Canadian Review of Sociology-Revue Canadienne De Sociologie最新文献

One in three Canadian households rent their home, consistently accounting for around one-half of Canadian households spending over 30% of income on shelter costs (Statistics Canada, 2011, 2016, 2022). Regardless, hard luck stories of prospective homebuyers squeezed out by rising prices and interest rates still make better copy than those of the ever-expanding ranks of renters. Media sound bites from big bank economists, mortgage professionals, and realtors proselytizing about interest rates, mortgage stress tests, and home purchase incentives keep property ownership front and center in public discourse. Renters may speak but, unless they shout (or refuse to pay rent), they are not heard. Tenant voices are drowned out both by those wishing to get on the first rung of the property ladder and well-polished messaging from real estate interests. In the last decade, the number of rental households has increased by 21.5%, over 2.5 times growth rate of ownership (Statistics Canada, 2022). Empirically, renting is quickly becoming Canada's new and evermore unaffordable normal.

While renting surges, Canadian housing research and policy lags, focusing primarily on the housing continuum's poles–-home ownership and homelessness. The continuing and pervasive “ideology of home ownership” (Ronald, 2008) is quickly becoming untenable in Canada where home ownership is widely assumed to be the pathway to financial security. Yet, there is little international evidence that prosperous societies have more owner-occupied housing (Stephens et al, 2003). In fact, varying rates of owner-occupied housing do not necessarily “reflect, still less match, changes in prosperity within countries” (Kemeny, 2006, p1). At the other end of the continuum, from the widely acclaimed At Home/Chez Soi Housing First experiment to the Observatory on Homelessness, Canadian homelessness research is world-class. While homelessness persists, there is a wealth of available evidence to inform policy. Extensive research exists on homeless persons’ lived experience (Harman, 1989; Somerville, 2013), but there is markedly less work on renters. This may fit with a more generalized lack of social scientific work on the “unmarked” (Brekhus, 1998). International evidence suggests a “persistent widespread bias against renters” (Krueckeberg, 1999, p.9; see also Rowlands & Gurney, 2000), and Canadian research suggests that “tenure stigma” (Rollwagen, 2015; see also Horgan, 2020; Rowe & Dunn, 2015) remains pervasive. Overall, despite unprecedented rental growth, the everyday experiences of the 5 million Canadian households who rent (Statistics Canada, 2022) remain poorly understood.

In Canada's hot housing market, ownership is elusive and/or undesirable for many, yet an incr

Poverty continues to burden millions of Canadians each year, and social assistance (SA) is one program that provides last-resort financial assistance, conditional upon looking for and accepting work. Using tax panel data of SA recipients from across seven Canadian regions between 2000 and 2018, we model the probabilities of employment success (ES) across industry of employment, SA benefit amounts, unionization, and individual-level characteristics. We adopt an economic stance to explain reliance upon SA, examining the broader macroeconomic indicators of ES, and to demonstrate the factors associated with exiting SA. We find that many SA recipients do not present evidence of recent employment, indicating a disconnect between stated SA program aims and their outcomes. We provide evidence for increased SA benefits and unionization as significant predictors of ES of SA recipients.

We investigate discrimination experiences of (1) immigrants and racialized individuals, (2) Indigenous peoples, and (3) comparison White non-immigrants in nine regions of Southwestern Ontario containing small- and mid-sized communities. For each region, representative samples of the three groups were recruited to complete online surveys. In most regions, over 80 percent of Indigenous peoples reported experiencing discrimination in the past 3 years, and in more than half of the regions, over 60 percent of immigrants and racialized individuals did so. Indigenous peoples, immigrants and racialized individuals were most likely to experience discrimination in employment settings and in a variety of public settings, and were most likely to attribute this discrimination to racial and ethnocultural factors, and for Indigenous peoples also their Indigenous identity. Immigrants and racialized individuals who had experienced discrimination generally reported a lower sense of belonging and welcome in their communities. This association was weaker for Indigenous peoples. The findings provide new insight into discrimination experienced by Indigenous peoples, immigrants and racialized individuals in small and mid-sized Canadian communities, and are critical to creating and implementing effective anti-racism and anti-discrimination strategies.

Although the number of students attending university has been steadily increasing over the past 20 years, discrepancies remain across racialized student groups. Students who immigrate to Canada also face a number of barriers to university participation. However, few studies investigate variations in university participation across racialized immigrant student groups. We draw on an intersectional approach to analyze student data from the Toronto District School Board. We employ multilevel logistic regression to examine if there are interactive effects of being both racialized and having an immigrant status on confirming a university enrollment. Looking at self-identified race and immigrant status of students in combination reveals that there are important differences in the likelihood of confirming and offer of university admission between several self-identified racial categories, depending on if they were foreign-born.

This article innovatively combines the analysis of both cultural and outdoor activities in Canada, activities that have been mostly studied separately until now. This study thus feeds into the debate between the distinction framework (focusing on the highbrow/lowbrow opposition) and the omnivorism thesis (distinguishing between omnivorous and univorous groups) in cultural sociology. From Latent Class Analysis (LCA), this study identifies five clusters, which differentiate people practicing either or both cultural and outdoor activities. The clusters are labelled as follow: “tele-univore,” “digital indoor,” “conventional indoor,” “outdoor univore,” and “omnivore.” Binary logistic regressions reveal that education, age and rural/urban identity are the key factors in identifying who practices which activities. The findings are threefold. First, while confirming the omnivore theory, our results show that cultural capital matters more than economic capital in explaining who participates in which activities. Second, rural people tend to be slightly more engaged than urban people in consumptive and motorized outdoor activities and less in all cultural activities. Third, the shift to digitization and the increase in outdoor activities appears to have exacerbated the divide between older and younger generations.

Increasingly, bills and policies prohibit the participation of trans women in competitive sport. The current sociopolitical moment begs the following question: how do interpersonal interactional moments function alongside formal policies and rules to shape trans athletes’ experiences of belonging in sport? Although formal institutional rules govern trans athletes’ ability to compete in sport, informal social sanctioning also denies these athletes equitable, or even de facto, membership in sport. I draw upon two case studies to explore trans athletes’ experiences of membership in elite “women's” sport. I apply Evelyn Nakano Glenn's work on citizenship to consider how trans athletes’ experiences of belonging are influenced by both formal rules imposed by organizations as well as informal social interactions with members of their sporting communities. Inclusion is not synonymous with membership. Trans athletes render visible the ways in which this system functions to contain the diversity of humanity's gender expression.