Aggression and Violent Behavior最新文献

The alarming prevalence of workplace violence and harassment (WVH) has serious repercussions for individuals, workplaces, and broader societies. As scholarly interest in WVH intensifies, evidenced by a burgeoning number of studies, a comprehensive overview becomes pivotal, especially in discerning effective prevention and intervention methods. Addressing this, the present study aimed to synthesize the vast array of knowledge, focusing on globally applicable insights for diverse organizational settings. The research was structured in two interlinked phases. In the initial phase, a thorough cross-disciplinary literature search identified five pivotal umbrella reviews on WVH, providing insights into prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, and intervention strategies. These studies spanned the years 2001 to 2022. The subsequent phase undertook an umbrella review of nine synthesis studies, specifically centered on WVH interventions, covering research from 1992 to 2021. Data analysis was performed using a systematic review methodology, following PRISMA guidelines to ensure structured and comprehensive identification and analysis of relevant studies. Results spotlighted certain interventions as notably more impactful. Considering WVH's multifaceted nature, the current study findings support the need for interventions that are multilevel, multitarget, and multicomponent. Among the findings highlighted is the importance of leadership commitment in both implementing successful interventions and fostering a culture of transformation. This study provides researchers and practitioners with an enhanced understanding of WVH and its prevention.

Sexual offending represents a significant societal burden and a critical public health concern due to its devastating impact on victims. Extensive research on the etiology and maintenance of sexual offending has led to the development of several hypotheses. Among these, a compelling hypothesis suggests that a putative deficit in emotional recognition skills may underlie the genesis of aggressive behavior, including acts of sexual assault against both adults and children. However, previous studies have reported heterogeneity in emotion recognition skills across different subtypes of offending behavior.

The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether adult sexual offenders (ASO), pedophile diagnosed offenders (PED), and pedophile non-diagnosed offenders (N-PED) share a common deficit in facial emotion recognition.

A systematic literature search was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 13 studies were included that met the following inclusion criteria: inclusion of sex offenders and a control group, and original measurement of facial emotion recognition using a validated face battery.

The results indicate a reduced ability to recognize facial emotions in ASO offenders. However, no differences emerged between PED and N-PED offenders and controls. Moreover, this review highlights the difficulties of homogenizing and implementing a systematic assessment of the sex offender population. Factors such as psychiatric/personality disorders, medications and victim characteristics have been particularly understudied in relation to offender etiology and their potential influence on emotional processing. We have therefore formulated basic recommendations for systematizing sexual offender screening in future studies investigating emotional processing in forensic populations.

Despite over 50 years of research, limited evidence exists regarding a connection between pornography and sexual offending, which individuals are most likely to be affected by pornography, and the broader implications of this purported relationship. Prior meta-analyses have included studies that use a wide range of different methodologies but have not isolated the effects of pornography in samples of individuals that perpetrated a sex offense. We examined the association between pornography (only legal content, child sexual abuse material was not included) and sexual offending in studies that included samples of individuals that had admitted to or been convicted of a sex offense (persons identified as committing a sexual offense (s); PISOs). In addition, we examined several potentially relevant moderator variables that could impact the relationship between pornography and sex offending. Using Robust Variance Estimation, the main effect was non-significant, g = 0.18, 95 % CI [−0.09, 0.46], which further questions whether pornography is associated with various offender populations. However, several moderator analyses generated significant results, including method used to identify PISOs and living status (institutionalized versus living in the community). Tentative conclusions based on these results are discussed, along with implications for future research.

Our paper reports on a systematic review of crime concentration studies over the last 35 years. We identify 47 papers that report on crime concentrations at a micro geographic unit of analysis. These papers produced 49 estimates of general crime concentration for crime incidents at streets segments for a specific cumulative proportion of crime. The median concentration for these estimates is 50 % of crime found at 4.5 % of streets, and 25 % of crime at 1.25 % of streets. The bandwidth for 50 % crime concentration is 9.3 % (1.7–11.0 %), and for 25 % crime concentration 3.0 % (0.4–3.4 %). Using the interquartile range to exclude outliers, we found a bandwidth of 2.5 % (3.2–5.7 %) for 50 % of crime, and 1.4 % (0.8–2.2 %) for 25 % of crime. Crime concentration was generally stronger for specific types of crime, and bandwidths of concentration were generally smaller. Using alternative measures of crime and different micro geographies produces similar conclusions regarding strong crime concentration at place with narrow bandwidths. Our review shows that a general framework of a law of crime concentration applies across a large number of cities across many regions around the world.

For decades, scientists have explored the link between aggressive behaviors and being an athlete based on a persistent concern that behaviors encouraged during competition influence actions outside the sports context. Numerous publications have investigated the relationship between athlete identity and engaging in aggressive behaviors. Only a small percentage have used psychometrically validated instruments to measure aggressive behaviors. This is a critical limitation. The aim of this review is to summarize findings from studies preceding January 2023 that used validated measures to identify types and intensity of aggression. A total of 7392 articles were identified from several databases. Thirty-eight met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen compared athletes to non-athletes, and 23 examined aggression using athlete-only samples. Six comparison studies found no differences between athletes and non-athletes. Nine had mixed results. Among the studies that used athlete-only samples, competitive level, age, and sport type differentiated scores on the aggression measures. Methodological differences in the study designs (e.g., sample size, sport type, and competitive level) make it difficult to draw generalizable conclusions from this body of literature. Future research on this topic should focus on carefully constructing new studies or replicating existing ones paying close attention to the measurement instruments and study design methods.

Previous research has indicated a connection between physical activity and bullying behaviors among children and adolescents, however, there is a lack of in-depth exploration of this relationship. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship between the physical activity in children and adolescents and bullying behaviors. We searched the literature through the database until December 2023, and finally included 15 original studies through screening, and conducted a preliminary analysis, including both overall effects and detailed subgroup analyses. The results revealed a significant negative correlation between physical activity and bullying victimization (r = −0.16, p < 0.001) among children and adolescents, but no significant correlation with bullying (r = −0.01, p = 0.83). Our study extends current studies by examining various moderating factors, including the cultural and economic background and basic characteristics of the sample, different forms of bullying behaviors, different intensity and measurement forms of physical activity, which may influence the relationship between physical activity and bullying behaviors. The findings of this meta-analysis suggest a link between physical activity and bullying behaviors in children and adolescents, emphasizing the need to consider the influence of various variables in future intervention programs.

School bullying has been identified as a major issue among students throughout the world. With around 260 million school students, the largest student population in the world, it becomes essential to investigate this issue in the Indian context. The present work uses the Arksey and O'Malley (2005) framework for scoping review to examine the nature of research on school bullying in India and identify research gaps to be addressed by future research. The review maps the concepts examined, research approaches used, sample characteristics, data collection methods, researcher characteristics, and nature of publications in relation to bullying. Seven databases - JSTOR, PsycNET, Cochrane Reviews, ERIC, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials - were searched for sources containing the terms “bullying” and “India” published in English and between the years 2015 and 2022. Thirty-eight sources selected for the review suggest that existing research in India on school bullying is limited compared to the West and yet provides a guiding light to future researchers. The findings from this review highlight research gaps in the existing literature and outline areas for further exploration.

The tendency to interpret ambiguous behavior of others as hostile (Hostile Attribution Bias, HAB) has been associated with aggressive behavior across clinical and non-clinical populations. Although there are several studies investigating the neural correlates of the HAB, prior reviews have not specifically focused on this aspect. This systematic review examines the existing literature on the neural correlates of the HAB and its association with aggression. PsycInfo, Embase, and PubMed databases were searched and 21 studies were included. Findings mainly from magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography reveal alterations in the attention/perception salience network and the theory of mind network, as well as, the attention-related P300 and the N400 component encoding expectation violation. However, the literature on this topic is very heterogeneous, inconsistent, and sparse, so conclusions about neural correlates are restricted. This review offers a comprehensive overview of neuroimaging research on HAB, underscoring the importance of incorporating adequate and standardized HAB measures in future studies. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic implications of neuroimaging findings for interventions targeting the HAB.

Our review offers a compelling case for centering race in place-based research and policing. Specifically, we build on insights gained from the racial structural perspective that well-documented, residentially based race disparities yield divergent social worlds, setting the stage for crime concentration and its durability. Centering race requires a critique of conventional approaches to studying hot spots policing, a heralded public safety initiative informed by the law of crime concentration and troublesome places. Race is unquestionably an organizing feature of American life and its associated indignities have proven exceedingly injurious for distressed Black and Latino communities. Therefore, we implore place-based scholars to thoughtfully consider the data routinely utilized, explore how police actions unfold in hot spots, recognize potential harms associated with intensified policing, and seriously consider that even “evidence-based” crime reduction strategies have the potential to exacerbate racial disparities. We provide guidance for stimulating advancements in hot spots policing research through theoretical integration, methodological innovation, and broadening what kinds of data qualify as evidence. Our goal is to inspire research agendas that holistically investigate why crime clusters in micro-places, engendering effective and fair public safety strategies. Without thoughtful consideration of the underlying causes of crime concentration and critical analysis of policing efforts, we risk worsening existing racial disparities, further alienating impacted neighborhood residents.

Bullying is a public health issue impacting youth around the globe, yet it does not impact all youth equally. Using meta-regression, this study examines 14,861 effect sizes from 87 different studies that examine cyber- and traditional bullying victimization by race/ethnicity in the United States. We employed a rigorous systematic search and data extraction process. We examined moderators, such as the region of the study and factors related to survey design, to see how these impacted reported rates and rates over time by race/ethnicity. Overall, trends in rates of traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization vary over time by race, grade, and gender. Specifically, we found that Black youth report among the lowest rates of bullying victimization with rates rising over time, while White and multi-racial youth report among the highest rates of traditional and cyberbullying victimizations over time. The findings highlight important areas of practice and policy, specifically regarding implementing bullying prevention programs and tailoring programs to the needs and diversity of the student body. In addition, the rising or stable trends in cyberbullying victimization across groups indicate an urgent need for more education around digital literacy and online safety and the development of empathy in online interactions.