Marcos Julien Alexopoulos, Arto Niemi, Bartosz Skobiej, Frank Sill Torres
This article evaluates the implementation challenges of the Critical Entities Resilience (CER) Directive in comparison with the Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive and the Floods Directive (FD) within the European Union (EU). CER, which aims to enhance the resilience of critical entities, including critical maritime infrastructure, allows for considerable interpretative flexibility by Member States in defining critical entities and security measures. This flexibility could lead to heterogeneous impacts, introducing inconsistencies that hinder the functioning of the single market, and thereby resilience uniformity across the EU. In contrast, the FD's structured approach with clear objectives and detailed reporting requirements has led to a more consistent and effective implementation. This paper argues that the lack of specificity in the CER Directive may undermine its effectiveness. It suggests that adopting a more structured approach similar to the FD could improve the implementation consistency and resilience of critical entities across the EU.
{"title":"Examination of the Critical Infrastructure Resilience Directive From the Maritime Point of View","authors":"Marcos Julien Alexopoulos, Arto Niemi, Bartosz Skobiej, Frank Sill Torres","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13681","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article evaluates the implementation challenges of the Critical Entities Resilience (CER) Directive in comparison with the Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive and the Floods Directive (FD) within the European Union (EU). CER, which aims to enhance the resilience of critical entities, including critical maritime infrastructure, allows for considerable interpretative flexibility by Member States in defining critical entities and security measures. This flexibility could lead to heterogeneous impacts, introducing inconsistencies that hinder the functioning of the single market, and thereby resilience uniformity across the EU. In contrast, the FD's structured approach with clear objectives and detailed reporting requirements has led to a more consistent and effective implementation. This paper argues that the lack of specificity in the CER Directive may undermine its effectiveness. It suggests that adopting a more structured approach similar to the FD could improve the implementation consistency and resilience of critical entities across the EU.</p>","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"63 2","pages":"667-678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcms.13681","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143252771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13712","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"62 S1","pages":"251-265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thank you to Reviewers list July 2023 – July 2024","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13715","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"63 1","pages":"337-347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What drives ordinary citizens to want their country to join or stay in the European Union (EU)? Whilst scholarship addressed value-based dispositions as drivers of pro-EU positions, material benefits dominate explanations of support for EU accession and membership. New research suggests that it is precisely the growing import of being an adherent of liberal democratic values that drove citizens in countries as disparate as Ukraine, Poland and Belarus to support EU accession and remained the key driver for those already in the Union wanting to stay in. Employing national surveys and regression analyses, this article shows that (a) not only is a shift to supporting EU accession accompanied by citizens also moving towards supporting democracy in Ukraine; (b) this EU democratic pull phenomenon can also be identified amongst citizens of other EU neighbourhood countries, as well as in EU member states.
{"title":"Fighting for Europe: The EU's Democratic Pull Phenomenon in Ukraine, Poland and Belarus","authors":"Olga Onuch","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13699","url":null,"abstract":"<p>What drives ordinary citizens to want their country to join or stay in the European Union (EU)? Whilst scholarship addressed value-based dispositions as drivers of pro-EU positions, material benefits dominate explanations of support for EU accession and membership. New research suggests that it is precisely the growing import of being an adherent of liberal democratic values that drove citizens in countries as disparate as Ukraine, Poland and Belarus to support EU accession and remained the key driver for those already in the Union wanting to stay in. Employing national surveys and regression analyses, this article shows that (a) not only is a shift to supporting EU accession accompanied by citizens also moving towards supporting democracy in Ukraine; (b) this EU democratic pull phenomenon can also be identified amongst citizens of other EU neighbourhood countries, as well as in EU member states.</p>","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"62 6","pages":"1423-1447"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcms.13699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>The world's first thinker to dedicate an entire work to borders, Lord Curzon, remarked that by the 20th century, most wars came about due to rivalry over the state borders, with the more personalistic reasons of the past – vengeance, honour, faith – becoming historical vestiges (Lord Curzon, <span>1907</span>). Ten years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Václav Havel warned that another arrangement needs to be put in place, because ‘blurred borders’ – ‘the uncertainty as to where entities began and where they ended’ – had been the most frequent causes of wars in the 20th century (Havel, <span>2001</span>). Despite efforts to diminish or eliminate them, the importance of borders (hard or soft) has not gone away from contemporary Europe, the home to the world's most ambitious project in supranational government, the European Union (EU). On one hand, new challenges affecting their nature make borders return with a vengeance (Christiansen and Jørgensen, <span>2000</span>; Zielonka, <span>2017</span>). On the other, the old understanding of borders as demarcation between two sovereign states in the European post-Westphalian system (Starr, <span>2006</span>, p. 3) resurfaced to prominence due to Brexit, the crisis of refugees and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (Bakardjieva Engelbrekt et al., <span>2024</span>). With an ongoing war in Eastern Europe, and European states officially supporting Ukraine against Russia, the question of where lies the EU's ultimate Eastern frontier becomes crucial. But is there an objective answer to this question – one that geography, international law or political science can provide a full answer to?</p><p>And yet 25 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the EU had so much to rejoice in. A simple look at the map of the European continent (see Figure 1) showed a remarkable reversal of fortunes between the West and the East of the continent. The Soviet colours, which had engulfed Berlin and edged the outskirts of Vienna and Trieste, had by then given way to the EU colours in the centre, the South and the North. The consequence of European and NATO enlargement towards the East, however, was the gradual elimination of the territory between the former Soviet Union (FSU) and the EU. The EU integration thus pushed the Russian border far to the East and enlarged or planned to enlarge to all the area in between. In doing so, it finally met an exogenous process of great magnitude – the unfinished nation and state-building of post-communist Europe (Roeder, <span>1999</span>). This encounter is the topic of this article.</p><p>The question of the future border between Europe and Russia, once all the intermediate area in between is eliminated, has been scarce in the public debate or disguised as a question about EU enlargement. It may be that the border will simply fall where the contingencies of the war determine a cease-fire. But would such a border create a sustainable peace and vicinity, or just plant, like many provisi
{"title":"Where Should Europe End? Constructing the Eastern Frontier","authors":"Alina Mungiu-Pippidi","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13697","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The world's first thinker to dedicate an entire work to borders, Lord Curzon, remarked that by the 20th century, most wars came about due to rivalry over the state borders, with the more personalistic reasons of the past – vengeance, honour, faith – becoming historical vestiges (Lord Curzon, <span>1907</span>). Ten years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Václav Havel warned that another arrangement needs to be put in place, because ‘blurred borders’ – ‘the uncertainty as to where entities began and where they ended’ – had been the most frequent causes of wars in the 20th century (Havel, <span>2001</span>). Despite efforts to diminish or eliminate them, the importance of borders (hard or soft) has not gone away from contemporary Europe, the home to the world's most ambitious project in supranational government, the European Union (EU). On one hand, new challenges affecting their nature make borders return with a vengeance (Christiansen and Jørgensen, <span>2000</span>; Zielonka, <span>2017</span>). On the other, the old understanding of borders as demarcation between two sovereign states in the European post-Westphalian system (Starr, <span>2006</span>, p. 3) resurfaced to prominence due to Brexit, the crisis of refugees and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (Bakardjieva Engelbrekt et al., <span>2024</span>). With an ongoing war in Eastern Europe, and European states officially supporting Ukraine against Russia, the question of where lies the EU's ultimate Eastern frontier becomes crucial. But is there an objective answer to this question – one that geography, international law or political science can provide a full answer to?</p><p>And yet 25 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the EU had so much to rejoice in. A simple look at the map of the European continent (see Figure 1) showed a remarkable reversal of fortunes between the West and the East of the continent. The Soviet colours, which had engulfed Berlin and edged the outskirts of Vienna and Trieste, had by then given way to the EU colours in the centre, the South and the North. The consequence of European and NATO enlargement towards the East, however, was the gradual elimination of the territory between the former Soviet Union (FSU) and the EU. The EU integration thus pushed the Russian border far to the East and enlarged or planned to enlarge to all the area in between. In doing so, it finally met an exogenous process of great magnitude – the unfinished nation and state-building of post-communist Europe (Roeder, <span>1999</span>). This encounter is the topic of this article.</p><p>The question of the future border between Europe and Russia, once all the intermediate area in between is eliminated, has been scarce in the public debate or disguised as a question about EU enlargement. It may be that the border will simply fall where the contingencies of the war determine a cease-fire. But would such a border create a sustainable peace and vicinity, or just plant, like many provisi","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"62 S1","pages":"17-37"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcms.13697","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EU Snapshots: A Three-level Analysis of 2023","authors":"Andrea Pareschi","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13689","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"62 S1","pages":"e1-e38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of eurocentrism in the European Union's (EU) foreign policy towards the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) reproduces colonial dynamics that undermine the pragmatic and ethical relevance of the EU as an international actor. This article questions eurocentric assumptions underpinning the EU's foreign policy towards the MENA, specifically analysing the case of Algeria. It proposes an innovative conceptual framework drawing on the decentring literature as well as post‐structuralist insights from Cebeci's work. When analysed in politico‐cultural, socio‐economic and security terms, EU‐Algeria relations reflect spatial, normative, polity and disciplinary Eurocentricity, which becomes manifest in the hierarchical, asymmetrical and securitised nature of this relationship. These findings contribute to the decentring turn in the literature by attempting to put the ‘foreign’ back into the study and practice of foreign policy, recognising colonial linearity and addressing its enduring avatars.
{"title":"Decentring European Union Foreign Policy: Addressing Colonial Dynamics in EU‐Algeria Relations","authors":"Francois Barbieux, Dimitris Bouris","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13688","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of eurocentrism in the European Union's (EU) foreign policy towards the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) reproduces colonial dynamics that undermine the pragmatic and ethical relevance of the EU as an international actor. This article questions eurocentric assumptions underpinning the EU's foreign policy towards the MENA, specifically analysing the case of Algeria. It proposes an innovative conceptual framework drawing on the decentring literature as well as post‐structuralist insights from Cebeci's work. When analysed in politico‐cultural, socio‐economic and security terms, EU‐Algeria relations reflect spatial, normative, polity and disciplinary Eurocentricity, which becomes manifest in the hierarchical, asymmetrical and securitised nature of this relationship. These findings contribute to the decentring turn in the literature by attempting to put the ‘foreign’ back into the study and practice of foreign policy, recognising colonial linearity and addressing its enduring avatars.","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oriol Costa, Ana E. Juncos, Patrick Müller, Helene Sjursen
{"title":"Contested but Resilient: Accounting for the Endurance of the European Union's Foreign Policy","authors":"Oriol Costa, Ana E. Juncos, Patrick Müller, Helene Sjursen","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13686","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Union's (EU's) policy towards fragile and conflict‐affected (FCA) countries has been framed by a normative solidarity narrative that promotes and legitimises collective action. Over the past two decades, the EU's commitment to protecting the security of its citizens has increasingly become a strong, competing normative driver of EU engagement in FCA countries. In tracing its evolution, this symposium article shows how the collision of the ‘solidarity’ and ‘protection’ norms has shaped the EU's approach towards state fragility. We illustrate this by discussing the policy frameworks for the EU's engagements in Mali and Libya. We argue that whilst the increasing relative strength of the protection norm has not united EU Member States around a common set of objectives, the solidarity norm has proven to be resilient at the discursive level. However, the increasing prevalence of the protection norm has weakened the solidarity norm's influence on policy practice. This has had systemic effects and contributed to incoherencies in the EU's foreign policy approach.
{"title":"Two Norms Collide: EU Policy on Fragile and Conflict‐Affected Countries","authors":"Julian Bergmann, Mark Furness","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13636","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union's (EU's) policy towards fragile and conflict‐affected (FCA) countries has been framed by a normative solidarity narrative that promotes and legitimises collective action. Over the past two decades, the EU's commitment to protecting the security of its citizens has increasingly become a strong, competing normative driver of EU engagement in FCA countries. In tracing its evolution, this symposium article shows how the collision of the ‘solidarity’ and ‘protection’ norms has shaped the EU's approach towards state fragility. We illustrate this by discussing the policy frameworks for the EU's engagements in Mali and Libya. We argue that whilst the increasing relative strength of the protection norm has not united EU Member States around a common set of objectives, the solidarity norm has proven to be resilient at the discursive level. However, the increasing prevalence of the protection norm has weakened the solidarity norm's influence on policy practice. This has had systemic effects and contributed to incoherencies in the EU's foreign policy approach.","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Positioned within a perceptual approach to European Union (EU) foreign policy, this article explores tensions relating to the resilience of the EU's normative identity, focusing on factors and explanations external to the EU. We engage with EU perceptions amongst external partners theorized as active agents/potential contributors to contestation processes. We focus on the perceived role of the EU as an international normative actor expected to mitigate the existential risks of climate change and pandemics for its own citizens and globally. We hypothesize two conditions for EU images to become less (or more) resilient in the face of contestation: (1) persistent contradictions leading to expectation–performance gaps as an initial condition and (2) situations of crisis, marked by perceptions of a watershed/historical event and strong emotions, that may amplify the expectation–performance gap. Empirically, we engage with the findings of the two major studies of EU external perceptions held by the EU's key global partners.
{"title":"European Union Normative Positions, Resilience and Contestation: A Perceptual Approach","authors":"Natalia Chaban, Ole Elgström","doi":"10.1111/jcms.13665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13665","url":null,"abstract":"Positioned within a perceptual approach to European Union (EU) foreign policy, this article explores tensions relating to the resilience of the EU's normative identity, focusing on factors and explanations external to the EU. We engage with EU perceptions amongst external partners theorized as active agents/potential contributors to contestation processes. We focus on the perceived role of the EU as an international normative actor expected to mitigate the existential risks of climate change and pandemics for its own citizens and globally. We hypothesize two conditions for EU images to become less (or more) resilient in the face of contestation: (1) persistent contradictions leading to expectation–performance gaps as an initial condition and (2) situations of crisis, marked by perceptions of a watershed/historical event and strong emotions, that may amplify the expectation–performance gap. Empirically, we engage with the findings of the two major studies of EU external perceptions held by the EU's key global partners.","PeriodicalId":51369,"journal":{"name":"Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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