Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.004
Jing Yang , Yingzhu Liu , Shuyao Ren , Wenwu Fu , Zibei Qiu
The quality of outdoor space in residential areas is of great importance to residents. However, the existing studies predominately focus on a certain types of open space. In addition, there is lack of objective quantification. In this study, a novel approach is developed in order to quantify the quality of outdoor space based on the identification of value dimensions and the classification of the open spaces. Firstly, the residential outdoor space is divided into six types of open space. Secondly, the value weights of different open spaces are calculated through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on the data from on-site and online questionnaire survey. Finally, the approach developed in this study was tested in high intensity residential areas. Results of this study helps to better understand the quality of outdoor space in high intensity residential development, hence provides useful inputs for the future planning of such developments.
{"title":"Quantifying the quality of outdoor space in high-intensity residential areas: A case study of Nanjing in China","authors":"Jing Yang , Yingzhu Liu , Shuyao Ren , Wenwu Fu , Zibei Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quality of outdoor space in residential areas is of great importance to residents. However, the existing studies predominately focus on a certain types of open space. In addition, there is lack of objective quantification. In this study, a novel approach is developed in order to quantify the quality of outdoor space based on the identification of value dimensions and the classification of the open spaces. Firstly, the residential outdoor space is divided into six types of open space. Secondly, the value weights of different open spaces are calculated through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on the data from on-site and online questionnaire survey. Finally, the approach developed in this study was tested in high intensity residential areas. Results of this study helps to better understand the quality of outdoor space in high intensity residential development, hence provides useful inputs for the future planning of such developments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 581-595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.09.007
Xiao-Hu Liu , Peng-Cheng Miao , Xiao-Xiao Dong , Baghdad Esmail , Fei Ye , Dian Lei
In China, traditional village layouts are dynamic, harmoniously integrated with the natural environment, and rich in unique cultural characteristics. However, rapidly constructed villages often lack professional design, resulting in overly simple layouts and causing the villages to lose their traditional characteristics. Artificial intelligence holds the potential to alleviate this specific challenge. This study employs CGAN to generate comprehensive village layouts based on archetypal traditional villages, while also exploring parameters and network architectures to enhance result quality. The research address on traditional villages in southwestern Hubei, refining generative factors, introducing image-based geographic scales, and employing machine vision to address data scarcity. The key findings of this study includes: 1) The research explores a class of AI-generated evaluation metrics suitable for village layout generation. 2) It confirms that the combination of the Unet_256 generator with the LSGAN architecture yields the best results in image generation. 3) It is observed that the optimal generation results are achieved when the equivalent geographic scale of the image is 150 m × 150 m. The study validates that GANs can be effectively applied in the village layout, producing layout results that incorporate traditional local experiences. This provides a novel approach to village layout.
在中国，传统的村落布局是动态的，与自然环境和谐结合，富有独特的文化特色。然而，快速建设的村庄往往缺乏专业的设计，导致布局过于简单，使村庄失去了传统特色。人工智能有可能缓解这一特殊挑战。本研究利用CGAN在传统村落原型的基础上生成综合村落布局，同时探索参数和网络架构以提高结果质量。以鄂西南传统村落为研究对象，提炼生成因子，引入基于图像的地理尺度，利用机器视觉解决数据稀缺问题。本研究的主要发现包括：1)探索了一类适合村落布局生成的人工智能生成评价指标。2)验证了Unet_256生成器与LSGAN架构的组合在图像生成方面的最佳效果。3)观察到，当图像的等效地理尺度为150 m × 150 m时，生成效果最佳。研究验证了gan可以有效地应用于村庄布局，产生融合传统地方经验的布局结果。这为村庄布局提供了一种新颖的方法。
{"title":"The study of high-performance generation methods for rural plan based on generative adversarial network","authors":"Xiao-Hu Liu , Peng-Cheng Miao , Xiao-Xiao Dong , Baghdad Esmail , Fei Ye , Dian Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In China, traditional village layouts are dynamic, harmoniously integrated with the natural environment, and rich in unique cultural characteristics. However, rapidly constructed villages often lack professional design, resulting in overly simple layouts and causing the villages to lose their traditional characteristics. Artificial intelligence holds the potential to alleviate this specific challenge. This study employs CGAN to generate comprehensive village layouts based on archetypal traditional villages, while also exploring parameters and network architectures to enhance result quality. The research address on traditional villages in southwestern Hubei, refining generative factors, introducing image-based geographic scales, and employing machine vision to address data scarcity. The key findings of this study includes: 1) The research explores a class of AI-generated evaluation metrics suitable for village layout generation. 2) It confirms that the combination of the Unet_256 generator with the LSGAN architecture yields the best results in image generation. 3) It is observed that the optimal generation results are achieved when the equivalent geographic scale of the image is 150 m × 150 m. The study validates that GANs can be effectively applied in the village layout, producing layout results that incorporate traditional local experiences. This provides a novel approach to village layout.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 739-758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.11.004
Wu Jin , Bifeng Zhu , Hiroatsu Fukuda
How to create the scenery is the key issue in ancient towns. In this study, 50 photos were collected and distributed through the Internet. First, 456 online questionnaires with 25,080 data were got. Respondents' favoritism was affected by gender, age, region, profession, and education. Second, SAM computer model was applied to image recognition of Wuzhen style photos, analyzing their visual elements. Third, SPSS software was used to analyze the correlation between subjective beauty degree score and objective landscape elements. Based on the coupled quantitative analysis of AI visual recognition and beauty degree score, it is found that the landscape elements that tourists cared most about are: water bodies, ancient buildings and boats. The proportions of the best landscape elements for the spatial sense of the ancient town are the sky ranged from 26.4% to 38.2%, water body ranged from 19.7% to 34.3%, and buildings ranged from 10.4% to 38.2%. This study reveals the pattern of different types of tourists' evaluation of the landscape to summarize the landscape construction strategy of ancient towns in Jiangnan accordingly. The results are not only benefit to the cultural tourism of Wuzhen, but can also be applied to many ancient towns in Jiangnan.
{"title":"Research on ancient town style construction strategies based on coupled quantitative analysis of AI visual recognition and scenic beauty evaluation","authors":"Wu Jin , Bifeng Zhu , Hiroatsu Fukuda","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How to create the scenery is the key issue in ancient towns. In this study, 50 photos were collected and distributed through the Internet. First, 456 online questionnaires with 25,080 data were got. Respondents' favoritism was affected by gender, age, region, profession, and education. Second, SAM computer model was applied to image recognition of Wuzhen style photos, analyzing their visual elements. Third, SPSS software was used to analyze the correlation between subjective beauty degree score and objective landscape elements. Based on the coupled quantitative analysis of AI visual recognition and beauty degree score, it is found that the landscape elements that tourists cared most about are: water bodies, ancient buildings and boats. The proportions of the best landscape elements for the spatial sense of the ancient town are the sky ranged from 26.4% to 38.2%, water body ranged from 19.7% to 34.3%, and buildings ranged from 10.4% to 38.2%. This study reveals the pattern of different types of tourists' evaluation of the landscape to summarize the landscape construction strategy of ancient towns in Jiangnan accordingly. The results are not only benefit to the cultural tourism of Wuzhen, but can also be applied to many ancient towns in Jiangnan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 654-671"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2024-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.005
Ikaputra Ikaputra, Dyah Titisari Widyastuti
This study is in order to implement the mandate of UNESCO (2003) on the documentation of architectural heritage of the modern period of the 19th-20th century, where in reality several typologies of architectural heritage are currently in a marginalized condition. As part of the history of modern architecture in Indonesia, transformator huisje (Dutch) or “gardu listrik” (Indonesian) which still exist today, are not widely known as buildings that have important values in the past. This study aims to reveal whether transformator huisje architecture is classified as Modern Heritage, by tracing its historical background. Architectural analysis of 61 transformator huisje was conducted to build a “genesis”—a scheme of origin—of transformator huisje which can explain how this type of architecture was formed in accordance with the values or principles of modern architecture. The study findings show that all design features of transformator huisje as buildings for machines are strong representations of Modern Architectural Heritage in Asia, especially the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). In conclusion, with the finding that transformator huisje is categorized as Modern Architectural Heritage, a strategy is needed to maintain this type of architecture as evidence of modern civilization in Indonesia.
{"title":"Marginalized Modern Architectural Heritage in Indonesia: The case of transformator huisje (gardu listrik) architecture of the Nederlandsche Indisch era","authors":"Ikaputra Ikaputra, Dyah Titisari Widyastuti","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study is in order to implement the mandate of UNESCO (2003) on the documentation of architectural heritage of the modern period of the 19th-20th century, where in reality several typologies of architectural heritage are currently in a marginalized condition. As part of the history of modern architecture in Indonesia, <em>transformator huisje</em> (Dutch) or “<em>gardu listrik</em>” (Indonesian) which still exist today, are not widely known as buildings that have important values in the past. This study aims to reveal whether <em>transformator huisje</em> architecture is classified as Modern Heritage, by tracing its historical background. Architectural analysis of 61 <em>transformator huisje</em> was conducted to build a “genesis”—a scheme of origin—of <em>transformator huisje</em> which can explain how this type of architecture was formed in accordance with the values or principles of modern architecture. The study findings show that all design features of <em>transformator huisje</em> as buildings for machines are strong representations of Modern Architectural Heritage in Asia, especially the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). In conclusion, with the finding that <em>transformator huisje</em> is categorized as Modern Architectural Heritage, a strategy is needed to maintain this type of architecture as evidence of modern civilization in Indonesia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 596-613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.09.006
Chenyang Zhang, Beixiang Shi, Junyan Yang
Non-Traveling Pedestrian Traffic (NTPT) plays a pivotal role in promoting business development and resident activities within High-Speed Railway Station Areas (HSRSA). However, extracting NTPT from the substantial human flow in HSRSA is technically challenging, leading to an insufficient previous discourse on the subject. In this study, we developed a simulation model for NTPT based on spatial and functional data, complemented by an evaluation framework incorporating indicators such as completeness, hierarchy, and centrality. The feasibility of this model is heightened by its reduced reliance on the collection and processing of massive pedestrian flow data. Using the Yangtze River Delta in China as a case study, the model simulation results show that limitations in NTPT development in the HSRSAs primarily stem from the lack of links between nodes and deficiencies in guiding and reinforcing these links, in addition to the fact that high-speed rail passengers exert a pronounced negative impact on NTPT. This study illustrates that NTPT is a consequence of the comprehensive interplay of spatial planning, functional development, and management policies in HSRSA. The analytical framework developed in this study contributes to elucidating the multifactorial mechanisms influencing NTPT.
{"title":"Simulation study of non-traveling pedestrian traffic in high-speed railway station areas: A case study of the Yangtze River Delta","authors":"Chenyang Zhang, Beixiang Shi, Junyan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-Traveling Pedestrian Traffic (NTPT) plays a pivotal role in promoting business development and resident activities within High-Speed Railway Station Areas (HSRSA). However, extracting NTPT from the substantial human flow in HSRSA is technically challenging, leading to an insufficient previous discourse on the subject. In this study, we developed a simulation model for NTPT based on spatial and functional data, complemented by an evaluation framework incorporating indicators such as completeness, hierarchy, and centrality. The feasibility of this model is heightened by its reduced reliance on the collection and processing of massive pedestrian flow data. Using the Yangtze River Delta in China as a case study, the model simulation results show that limitations in NTPT development in the HSRSAs primarily stem from the lack of links between nodes and deficiencies in guiding and reinforcing these links, in addition to the fact that high-speed rail passengers exert a pronounced negative impact on NTPT. This study illustrates that NTPT is a consequence of the comprehensive interplay of spatial planning, functional development, and management policies in HSRSA. The analytical framework developed in this study contributes to elucidating the multifactorial mechanisms influencing NTPT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 714-725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.002
Jingyi Xu , Minghui Cheng , Anchen Sun
Amid increasing global environmental concerns, the architectural industry is under increasing pressure to implement sustainable practices. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification has become a crucial benchmark for assessing green building practices. This study investigates the adoption and impact of LEED-certified projects within leading architectural firms from 2000 to 2023, utilizing a novel data mining framework to scan extensive datasets on LEED projects and firm operations. We introduce two key metrics: the Weighted LEED Achieved Score (WLAS) and the Green Impact Ratio (GIR), which evaluate the sustainability efforts of firms in relation to their market size and project scale. These metrics yield insights into how firms incorporate sustainability into their business and the environmental outcomes of their projects. Our research uncovers significant trends in LEED standard adoption, illustrating a strengthening commitment to sustainable buildings. The analysis underscores the strategic importance of these practices for securing a competitive edge and aligning with global sustainability objectives. This paper contributes to the sustainable architecture discourse by providing fresh insights into the integration and effectiveness of LEED certification among top firms and offering a comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental and economic aspects of sustainability in architecture.
{"title":"Assessing sustainable practices in architecture: A data-driven analysis of LEED certification adoption and impact in top firms from 2000 to 2023","authors":"Jingyi Xu , Minghui Cheng , Anchen Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid increasing global environmental concerns, the architectural industry is under increasing pressure to implement sustainable practices. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification has become a crucial benchmark for assessing green building practices. This study investigates the adoption and impact of LEED-certified projects within leading architectural firms from 2000 to 2023, utilizing a novel data mining framework to scan extensive datasets on LEED projects and firm operations. We introduce two key metrics: the Weighted LEED Achieved Score (WLAS) and the Green Impact Ratio (GIR), which evaluate the sustainability efforts of firms in relation to their market size and project scale. These metrics yield insights into how firms incorporate sustainability into their business and the environmental outcomes of their projects. Our research uncovers significant trends in LEED standard adoption, illustrating a strengthening commitment to sustainable buildings. The analysis underscores the strategic importance of these practices for securing a competitive edge and aligning with global sustainability objectives. This paper contributes to the sustainable architecture discourse by providing fresh insights into the integration and effectiveness of LEED certification among top firms and offering a comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental and economic aspects of sustainability in architecture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 784-796"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.08.005
Ke Li , Yang Shen , Yumo Wang
The paper has investigated a total of 32 cities from 27 prefectures, states, and counties in Henan, Shandong, Southern Zhili, and Northern Zhili that built embankments due to the Yellow River flooding in the Ming Dynasty. It highlights the river's impact as the main driver for embankment construction, while also noting political influences on river regulation efforts. The construction of city embankments exhibits a consistent spatial and temporal distribution pattern that aligns with occurrences of river floods. The embankments are relatively low, wide and have a long slope. The materials for embankments were rammed earth generally. Various plants are planted to protect the embankments. City embankment is an important part of the flood control system in the Yellow River Floodplain, and part of urban forms. The scale is correlated positively based on the city level. The selection of sites for some cities with embankments is determined by flood avoidance strategies, consequently influencing the development pattern. The circular shape of city embankments is often influenced by both symbolic and practical considerations. The presence of large-scale water bodies surrounding cities reflects a combination of environmental changes and urban development.
{"title":"Both walls and embankments: Flood control construction strategies and characteristics of Yellow River floodplain cities in the Ming Dynasty","authors":"Ke Li , Yang Shen , Yumo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper has investigated a total of 32 cities from 27 prefectures, states, and counties in Henan, Shandong, Southern Zhili, and Northern Zhili that built embankments due to the Yellow River flooding in the Ming Dynasty. It highlights the river's impact as the main driver for embankment construction, while also noting political influences on river regulation efforts. The construction of city embankments exhibits a consistent spatial and temporal distribution pattern that aligns with occurrences of river floods. The embankments are relatively low, wide and have a long slope. The materials for embankments were rammed earth generally. Various plants are planted to protect the embankments. City embankment is an important part of the flood control system in the Yellow River Floodplain, and part of urban forms. The scale is correlated positively based on the city level. The selection of sites for some cities with embankments is determined by flood avoidance strategies, consequently influencing the development pattern. The circular shape of city embankments is often influenced by both symbolic and practical considerations. The presence of large-scale water bodies surrounding cities reflects a combination of environmental changes and urban development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"Pages 694-713"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.08.009
Haipeng Zhu , Yuhang Kong , Hong Zhang , Zongchao Gu , Ryuzo Ohno
Visual depth (distance) perception is a fundamental aspect of environmental cognition, as it allows people to judge the spatial scale of their surroundings. However, estimating the depth of classical Chinese gardens is challenging, especially from static viewpoints that frame the scenery. Previous studies have examined how the internal components of the scenery frame affect depth perception. Still, the role of the frame and its peripheral information as environmental background have been largely overlooked. This study investigates how depth perception at viewpoints is influenced by viewing position displacement, frame geometry, and environmental context. The authors created nine stimulus materials in a cave virtual reality environment (three image treatments × three positions). Seventy-one participants were asked to evaluate depth perception using the magnitude estimation and adjustment methods. Their eye movement behavior was also recorded using an eye-movement instrument (SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI) eye-tracking glasses, 120 Hz). The results showed that participants could perceive spatial depth differences between viewing positions even when the internal viewpoint displacement was small; frame shape did not significantly affect depth perception and gaze behavior; and peripheral visual information of the frame enhanced depth perception significantly. Moreover, the form of the environmental background, especially the position of the scenery window, strongly guided the participants’ gaze. These findings suggest that ambient visual information significantly impacts environmental experience, which landscape designers should consider.
{"title":"Effects of scenery frame on visual depth perception in classical Chinese gardens: A case study of the Lvyin Pavilion in Lingering Garden","authors":"Haipeng Zhu , Yuhang Kong , Hong Zhang , Zongchao Gu , Ryuzo Ohno","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visual depth (distance) perception is a fundamental aspect of environmental cognition, as it allows people to judge the spatial scale of their surroundings. However, estimating the depth of classical Chinese gardens is challenging, especially from static viewpoints that frame the scenery. Previous studies have examined how the internal components of the scenery frame affect depth perception. Still, the role of the frame and its peripheral information as environmental background have been largely overlooked. This study investigates how depth perception at viewpoints is influenced by viewing position displacement, frame geometry, and environmental context. The authors created nine stimulus materials in a cave virtual reality environment (three image treatments × three positions). Seventy-one participants were asked to evaluate depth perception using the magnitude estimation and adjustment methods. Their eye movement behavior was also recorded using an eye-movement instrument (SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI) eye-tracking glasses, 120 Hz). The results showed that participants could perceive spatial depth differences between viewing positions even when the internal viewpoint displacement was small; frame shape did not significantly affect depth perception and gaze behavior; and peripheral visual information of the frame enhanced depth perception significantly. Moreover, the form of the environmental background, especially the position of the scenery window, strongly guided the participants’ gaze. These findings suggest that ambient visual information significantly impacts environmental experience, which landscape designers should consider.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 402-415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.07.017
Daniel Torres-Blanco , M. Carmen Ladrón-de-Guevara-Muñoz , Rafael Enrique Hidalgo Fernández
The municipality of Ronda, in Spain, has a rich architectural heritage, treasured by its inhabitants over the centuries. Among its numerous buildings of great heritage value, one stands out: the monumental bridge that rises above the precipice of the plateau on which this city sits. It is known as the New Bridge. This unique 18th-century engineering work favoured the expansion and growth of Ronda's population, also affecting its urban development. Currently, it continues to serve as a link between the original city centre and its expansion areas beyond the walls. This research addresses the reasons why this bridge was constructed, as well as the circumstances that marked its different construction phases. In addition, different hypotheses are put forward on how its physiognomy might have been, in the case that each of the different projects proposed for the bridge had been carried out in its entirety. All of this has led to the conclusion that the morphology of this bridge was not the result of a single design, but rather responds to the various modifications made during its construction.
{"title":"The New Bridge of Ronda (Spain): History of the construction of a landmark in the development of this city","authors":"Daniel Torres-Blanco , M. Carmen Ladrón-de-Guevara-Muñoz , Rafael Enrique Hidalgo Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.07.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foar.2024.07.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The municipality of Ronda, in Spain, has a rich architectural heritage, treasured by its inhabitants over the centuries. Among its numerous buildings of great heritage value, one stands out: the monumental bridge that rises above the precipice of the plateau on which this city sits. It is known as the New Bridge. This unique 18th-century engineering work favoured the expansion and growth of Ronda's population, also affecting its urban development. Currently, it continues to serve as a link between the original city centre and its expansion areas beyond the walls. This research addresses the reasons why this bridge was constructed, as well as the circumstances that marked its different construction phases. In addition, different hypotheses are put forward on how its physiognomy might have been, in the case that each of the different projects proposed for the bridge had been carried out in its entirety. All of this has led to the conclusion that the morphology of this bridge was not the result of a single design, but rather responds to the various modifications made during its construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51662,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Architectural Research","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 364-380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01Epub Date: 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2024.08.008
Yuhan Gao, Da Du, Nobuaki Furuya
Sidewalks play an indispensable role in creating walkable environments. In commercial districts, sidewalks increase connectivity and can enhance pedestrian volume, which promotes commerce. While past research has explored commercial factors affecting pedestrian behavior on sidewalks, few studies have explored the effects of architectural factors. This study centers on two sidewalks in commercial districts in Tokyo as a case study, seeking to elucidate the relationship between micro-scale built environment factors and pedestrian behavior. Nineteen factors are analyzed in relation to pedestrian volume and staying. Correlation analysis reveals that pedestrian volume and staying are significantly correlated with seven and six built environment factors, respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression further reveals that pedestrian volume is positively correlated with passable width, , and movable greening, while being negatively correlated with flagship. Staying, conversely, is positively correlated with passable width, sky rate, and . Based on these identified relationships, a predictive model is established for pedestrian volumes in sidewalks in commercial districts. The findings of this study may provide workable insights for decision-makers aiming to establish walkable environments and encouraging pedestrian activity and may aid in developing detailed plans based on specific factors influencing pedestrian behavior.
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