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City government as super-controller: A systematic review of non-police mechanisms that city governments can apply to reduce crime at hot spots 作为超级控制者的市政府:系统审查城市政府可用于减少热点地区犯罪的非警务机制
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101957
Claudia Gross Shader , Charlotte Gill , Xiaotian Zheng , Benjamin Carleton

Place-based policing is effective, but the police do not have all the tools needed to solve complex crime problems and certain policing strategies may increase the risk of disparate impacts to members of marginalized communities. However, local governments—acting in their role as a “super-controller,” can incentivize and support the natural crime-control system of place managers, handlers, and guardians to act to prevent crime at hot spots, whether or not the police are involved. This paper examines a body of evidence from 44 studies on the effectiveness of local government-led and initiated non-police interventions at crime hot spots, finding that local governments can successfully capitalize on the concentration of crime at hot spots and direct its myriad non-police resources to help prevent crime from occurring at these places. The paper concludes with three themes that have both practical and research implications for local governments as super-controllers at crime hot spots: 1) support systematic hot spot problem-solving, 2) examine the threshold of effective deterrence, and 3) ensure rigorous evaluation.

以地方为基础的警务工作是有效的,但警方并不具备解决复杂犯罪问题所需的所有工具,而且某些警务策略可能会增加对边缘化社区成员造成不同影响的风险。然而,地方政府作为 "超级控制者",可以激励和支持由地方管理者、处理者和监护者组成的自然犯罪控制系统采取行动,预防热点地区的犯罪,无论警方是否参与其中。本文研究了 44 项关于地方政府主导和发起的非警务干预在犯罪热点地区的有效性的研究,发现地方政府可以成功地利用犯罪集中的热点地区,并引导其无数的非警务资源来帮助防止犯罪在这些地方发生。本文最后提出了三个对地方政府作为犯罪热点超级控制者具有实践和研究意义的主题:1)支持有系统地解决热点问题;2)研究有效威慑的门槛;3)确保严格的评估。
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引用次数: 0
Omega-3 supplementation reduces aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials 补充 Omega-3 可减少攻击行为:随机对照试验荟萃分析综述
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101956
Adrian Raine , Lia Brodrick

There is increasing interest in the use of omega-3 supplements to reduce aggressive behavior. This meta-analysis summarizes findings from 29 RCTs (randomized controlled trials) on omega-3 supplementation to reduce aggression, yielding 35 independent samples with a total of 3918 participants. Three analyses were conducted where the unit of analysis was independent samples, independent studies, and independent laboratories. Significant effect sizes were observed for all three analyses (g = 0.16, 0.20, 0.28 respectively), averaging 0.22, in the direction of omega-3 supplementation reducing aggression. There was no evidence of publication bias, and sensitivity analyses confirmed findings. Moderator analyses were largely non-significant, indicating that beneficial effects are obtained across age, gender, recruitment sample, diagnoses, treatment duration, and dosage. Omega-3 also reduced both reactive and proactive forms of aggression, particularly with respect to self-reports (g = 0.27 and 0.20 respectively). It is concluded that there is now sufficient evidence to begin to implement omega-3 supplementation to reduce aggression in children and adults - irrespective of whether the setting is the community, the clinic, or the criminal justice system.

人们越来越关注使用欧米伽-3补充剂来减少攻击行为。本荟萃分析总结了 29 项关于补充欧米伽-3 以减少攻击行为的 RCT(随机对照试验)的研究结果,其中包括 35 个独立样本,共计 3918 名参与者。以独立样本、独立研究和独立实验室为分析单位进行了三项分析。在所有三项分析中都观察到了显著的效应大小(g = 0.16,0.20,0.28),平均为 0.22,其方向是补充欧米伽-3 可减少攻击性。没有证据表明存在发表偏倚,敏感性分析证实了研究结果。调节因素分析结果基本无显著性,表明不同年龄、性别、招募样本、诊断、治疗时间和剂量都能产生有益的效果。欧米伽-3还能减少被动和主动形式的攻击行为,尤其是自我报告(g = 0.27 和 0.20)。结论是,目前已有足够的证据表明,无论在社区、诊所还是刑事司法系统中,都可以开始使用欧米伽-3补充剂来减少儿童和成人的攻击行为。
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引用次数: 0
Does crime in places stay in places? Evidence for crime radiation from three narrative reviews 地方犯罪是否会留在地方?来自三篇叙述性评论的犯罪辐射证据
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101955
John E. Eck , Shannon J. Linning , Kate Bowers

One of the most facts about crime is that it concentrates at a few proprietary places: addresses, facilities, and land parcels. Do these crime-places radiate crime into their surroundings? Intuitively, crime radiation seems likely. And it may come in three forms: radiation from facilities that do not contain crime but make their environments crime-prone (cold dot radiation); radiation from facilities containing a great deal of crime (hot dot radiation); and radiation from places containing consensual illegitimate activity that direct offender foraging (veiled dot radiation). If radiation is common, then addressing crime-provoking places is essential for crime reduction. But researchers (with one exception) have not addressed crime radiation directly. There are three bodies of research which may provide indirect evidence of radiation: 1) the land use and crime research; 2) the near repeat victimization studies, and 3) the diffusion of crime control benefits research. We conducted narrative reviews of each to determine if radiation is likely. Each review shows evidence consistent with crime radiation. But each review reveals uncertainty about whether it is radiation or something else creating the findings. We conclude by offering a set of hypotheses for direct tests of the radiation conjecture.

关于犯罪的一个最重要的事实是,犯罪集中在几个专有的地方:地址、设施和地块。这些犯罪场所会向周围辐射犯罪吗?凭直觉,犯罪辐射似乎是可能的。它可能有三种形式:来自不包含犯罪但使其周围环境容易发生犯罪的设施的辐射(冷点辐射);来自包含大量犯罪的设施的辐射(热点辐射);以及来自包含引导罪犯觅食的自愿非法活动的场所的辐射(隐蔽点辐射)。如果辐射是普遍现象,那么解决引发犯罪的场所问题对于减少犯罪至关重要。但是,研究人员(只有一个例外)并没有直接解决犯罪辐射问题。有三个研究机构可以提供辐射的间接证据:1) 土地利用与犯罪研究;2) 近似重复受害研究;3) 犯罪控制效益扩散研究。我们对每项研究进行了叙述性审查,以确定是否可能存在辐射。每项审查都显示出与犯罪辐射一致的证据。但每篇综述都揭示了不确定性,即究竟是辐射还是其他因素导致了研究结果。最后,我们提出了一系列假设,以便对辐射猜想进行直接检验。
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引用次数: 0
The effectiveness of educational intervention in improving healthcare Professionals' knowledge and recognition towards elder abuse: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials 教育干预对提高医护人员对虐待老人行为的认识和识别能力的有效性:随机对照试验的系统回顾和荟萃分析
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101952
Bonnie W.Y. Wong, Elsie Yan

This systematic review summarises and assesses the evidence for educational interventions that increase the knowledge and recognition of elder abuse. Frontline health workers lack sufficient protocols or experience to identify, handle, and report elder abuse. Developing new curricula guided by the literature continues to be a challenge. Interpretation of the educational programmes described in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of elder abuse interventions can provide guidance when planning new programmes to increase knowledge and improve case-finding and cooperation. A detailed literature search was performed using five electronic databases related to healthcare: PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE. Only RCTs examining the effectiveness of educational interventions in preventing or reducing elder abuse were included. Framework analysis was used to integrate data from the retrieved documents. Forty-seven papers were read in full, and five were included in the review. Synthesis of the results from these studies resulted in five main themes: 1) Knowledge improvement; 2) Ability to identify; 3) Meta-analysis of recognition; 4) Characteristics of programmes; and 5) Outcome measurement. Increases in the immediate and longer-term outcomes of all interventions in the included studies were also determined. This review provides healthcare practitioners and older adult service providers with insights into educational intervention programmes that can be used for the development of elder abuse training modules.

本系统性综述总结并评估了有关教育干预措施的证据,以增加对虐待老人行为的了解和识别。一线医务工作者缺乏足够的规程或经验来识别、处理和报告虐待老人行为。以文献为指导开发新的课程仍然是一项挑战。对虐待老人干预措施随机对照试验(RCT)中描述的教育计划进行解读,可为规划新计划提供指导,以增加知识并改善病例调查与合作。我们使用五个与医疗保健相关的电子数据库进行了详细的文献检索:PubMed、PsycInfo、Web of Science、Cochrane Library 和 MEDLINE。只纳入了研究教育干预措施在预防或减少虐待老人行为方面有效性的 RCT。采用框架分析法对检索到的文献进行数据整合。全文阅读了 47 篇论文,其中 5 篇被纳入综述。对这些研究结果进行综合后得出了五大主题:1)知识的提高;2)识别能力;3)认识的元分析;4)计划的特点;5)结果测量。此外,还确定了纳入研究的所有干预措施的近期和长期效果。本综述为医疗保健从业人员和老年人服务提供者提供了有关教育干预方案的见解,可用于开发虐老培训模块。
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引用次数: 0
Collective emotions, triggering events, and self-organization: The forest-fire model of cultural identity conflict escalation 集体情绪、触发事件和自组织:文化身份冲突升级的森林火灾模型
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101954
Felix Schulte , Christoph Trinn

Ethnic and religious conflicts frequently evolve into highly explosive situations marked by the sudden eruption of conflictive mass behaviour in the form of leaderless protests or riots. In this article, we introduce a new theoretical approach, the forest-fire model of cultural identity conflict escalation (FFM). The model offers a fresh perspective on conflict dynamics by focusing on the nonlinear dynamics inherent in self-organized collective mass behaviour in ethnic and religious conflicts. It serves to overcome the dominance of rationalist elite-centred and structuralist-institutionalist approaches in the field. We conceptualize conflictive mass behaviour as avalanching “cascades” to facilitate an understanding of the complex dynamics of ethnic and religious upheavals. The FFM unites time-invariant antecedent conditions of conflictive mass behaviour with extremely time-variant triggering events. According to the model, an emboldening emotional climate, characterized by a blend of shared anger, pride and hope, provides the “fuel” that is sparked by a disruptive incident. By integrating collective emotions, triggering events, and leaderless self-organization, the model offers an innovative and substantiated elucidation of the nonlinear, short-term escalation dynamics of collective mass behaviour in cultural identity conflicts.

种族和宗教冲突经常演变成极具爆炸性的局势,其特点是以无领导抗议或骚乱的形式突然爆发冲突性群众行为。在这篇文章中,我们介绍了一种新的理论方法,即文化认同冲突升级的森林火灾模型(FFM)。该模型通过关注种族和宗教冲突中自发组织的集体群众行为所固有的非线性动态,为冲突动力学提供了一个全新的视角。它有助于克服该领域以精英为中心的理性主义和结构主义-制度主义方法的主导地位。我们将冲突中的群众行为概念化为雪崩式的 "级联",以促进对种族和宗教动乱复杂动态的理解。实证模型将时间不变的群众冲突行为前因条件与时间变化极大的触发事件结合在一起。根据该模型,以共同的愤怒、自豪和希望为特征的情绪氛围为破坏性事件提供了 "燃料"。通过整合集体情绪、触发事件和无领导自组织,该模型对文化身份冲突中集体群体行为的非线性、短期升级动态进行了创新性和实证性的阐释。
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引用次数: 0
Gun violence research from a micro-place perspective: A scoping review 从微观场所的角度开展枪支暴力研究:范围审查
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101951
Beidi Dong, Tyler Houser, Christopher S. Koper

Gun violence poses a significant threat to public safety and health in the United States, making the prevention and reduction of firearm-related crimes and injuries a paramount concern. While prior research has systematically reviewed the literature to establish the concentration of crime and violence at micro-places and the effectiveness of hot spot interventions, there is a notable gap in similar efforts that specifically examine studies on gun violence at micro-places. The present study employs a scoping review methodology to comprehensively compile and analyze existing scientific knowledge on the characteristics of interpersonal gun violence at the micro-place level. A thorough search across four databases yielded fifty-one articles meeting our inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed articles, gray literature, and academic theses or dissertations published in English between January 1, 1990, and April 1, 2023. The review reveals several key themes: geographic concentration of gun violence, near-repeat phenomena, environmental risk factors linked to shootings, effectiveness of police and community-based interventions, social consequences of gun violence, and the efficacy of gunshot detection technology, along with other methodological considerations. This scoping review elucidates these themes and offers directions for future research in this critical field.

枪支暴力对美国的公共安全和健康构成了严重威胁,因此预防和减少与枪支有关的犯罪和伤害成为了人们最关心的问题。虽然之前的研究已经系统地审查了相关文献,以确定犯罪和暴力在微型场所的集中程度以及热点干预措施的有效性,但专门审查微型场所枪支暴力研究的类似工作还存在明显空白。本研究采用范围综述的方法,全面梳理和分析有关微型场所人际枪支暴力特征的现有科学知识。通过对四个数据库的全面搜索,我们发现有 51 篇文章符合我们的纳入标准:1990 年 1 月 1 日至 2023 年 4 月 1 日期间以英语发表的同行评审文章、灰色文献、学术论文或学位论文。综述揭示了几个关键主题:枪支暴力的地域集中性、近乎重复的现象、与枪击有关的环境风险因素、警方和社区干预措施的有效性、枪支暴力的社会后果、枪击检测技术的有效性以及其他方法论方面的考虑。本范围界定综述阐明了这些主题,并为这一关键领域的未来研究提供了方向。
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引用次数: 0
A scoping review of technological tools for supporting victims of online sexual harassment 对支持网络性骚扰受害者的技术工具进行范围审查
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101953
Yuying Tan , Heidi Vandebosch , Sara Pabian , Karolien Poels

Experiencing online sexual harassment (OSH) poses significant threats to individuals' well-being, necessitating effective intervention. Addressing OSH requires collaboration across policy, education, and technology, where technology can play a role in supporting victims. This paper conducted a scoping review to identify technological tools for supporting OSH victims, uncovering five tools documented in scientific literature. These tools were designed to help OSH victims get support, collect evidence, raise awareness, or develop coping skills. Components of these tools include emotional support, multimedia content, informational support, labelling, reporting, victim stories, and evidence collection. Four tools went through process evaluation using qualitative or mixed-method approaches. Results collectively showed that users appreciate emotional support, informational support, multimedia content, and labelling components, but are dissatisfied with the evidence collection component. One study assessed tool effects using a quasi-experimental with a two-group design, showing significant effects on changing users' knowledge, attitude, and coping behaviors. These findings inform user preferences, a crucial factor for supportive effects. However, four of the five studies lack effects evaluation. Future research should prioritize evaluating the effects of technological tools supporting victims of OSH. This is essential because implementing an ineffective tool can incur considerable costs and pose challenges in removal or modification.

遭遇网络性骚扰(OSH)会对个人福祉造成严重威胁,因此有必要采取有效干预措施。解决网络性骚扰问题需要政策、教育和技术方面的合作,其中技术可以在支持受害者方面发挥作用。本文进行了一次范围审查,以确定支持职业安全和健康受害者的技术工具,发现了科学文献中记载的五种工具。这些工具旨在帮助职业安全和健康受害者获得支持、收集证据、提高认识或发展应对技能。这些工具的组成部分包括情感支持、多媒体内容、信息支持、标签、报告、受害者故事和证据收集。使用定性或混合方法对四种工具进行了过程评估。总的结果表明,用户对情感支持、信息支持、多媒体内容和贴标签部分表示赞赏,但对证据收集部分不满意。一项研究采用两组设计的准实验方法对工具效果进行了评估,结果显示对改变用户的知识、态度和应对行为有显著效果。这些发现为用户偏好提供了信息,而用户偏好是产生支持性效果的关键因素。然而,五项研究中有四项缺乏效果评估。未来的研究应优先评估支持职业安全和健康受害者的技术工具的效果。这一点至关重要,因为实施无效的工具可能会产生大量成本,并给移除或修改带来挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Resisting during sexual assault: A meta-analysis of the effects on injury” [Aggression and Violent Behavior (2016) Vol 28, 1-11/] 对 "性侵犯时的反抗:对伤害影响的荟萃分析》[《侵略与暴力行为》(2016年)第28卷,1-11/] 的更正
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101949
Jennifer S. Wong , Samantha Balemba
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引用次数: 0
How effective is the “Reasoning and Rehabilitation” (R&R) program in changing cognitive and behavioral skills? A systematic review and meta-analysis 推理与康复"(R&R)计划在改变认知和行为技能方面的效果如何?系统回顾和荟萃分析
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101950
Olga Sánchez de Ribera , Violeta Chitgian Urzúa , Genée Pienaar

Interventions for individuals who commit offenses are of great importance to reduce criminal recidivism by targeting criminogenic factors. The first and most widely applied program is the Reasoning & Rehabilitation (R&R) program. Despite evidence that the R&R program (and its derivatives) is effective in reducing recidivism, questions remain regarding the benefits in a range of cognitive and behavioral outcomes, the long-term effects, and the difference between psychosocial outcomes for different individuals' characteristics (i.e., sex, age, mental disorders, intellectual disabilities). This systematic review and meta-analysis address these issues. A total of 28 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and 23 studies (N = 2528) for the meta-analysis. Results indicated that the R&R is effective in increasing (social) problem solving (SMD = 0.26, p = 0.009), empathy/social-perspective taking (SMD = 0.37, p < 0.001), and decreasing violence/aggression (SMD = 0.38, p = 0.003), anger/hostility (SMD = 0.25, p = 0.003), and impulsivity/inhibition (SMD = 0.27, p = 0.003) but not on criminal attitudes (SMD = 0.20, p = 0.07). Secondary, and some other primary outcomes, were not examined owing to the small number of studies that included these outcomes. We conclude that the R&R is effective at improving some psychosocial skills among individuals who commit offenses. However, questions still remain (i.e., the long-term effect on some outcomes, the effect on different types of offenders, and different comparison groups) because of the small number of studies.

通过针对犯罪诱因对犯罪者进行干预,对于减少犯罪再犯具有重要意义。第一个也是应用最广泛的方案是 "推理与改造"(R&R)方案。尽管有证据表明 R&R(及其衍生方案)能有效减少累犯,但在一系列认知和行为结果的益处、长期效果以及不同个体特征(如性别、年龄、精神障碍、智障)的社会心理结果之间的差异等方面仍存在疑问。本系统综述和荟萃分析正是针对这些问题而进行的。共有 28 项研究符合纳入系统综述的条件,23 项研究(N = 2528)符合纳入荟萃分析的条件。结果表明,R&R 能有效提高(社交)问题解决能力(SMD = 0.26,p = 0.009)、同理心/社会视角(SMD = 0.37,p < 0.001),减少暴力/攻击(SMD = 0.38,p = 0.003)、愤怒/敌意(SMD = 0.25,p = 0.003)和冲动/抑制(SMD = 0.27,p = 0.003),但不影响犯罪态度(SMD = 0.20,p = 0.07)。由于包含次要结果和其他一些主要结果的研究较少,因此没有对这些结果进行研究。我们的结论是,R&R 能有效提高犯罪者的某些社会心理技能。然而,由于研究数量较少,仍然存在一些问题(即对某些结果的长期影响、对不同类型罪犯的影响以及不同的比较组)。
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引用次数: 0
“Weeding out” violence? Translational perspectives on the neuropsychobiological links between cannabis and aggression "消除 "暴力?从转化角度看大麻与攻击行为之间的神经心理生物学联系
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101948
Marco Bortolato , Giulia Braccagni , Casey A. Pederson , Gabriele Floris , Paula J. Fite

Recent shifts in societal attitudes toward cannabis have led to a dramatic increase in consumption rates in many Western countries, particularly among young people. This trend has shed light on a significant link between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and pathological reactive aggression, a condition involving disproportionate aggressive and violent reactions to minor provocations. The discourse on the connection between cannabis use and aggression is frequently enmeshed in political and legal discussions, leading to a polarized understanding of the causative relationship between cannabis use and aggression. However, integrative analyses from both human and animal research indicate a complex, bidirectional interplay between cannabis misuse and pathological aggression. On the one hand, emerging research reveals a shared genetic and environmental predisposition for both cannabis use and aggression, suggesting a common underlying biological mechanism. On the other hand, there is evidence that cannabis consumption can lead to violent behaviors while also being used as a self-medication strategy to mitigate the negative emotions associated with pathological reactive aggression. This suggests that the coexistence of pathological aggression and CUD may result from overlapping vulnerabilities, potentially creating a self-perpetuating cycle where each condition exacerbates the other, escalating into externalizing and violent behaviors. This article aims to synthesize existing research on the intricate connections between these issues and propose a theoretical model to explain the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning this complex relationship.

最近,社会对大麻态度的转变导致许多西方国家的大麻消费率急剧上升,尤其是在年轻人中间。这一趋势揭示了大麻使用障碍(CUD)与病态反应性攻击之间的重要联系,病态反应性攻击是指对轻微挑衅做出不相称的攻击和暴力反应。关于吸食大麻与攻击性之间联系的讨论经常被卷入政治和法律讨论,导致对吸食大麻与攻击性之间因果关系的理解两极分化。然而,人类和动物研究的综合分析表明,大麻滥用和病态攻击之间存在复杂的双向相互作用。一方面,新出现的研究揭示了吸食大麻和攻击性之间存在共同的遗传和环境倾向,这表明两者之间存在共同的潜在生物机制。另一方面,有证据表明,吸食大麻在导致暴力行为的同时,也被用作一种自我治疗策略,以缓解与病理性反应性攻击相关的负面情绪。这表明,病态攻击和 CUD 的共存可能是由相互重叠的脆弱性造成的,有可能形成一种自我循环,即每一种情况都会加剧另一种情况,并升级为外化和暴力行为。本文旨在综合有关这些问题之间错综复杂联系的现有研究,并提出一个理论模型来解释这种复杂关系的神经生物学机制。
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引用次数: 0
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Aggression and Violent Behavior
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