Aggression and Violent Behavior最新文献

Previous research has indicated a connection between physical activity and bullying behaviors among children and adolescents, however, there is a lack of in-depth exploration of this relationship. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship between the physical activity in children and adolescents and bullying behaviors. We searched the literature through the database until December 2023, and finally included 15 original studies through screening, and conducted a preliminary analysis, including both overall effects and detailed subgroup analyses. The results revealed a significant negative correlation between physical activity and bullying victimization (r = −0.16, p < 0.001) among children and adolescents, but no significant correlation with bullying (r = −0.01, p = 0.83). Our study extends current studies by examining various moderating factors, including the cultural and economic background and basic characteristics of the sample, different forms of bullying behaviors, different intensity and measurement forms of physical activity, which may influence the relationship between physical activity and bullying behaviors. The findings of this meta-analysis suggest a link between physical activity and bullying behaviors in children and adolescents, emphasizing the need to consider the influence of various variables in future intervention programs.

Our review offers a compelling case for centering race in place-based research and policing. Specifically, we build on insights gained from the racial structural perspective that well-documented, residentially based race disparities yield divergent social worlds, setting the stage for crime concentration and its durability. Centering race requires a critique of conventional approaches to studying hot spots policing, a heralded public safety initiative informed by the law of crime concentration and troublesome places. Race is unquestionably an organizing feature of American life and its associated indignities have proven exceedingly injurious for distressed Black and Latino communities. Therefore, we implore place-based scholars to thoughtfully consider the data routinely utilized, explore how police actions unfold in hot spots, recognize potential harms associated with intensified policing, and seriously consider that even “evidence-based” crime reduction strategies have the potential to exacerbate racial disparities. We provide guidance for stimulating advancements in hot spots policing research through theoretical integration, methodological innovation, and broadening what kinds of data qualify as evidence. Our goal is to inspire research agendas that holistically investigate why crime clusters in micro-places, engendering effective and fair public safety strategies. Without thoughtful consideration of the underlying causes of crime concentration and critical analysis of policing efforts, we risk worsening existing racial disparities, further alienating impacted neighborhood residents.

Firesetting is an international public health concern with significant consequences for individuals and society. However, the adult firesetting literature is limited, especially for treatment provision. PsycINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE Complete, PsycArticles, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest Central, and CINAHL were searched for peer-reviewed quantitative studies considering psychological interventions targeting deliberate firesetting in adults and subject to a narrative synthesis. Of the 4542 identified studies, 14 (n = 343 firesetters) met the broad inclusion criteria. Most studies comprised single-case or small-scale evaluations with highly selected samples, heterogeneous needs, and methodological limitations (e.g., lacking experimental control or reliable evaluation methods). Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in a group format is currently the most evaluated intervention in UK secure living environments. High-quality studies showed that CBT group-based interventions improved firesetting-specific outcomes (i.e., problematic interest and associations with fire) and psychological vulnerabilities associated with firesetting (e.g., anger expression or offence-supporting attitudes) among prisoners and mental health inpatients. The paucity of high-quality evaluation studies and the considerable heterogeneity of the available study designs make it difficult to compare the existing interventions and draw reliable conclusions about what works for whom. Larger prospective longitudinal studies are needed internationally with multi-site designs, follow-up recidivism data in the community, and control groups to determine whether these interventions can effectively reduce firesetting risk.

Research from around the world shows that violent crime is spatially clustered in hot spots. A growing body of research shows that place-based changes to the built environment can help reduce violent crime. Increasingly, research summaries imply there are important public health approaches to reduce the hyper-concentration of violence. Past summaries of the effect of place-based changes on violence have focused primarily on their overall effect and have not paid adequate attention to the impact on violent crime within hot spots. Additionally, research summaries seldom delineate what place-based changes actually involve the work of public health departments versus that of housing agencies, redevelopment authorities, street departments, or community-based nonprofits. This review focuses on evidence from experimental and quasi-experimental studies of placed-based changes to the built environment that focus on violent crime hot spots. A narrative review discusses the context of each intervention and assesses their effect sizes on violent crime. Implications for this evidence for public health approaches to reduce violent crime hot spots are considered.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts more than 40 % of people in the U.S. Since the 1980s, the U.S. has maintained a police-centric response to IPV, which relies on arrest—via policies like mandatory arrest laws—as its primary intervention. There is mixed evidence on whether IPV policing decreases subsequent IPV at the individual level, but less is known about IPV policing's broader collateral consequences. This systematic scoping review is the first to synthesize existing evidence for the generalized consequences of IPV policing in the U.S. We searched Web of Science, ProQuest, and EBSCO Host, and identified 36 relevant articles. Survivor criminalization was the most studied generalized consequence of IPV policing and existing studies have documented positive associations between mandatory arrest laws and risk of survivor arrest. We also found numerous methodologically rigorous studies on the effects of mandatory arrest laws on population-level IPV victimization. The review also identifies gaps in the evidence base: there is a need for research on additional potential consequences of IPV policing such as police violence against survivors, involvement of child protective services, and psychosocial and physical health outcomes of survivors.

This systematic review summarises and assesses the evidence for educational interventions that increase the knowledge and recognition of elder abuse. Frontline health workers lack sufficient protocols or experience to identify, handle, and report elder abuse. Developing new curricula guided by the literature continues to be a challenge. Interpretation of the educational programmes described in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of elder abuse interventions can provide guidance when planning new programmes to increase knowledge and improve case-finding and cooperation. A detailed literature search was performed using five electronic databases related to healthcare: PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE. Only RCTs examining the effectiveness of educational interventions in preventing or reducing elder abuse were included. Framework analysis was used to integrate data from the retrieved documents. Forty-seven papers were read in full, and five were included in the review. Synthesis of the results from these studies resulted in five main themes: 1) Knowledge improvement; 2) Ability to identify; 3) Meta-analysis of recognition; 4) Characteristics of programmes; and 5) Outcome measurement. Increases in the immediate and longer-term outcomes of all interventions in the included studies were also determined. This review provides healthcare practitioners and older adult service providers with insights into educational intervention programmes that can be used for the development of elder abuse training modules.

Our paper reports on a systematic review of crime concentration studies over the last 35 years. We identify 47 papers that report on crime concentrations at a micro geographic unit of analysis. These papers produced 49 estimates of general crime concentration for crime incidents at streets segments for a specific cumulative proportion of crime. The median concentration for these estimates is 50 % of crime found at 4.5 % of streets, and 25 % of crime at 1.25 % of streets. The bandwidth for 50 % crime concentration is 9.3 % (1.7–11.0 %), and for 25 % crime concentration 3.0 % (0.4–3.4 %). Using the interquartile range to exclude outliers, we found a bandwidth of 2.5 % (3.2–5.7 %) for 50 % of crime, and 1.4 % (0.8–2.2 %) for 25 % of crime. Crime concentration was generally stronger for specific types of crime, and bandwidths of concentration were generally smaller. Using alternative measures of crime and different micro geographies produces similar conclusions regarding strong crime concentration at place with narrow bandwidths. Our review shows that a general framework of a law of crime concentration applies across a large number of cities across many regions around the world.

Aggressive behavior is a multifaceted phenomenon encompassing various behaviors with distinct etiological, developmental, and motivational underpinnings. Reactive aggression is impulsive, emotionally charged, and triggered by real or perceived provocation, whereas proactive aggression is premeditated, controlled, and aimed at achieving specific goals. This review delves into the physiological aspects of aggression to explore the validity of the “hot-blooded” (reactive) versus “cold-blooded” (proactive) distinction, which are thought to be associated with hyper-arousal and hypo-arousal, respectively. To do so, we build on evidence from work investigating the role of heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SC), heart rate variability (HRV), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in the manifestation of reactive and proactive aggression. Our review points to contradicting findings in terms of the physiological arousal patterns associated with each aggressive behavior, although associations with HRV and RSA were more consistent compared to those found for HR and SC measures. We propose distinct possibilities that might explain the identified contradictory evidence. Specifically, we suggest that future research needs to test for (1) environmental moderation (e.g., parenting styles), (2) individual differences (e.g., negative emotionality and callous-unemotional traits), (3) potential associations with physiological responses to threat (e.g., fear conditioning and startle reactivity), and (4) the interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Despite its limitations, this line of work also has important implications and can guide more effective interventions for aggressive individuals who operate at a high cost to peers, family members and to the society in general.

Violent crime may impact the perpetrator in many ways, such as experiencing the negative emotions of shame and/or guilt. These emotions may subsequently play a role in adjusting to life after the crime has taken place, which is an area that has been relatively under-researched.

The review aimed to identify and synthesise all available literature on the experience of offence-related shame and/or guilt in violent offenders, and to describe and characterise the methodological standard of research evidence whilst suggesting areas for further research.

A systematic review of relevant databases was conducted using predefined search terms related to ‘shame’ and/or ‘guilt’ and ‘violent offenders’. A mixed methods systematic review of sample characteristics, methodologies and measures was conducted to describe and compare findings across quantitative and qualitative studies.

The review yielded nine papers. Offence-related shame and/or guilt was prevalent among violent populations. Results highlight the complexity and importance of the two emotions for offender rehabilitation.

The findings support the need for further investigation to improve the methodological rigor within this area, such as the use of, and development of validated measures of offence-related shame and/or guilt to encourage a more reformed understanding of offence-related shame and/or guilt, for violent offenders. The review considers several implications for research and practice.

The interrelationship of crime and health at microgeographic places is an understudied area of research. While research on the geography of health provides an ecological perspective on the role of the built environment and how the use of public spaces impacts well-being, the role of crime and violence in these places is not typically a central focus. Alternatively, a subset of criminological studies has been interested in the effects of crime and disorder on health, particularly mental health, but typically at larger units of analysis such as neighborhoods. Our article provides a systematic review of research on the intersection of crime and health at microplaces, with a focus on violence and stress-related health outcomes. Our systematic search produced eight relevant studies on the relationship between violence and health at the microgeographic level. These largely fall under studies interested in public spaces, such as parks, or residential spaces. A relatively new large-scale survey in Baltimore has also been increasingly utilized to investigate these questions and holds much promise for future inquiry. Directions for future research will also be discussed.