in youth sports. Twenty-five publications, published between 2008 and 2022, were analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The findings highlight the need to address a broader range of psychologically violent behaviors among children in sports, including inciting peers to engage in doping practices and promoting harmful weight-gain or weight-cutting behaviors. The results suggest the importance of adopting an integrated prevention approach to tackle PV and psychological bullying in youth sports. Such an approach should consider the roles of victims, perpetrators, and bystanders, while also accounting for the influence of peer relationships and the critical need for adequate support and education. Fostering a safe sports environment requires collaborative efforts, where young athletes are encouraged to use their influence constructively, and responsibility is shared among coaches, athletes, parents, and other key stakeholders within the sports community.

体育运动中儿童的心理暴力行为通常分为两个独立的领域：心理暴力（PV）和心理欺凌。这种划分导致了研究和干预领域在很大程度上是孤立的。同时检查PV和心理欺凌的操作可以有助于制定更全面的干预措施，以预防儿童在体育运动中的心理暴力行为。本系统综述旨在探讨定性、定量和混合方法研究如何在青少年体育运动中运作和测量心理暴力行为。使用系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）指南对2008年至2022年间发表的25篇出版物进行了分析。研究结果强调，需要解决儿童在体育运动中更广泛的心理暴力行为，包括煽动同龄人服用兴奋剂，促进有害的体重增加或减肥行为。结果表明，采取综合预防措施来解决青少年体育运动中的PV和心理欺凌的重要性。这种办法应考虑到受害者、加害者和旁观者的作用，同时也考虑到同伴关系的影响以及对充分支持和教育的迫切需要。营造一个安全的体育环境需要共同努力，鼓励年轻运动员建设性地运用他们的影响力，教练、运动员、家长和体育界的其他关键利益相关者共同承担责任。

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引用次数: 0

External workplace violence towards police officers: A scoping review 针对警察的外部工作场所暴力：范围审查

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2025.102036

Tamara Pritz, Shihning Chou

Existing research on public violence against the police is limited. This scoping review aimed to offer an overview of the characteristics and the findings of existing primary research, identifying methodological and knowledge gaps to inform future research. It followed Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review guidelines, with a protocol established before the review started. Relevant citations were searched and screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data of the included publications were charted with a pre-defined template and then synthesized narratively.

The initial de-duplicated electronic searches returned 796 citations. An additional 29 relevant citations were found through hand searching. Overall, 62 publications met the inclusion criteria. Areas covered included characteristics of victimized officers, perpetrators, and situations; impacts on officers and organizations; comparisons with other occupations; socio-political factors; and methodologies used. It was found that police officers face various forms of external workplace violence, including verbal abuse, threats, and physical violence, sometimes fatal. Most victim officers were younger males, with higher levels of victimization involving minor physical violence and verbal threats. Despite some common findings on situational and environmental correlates, there is no definitive profile of individuals who assault police officers or consistent predictors for serious violence. Research mostly used quantitative secondary analyses of organizational and government databases with limited primary research found. Research focused more on the extent and the correlates of external workplace violence than impacts, interventions, or prevention. Increased use of mixed-methods and qualitative research is suggested to better understand the phenomenon and develop appropriate prevention and welfare programs.

现有的针对警察的公共暴力的研究是有限的。该范围综述旨在概述现有主要研究的特点和发现，确定方法和知识差距，为未来的研究提供信息。它遵循乔安娜布里格斯研究所的范围审查指南，并在审查开始前制定了一项协议。根据预定义的纳入和排除标准对相关引文进行检索和筛选。纳入出版物的数据用预先定义的模板绘制图表，然后进行综合叙述。最初的去重复电子搜索返回了796条引文。通过人工检索发现了另外29条相关引文。总共有62篇出版物符合纳入标准。涉及的领域包括受害官员、肇事者和情况的特点；对人员和组织的影响；与其他职业的比较；社会政治因素;以及使用的方法。调查发现，警察面临各种形式的外部工作场所暴力，包括口头虐待、威胁和身体暴力，有时是致命的。大多数受害警官是年轻男性，涉及轻微身体暴力和言语威胁的受害程度较高。尽管在情境和环境相关方面有一些共同的发现，但对袭击警察的个人没有明确的描述，也没有一致的严重暴力预测指标。研究主要是对组织和政府数据库进行定量的二次分析，初步研究发现有限。研究更多地关注外部工作场所暴力的程度和相关性，而不是影响、干预或预防。建议增加混合方法和定性研究的使用，以更好地了解这一现象，并制定适当的预防和福利计划。

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引用次数: 0

The dark sides of the brain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies on trait aggression 大脑的黑暗面：对特质攻击的功能神经影像学研究的系统回顾和荟萃分析

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2025.102035

Jules R. Dugré , Christian J. Hopfer , Drew E. Winters

Aggression is a worldwide issue that has significant consequences for both the victims and societies. However, aggression may vary in its underlying motivation (i.e., reactive versus proactive) and the forms in which it occurs (i.e., physical versus verbal). Yet, functional brain correlates differentiating these types remains largely unknown. A systematic search was conducted up to May 1st 2023, using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, to identify relevant functional neuroimaging studies that included measures of General Aggression, Reactive Aggression, Proactive Aggression, Physical Aggression and Verbal Aggression. Coordinate-based meta-analysis was conducted using both spatial convergence (ALE) and effect-size (SDM-PSI) approaches. Sixty-seven functional neuroimaging studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed similar yet distinct neural correlates for General Aggression (i.e., Amygdala, Precuneus, Intraparietal Sulcus, Angular and Middle Temporal Gyri), Reactive Aggression (i.e., Amygdala, Periaqueductal Grey, Posterior Insula, & Central Opercular Cortex), Proactive Aggression (i.e., Septal Area, & Amygdala), Physical Aggression (i.e., Dorsal Premotor Cortex, Dorsal Caudate, & Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex), and Verbal (i.e., Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex). Exploratory analyses revealed the importance of affective, cognitive and social cognition processes as well as serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic systems in the neural underpinnings of aggressive behaviors. Our findings highlight the importance of examining the types of aggression (i.e., motivation and forms) within a transdiagnostic framework. Therefore, characterizing the neurobiological substrates of aggression may expand our search for targeted neuromodulation and pharmacological treatments.

侵略是一个世界性的问题，对受害者和社会都有重大后果。然而，攻击在其潜在动机（即反应性与主动性）和发生形式（即肢体攻击与言语攻击）上可能有所不同。然而，区分这些类型的功能性大脑相关因素在很大程度上仍然未知。系统检索截止到2023年5月1日，使用PubMed、谷歌Scholar和Web of Science，以确定相关的功能神经影像学研究，包括一般攻击、反应性攻击、主动攻击、身体攻击和言语攻击。采用空间收敛（ALE）和效应大小（SDM-PSI）方法进行基于坐标的meta分析。67项功能性神经影像学研究符合纳入标准。meta分析显示，一般攻击（杏仁核、楔前叶、顶叶内沟、角颞回和中颞回）和反应性攻击（杏仁核、导水管周围灰质、脑岛后部等）之间存在相似但不同的神经关联。中央眼窝皮层)，主动攻击(即间隔区，&；杏仁核)，身体攻击(即，背侧运动前皮质，尾状背，和；背前扣带皮层)和语言（即背前扣带皮层）。探索性分析揭示了情感、认知和社会认知过程以及血清素、多巴胺和胆碱能系统在攻击行为神经基础中的重要性。我们的研究结果强调了在跨诊断框架内检查攻击类型（即动机和形式）的重要性。因此，表征攻击的神经生物学基础可能会扩大我们对靶向神经调节和药物治疗的研究。

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引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality interventions for aggression, anger and impulsiveness: A multilevel meta-analysis 虚拟现实干预攻击、愤怒和冲动的有效性：一项多层次元分析

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2025.102034

David Roncero, Román D. Moreno-Fernández, Álvaro Fernández-Moreno

Interventions based on Virtual Reality (VR) appear to be a promising option for the treatment of aggression, enabling the creation of immersive simulations for individuals to learn and practice strategies in a controlled and supervised environment.

The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of VR interventions in reducing anger, aggression and impulsiveness. A systematic search produced eleven valid articles for a meta-analysis consisting of a total sample of 479 participants aged 26.37 ± 18.5, of whom 88.1 % were men.

The study found a statistically significant reduction in observer reported aggression (g = −0.27; p = 0.029), self-reported aggression (g = −0.47; p < 0.001), anger (g = −0.74; p = 0.005) and impulsiveness (g = −0.47; p < 0.001). Regarding the possible improvement over conventional therapies or waiting list control groups, the weighted mean difference analysis revealed a significant overall effect favouring VR intervention over the control groups (g = −1.05; p = 0.003), although specific analysis for the different outcomes could not be conducted due to the limited number of studies reporting control group data.

These results suggest that the use of VR can be effective in reducing aggression, anger and impulsiveness. Differences in effectiveness may be partially explained by the heterogeneity of the interventions and study samples. The possible biases of the selected studies and the limitations of the meta-analysis itself are considered. Future research may use these findings to optimise the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions using VR.

基于虚拟现实（VR）的干预措施似乎是治疗攻击的一个很有前途的选择，它可以为个人创造沉浸式模拟，让他们在受控和监督的环境中学习和练习策略。

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引用次数: 0

Editors' introduction 编者简介：关于犯罪、暴力和地方的特刊

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2025.102033

David Weisburd , Beidi Dong

引用次数: 0

The school bullying research program: How it has developed, 1976-2020 校园欺凌研究项目：如何发展，1976-2020

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2025.102032

Robert Slonje, Peter K. Smith, Susanne Robinson

Several bibliometric analyses have commented on the rapid growth of research on bullying, and especially school bullying, over recent decades. There is now an international research effort, which might be called a research program, with several articles appearing on a daily basis. We review the previous bibliometric studies on school bullying and cyberbullying, which have mainly used the Web of Science database. To examine the content of research articles on bullying, we report an extension of previous research (Smith et al. 2021) to an examination of randomly selected samples of 100 journal articles relevant to school bullying over each of four time periods: 1976–95, 1996–2005, 2006–2015 and 2016–2020. Besides the number and country/continent of authors, and proportion of cross-country studies, we report on the type of article. For empirical articles, we report on the type of study (cross-sectional, longitudinal), type of data (quantitative, qualitative), source of data (e.g., self-reports, peer-reports, teacher nominations), main data focus (definitions/methodology, prevalence, correlates, attitudes, coping, cross-national), different types of bullying, various peer roles (bully, victim, bystanders etc.), differences in bullying (age, gender, ethnicity, disability), prejudice-based bullying, correlates of roles (e.g., individual, family, school, societal factors), peer roles, significant others, and interventions. We summarise what this analysis tells us about the development and focus of this research program, and some challenges the program faces in the future.

最近几十年来，一些文献计量学分析评论了欺凌研究的快速增长，尤其是校园欺凌。现在有一项国际研究努力，可以称之为研究计划，每天都有几篇文章发表。我们回顾了以往关于校园欺凌和网络欺凌的文献计量研究，这些研究主要使用的是Web of Science数据库。为了检查欺凌研究文章的内容，我们报告了先前研究（Smith et al. 2021）的扩展，对随机选择的100篇与学校欺凌相关的期刊文章样本进行了检查，这些论文分别在1976-95年、1996-2005年、2006-2015年和2016-2020年四个时间段：1976-95年、1996-2005年、2006-2015年和2016-2020年。除了作者的数量和国家/大陆，以及跨国研究的比例外，我们还报告了文章的类型。对于实证文章，我们报告了研究类型（横断面，纵向），数据类型（定量，定性），数据来源（例如，自我报告，同行报告，教师提名），主要数据焦点（定义/方法，患病率，相关性，态度，应对，跨国），不同类型的欺凌，不同的同伴角色（欺凌者，受害者，旁观者等），欺凌差异（年龄，性别，种族，残疾），基于偏见的欺凌，角色（如个人、家庭、学校、社会因素）、同伴角色、重要他人和干预措施的相关性。我们总结了这个分析告诉我们的关于这个研究项目的发展和重点，以及项目在未来面临的一些挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Primary prevention of harmful sexual behaviors by children and young people: A systematic review and narrative synthesis 儿童和青少年有害性行为的初级预防：系统回顾和叙述综合

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.102022

Douglas Hugh Russell , Sebastian Trew , Rhiannon Smith , Daryl John Higgins , Kerryann Walsh

From a public health perspective, strategies for addressing children's harmful sexual behaviors often focus on secondary or tertiary prevention rather than primary prevention. Prevention efforts have also typically focused on preventing victimization by adults; yet a high proportion of child sexual abuse is perpetrated by other children and young people. We systematically reviewed the research on primary prevention strategies for harmful sexual behaviors in children and young people. We searched 6 databases, extracted data relating to program setting and focus, participant demographics, outcomes measured, and program success., We conducted a narrative synthesis in line with the SwiM guidelines (Popay et al., c2006), and conducted individual quality assessments of the included studies. 20 studies met our inclusion criteria. Primary prevention strategies were typically implemented in schools with primary/elementary, middle, and high school aged students. All programs included harmful sexual behavior within broader abuse prevention programs. Program effects were mixed. Primary-level prevention of harmful sexual behavior is typically addressed through broader sexual violence prevention programs. Around three-quarters of studies evaluating program efficacy found improvements in the outcomes measured, including some behavioral outcomes. Important to program success was who facilitated the program, as well as students' feeling of school connections. We found no evaluations of programs aimed at reducing harmful sexual behavior perpetrated online. Important new directions in program development will be to: (i) address the needs of younger children, as well as youth with disabilities, neurocognitive differences, and who are gender or sexually diverse; (ii) introduce and reinforce the concept that sexual behaviors exist on a continuum from healthy to harmful, providing clear examples; (iii) focus on both preventing perpetration and victimization; (iv) address strategies to support safe environments—in homes, organizations, communities, and online; and (e) identify essential elements for successful harmful sexual behavior prevention and align prevention programs with these features.

从公共卫生的角度来看，处理儿童有害性行为的战略往往侧重于二级或三级预防，而不是初级预防。预防工作通常也侧重于防止成年人受害；然而，儿童性侵的很大一部分是由其他儿童和年轻人实施的。我们系统地回顾了儿童和青少年有害性行为的一级预防策略的研究。我们检索了6个数据库，提取了与项目设置和重点、参与者人口统计、测量结果和项目成功相关的数据。我们按照SwiM指南（Popay et al., c2006）进行了叙述性综合，并对纳入的研究进行了个体质量评估。20项研究符合我们的纳入标准。初级预防策略通常在有小学/小学、初中和高中学生的学校实施。所有的项目都将有害的性行为纳入更广泛的虐待预防项目。项目效果好坏参半。有害性行为的初级预防通常是通过更广泛的性暴力预防方案来解决的。大约四分之三评估项目效果的研究发现，测量结果有所改善，包括一些行为结果。项目成功的重要因素是谁促成了这个项目，以及学生对学校联系的感觉。我们没有发现任何旨在减少网上有害性行为的评估。项目发展的重要新方向将是：(i)解决年幼儿童的需求，以及残疾、神经认知差异和性别或性多样化的青年；（二）介绍和强化性行为存在从健康到有害的连续统一体的概念，并提供明确的例子；注重预防犯罪和受害；（iv）提出支持安全环境的战略——在家庭、组织、社区和网上；(e)确定成功预防有害性行为的基本要素，并使预防项目与这些特征相一致。

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引用次数: 0