Aggression and Violent Behavior最新文献

Place-based policing is effective, but the police do not have all the tools needed to solve complex crime problems and certain policing strategies may increase the risk of disparate impacts to members of marginalized communities. However, local governments—acting in their role as a “super-controller,” can incentivize and support the natural crime-control system of place managers, handlers, and guardians to act to prevent crime at hot spots, whether or not the police are involved. This paper examines a body of evidence from 44 studies on the effectiveness of local government-led and initiated non-police interventions at crime hot spots, finding that local governments can successfully capitalize on the concentration of crime at hot spots and direct its myriad non-police resources to help prevent crime from occurring at these places. The paper concludes with three themes that have both practical and research implications for local governments as super-controllers at crime hot spots: 1) support systematic hot spot problem-solving, 2) examine the threshold of effective deterrence, and 3) ensure rigorous evaluation.

There is increasing interest in the use of omega-3 supplements to reduce aggressive behavior. This meta-analysis summarizes findings from 29 RCTs (randomized controlled trials) on omega-3 supplementation to reduce aggression, yielding 35 independent samples with a total of 3918 participants. Three analyses were conducted where the unit of analysis was independent samples, independent studies, and independent laboratories. Significant effect sizes were observed for all three analyses (g = 0.16, 0.20, 0.28 respectively), averaging 0.22, in the direction of omega-3 supplementation reducing aggression. There was no evidence of publication bias, and sensitivity analyses confirmed findings. Moderator analyses were largely non-significant, indicating that beneficial effects are obtained across age, gender, recruitment sample, diagnoses, treatment duration, and dosage. Omega-3 also reduced both reactive and proactive forms of aggression, particularly with respect to self-reports (g = 0.27 and 0.20 respectively). It is concluded that there is now sufficient evidence to begin to implement omega-3 supplementation to reduce aggression in children and adults - irrespective of whether the setting is the community, the clinic, or the criminal justice system.

One of the most facts about crime is that it concentrates at a few proprietary places: addresses, facilities, and land parcels. Do these crime-places radiate crime into their surroundings? Intuitively, crime radiation seems likely. And it may come in three forms: radiation from facilities that do not contain crime but make their environments crime-prone (cold dot radiation); radiation from facilities containing a great deal of crime (hot dot radiation); and radiation from places containing consensual illegitimate activity that direct offender foraging (veiled dot radiation). If radiation is common, then addressing crime-provoking places is essential for crime reduction. But researchers (with one exception) have not addressed crime radiation directly. There are three bodies of research which may provide indirect evidence of radiation: 1) the land use and crime research; 2) the near repeat victimization studies, and 3) the diffusion of crime control benefits research. We conducted narrative reviews of each to determine if radiation is likely. Each review shows evidence consistent with crime radiation. But each review reveals uncertainty about whether it is radiation or something else creating the findings. We conclude by offering a set of hypotheses for direct tests of the radiation conjecture.

This systematic review summarises and assesses the evidence for educational interventions that increase the knowledge and recognition of elder abuse. Frontline health workers lack sufficient protocols or experience to identify, handle, and report elder abuse. Developing new curricula guided by the literature continues to be a challenge. Interpretation of the educational programmes described in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of elder abuse interventions can provide guidance when planning new programmes to increase knowledge and improve case-finding and cooperation. A detailed literature search was performed using five electronic databases related to healthcare: PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE. Only RCTs examining the effectiveness of educational interventions in preventing or reducing elder abuse were included. Framework analysis was used to integrate data from the retrieved documents. Forty-seven papers were read in full, and five were included in the review. Synthesis of the results from these studies resulted in five main themes: 1) Knowledge improvement; 2) Ability to identify; 3) Meta-analysis of recognition; 4) Characteristics of programmes; and 5) Outcome measurement. Increases in the immediate and longer-term outcomes of all interventions in the included studies were also determined. This review provides healthcare practitioners and older adult service providers with insights into educational intervention programmes that can be used for the development of elder abuse training modules.

Ethnic and religious conflicts frequently evolve into highly explosive situations marked by the sudden eruption of conflictive mass behaviour in the form of leaderless protests or riots. In this article, we introduce a new theoretical approach, the forest-fire model of cultural identity conflict escalation (FFM). The model offers a fresh perspective on conflict dynamics by focusing on the nonlinear dynamics inherent in self-organized collective mass behaviour in ethnic and religious conflicts. It serves to overcome the dominance of rationalist elite-centred and structuralist-institutionalist approaches in the field. We conceptualize conflictive mass behaviour as avalanching “cascades” to facilitate an understanding of the complex dynamics of ethnic and religious upheavals. The FFM unites time-invariant antecedent conditions of conflictive mass behaviour with extremely time-variant triggering events. According to the model, an emboldening emotional climate, characterized by a blend of shared anger, pride and hope, provides the “fuel” that is sparked by a disruptive incident. By integrating collective emotions, triggering events, and leaderless self-organization, the model offers an innovative and substantiated elucidation of the nonlinear, short-term escalation dynamics of collective mass behaviour in cultural identity conflicts.

Gun violence poses a significant threat to public safety and health in the United States, making the prevention and reduction of firearm-related crimes and injuries a paramount concern. While prior research has systematically reviewed the literature to establish the concentration of crime and violence at micro-places and the effectiveness of hot spot interventions, there is a notable gap in similar efforts that specifically examine studies on gun violence at micro-places. The present study employs a scoping review methodology to comprehensively compile and analyze existing scientific knowledge on the characteristics of interpersonal gun violence at the micro-place level. A thorough search across four databases yielded fifty-one articles meeting our inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed articles, gray literature, and academic theses or dissertations published in English between January 1, 1990, and April 1, 2023. The review reveals several key themes: geographic concentration of gun violence, near-repeat phenomena, environmental risk factors linked to shootings, effectiveness of police and community-based interventions, social consequences of gun violence, and the efficacy of gunshot detection technology, along with other methodological considerations. This scoping review elucidates these themes and offers directions for future research in this critical field.

Experiencing online sexual harassment (OSH) poses significant threats to individuals' well-being, necessitating effective intervention. Addressing OSH requires collaboration across policy, education, and technology, where technology can play a role in supporting victims. This paper conducted a scoping review to identify technological tools for supporting OSH victims, uncovering five tools documented in scientific literature. These tools were designed to help OSH victims get support, collect evidence, raise awareness, or develop coping skills. Components of these tools include emotional support, multimedia content, informational support, labelling, reporting, victim stories, and evidence collection. Four tools went through process evaluation using qualitative or mixed-method approaches. Results collectively showed that users appreciate emotional support, informational support, multimedia content, and labelling components, but are dissatisfied with the evidence collection component. One study assessed tool effects using a quasi-experimental with a two-group design, showing significant effects on changing users' knowledge, attitude, and coping behaviors. These findings inform user preferences, a crucial factor for supportive effects. However, four of the five studies lack effects evaluation. Future research should prioritize evaluating the effects of technological tools supporting victims of OSH. This is essential because implementing an ineffective tool can incur considerable costs and pose challenges in removal or modification.

Interventions for individuals who commit offenses are of great importance to reduce criminal recidivism by targeting criminogenic factors. The first and most widely applied program is the Reasoning & Rehabilitation (R&R) program. Despite evidence that the R&R program (and its derivatives) is effective in reducing recidivism, questions remain regarding the benefits in a range of cognitive and behavioral outcomes, the long-term effects, and the difference between psychosocial outcomes for different individuals' characteristics (i.e., sex, age, mental disorders, intellectual disabilities). This systematic review and meta-analysis address these issues. A total of 28 studies were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and 23 studies (N = 2528) for the meta-analysis. Results indicated that the R&R is effective in increasing (social) problem solving (SMD = 0.26, p = 0.009), empathy/social-perspective taking (SMD = 0.37, p < 0.001), and decreasing violence/aggression (SMD = 0.38, p = 0.003), anger/hostility (SMD = 0.25, p = 0.003), and impulsivity/inhibition (SMD = 0.27, p = 0.003) but not on criminal attitudes (SMD = 0.20, p = 0.07). Secondary, and some other primary outcomes, were not examined owing to the small number of studies that included these outcomes. We conclude that the R&R is effective at improving some psychosocial skills among individuals who commit offenses. However, questions still remain (i.e., the long-term effect on some outcomes, the effect on different types of offenders, and different comparison groups) because of the small number of studies.

Recent shifts in societal attitudes toward cannabis have led to a dramatic increase in consumption rates in many Western countries, particularly among young people. This trend has shed light on a significant link between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and pathological reactive aggression, a condition involving disproportionate aggressive and violent reactions to minor provocations. The discourse on the connection between cannabis use and aggression is frequently enmeshed in political and legal discussions, leading to a polarized understanding of the causative relationship between cannabis use and aggression. However, integrative analyses from both human and animal research indicate a complex, bidirectional interplay between cannabis misuse and pathological aggression. On the one hand, emerging research reveals a shared genetic and environmental predisposition for both cannabis use and aggression, suggesting a common underlying biological mechanism. On the other hand, there is evidence that cannabis consumption can lead to violent behaviors while also being used as a self-medication strategy to mitigate the negative emotions associated with pathological reactive aggression. This suggests that the coexistence of pathological aggression and CUD may result from overlapping vulnerabilities, potentially creating a self-perpetuating cycle where each condition exacerbates the other, escalating into externalizing and violent behaviors. This article aims to synthesize existing research on the intricate connections between these issues and propose a theoretical model to explain the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning this complex relationship.