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A scanner darkly: augmented reality face filters as algorithmic images 暗中的扫描仪:作为算法图像的增强现实人脸滤镜
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/14703572241235286
Ruggero Eugeni
This article examines augmented reality filters applied to users’ faces, or ARFaces, a visual technology that has spread with increasing success since 2015, mainly through social media. In the first part, the article highlights four significant issues that have emerged about ARFaces: the risks of Body Dysmorphic Disorders linked to beautification filters; the new personal and immediate relationships with brands linked to branded ARFaces; the adoption of filters by a new generation of artists and creatives; and the risks of surveillance related to the face recognition technology on which they are based. The second part of the article argues that ARFaces represent a symptomatic example of ‘algorithmic images’. This type of image modifies the logic of ‘technical images’ that characterised previous media as it shifts the centre of gravity of the processes of the visual constitution from the remote transfer of information to the automated extraction and processing of data. In its conclusions, the article outlines some conceptual tools for dealing with algorithmic images: the author proposes developing a political economy of light and analysing its transformation from a support infrastructure for a political economy of the visual to a supply structure for a data economy.
本文探讨了应用于用户面部的增强现实滤镜,即ARFaces,这种视觉技术自2015年以来主要通过社交媒体传播,取得了越来越大的成功。文章第一部分强调了ARFaces出现的四个重要问题:与美化滤镜相关的身体畸形障碍风险;与品牌ARFaces相关的新的个人与品牌的直接关系;新一代艺术家和创作者对滤镜的采用;以及与滤镜所基于的人脸识别技术相关的监控风险。文章的第二部分认为,ARFaces 是 "算法图像 "的一个典型例子。这类图像改变了以往媒体的 "技术图像 "逻辑,因为它将视觉构成过程的重心从信息的远程传输转移到了数据的自动提取和处理。文章在结论中概述了处理算法图像的一些概念工具:作者建议发展光的政治经济学,并分析其从视觉政治经济学的支持基础设施向数据经济学的供应结构的转变。
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引用次数: 0
The eye at hand: when visually impaired people distribute ‘seeing’ with sensing AI 触手可及的眼睛:当视障人士通过感知人工智能分配 "视力
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1177/14703572241227517
Ann Merrit Rikke Nielsen, Brian L Due, Louise Lüchow
What does it mean to see and look? Can seeing and looking be done without using the eyes? This article contributes to studies in visual communication through empirical visual research into human vision, visual impairment and computer vision technologies, using video-ethnographic methods. These topics essentially enable a respecification of the concept of vision, the role of visual and material culture, and the exploration of visual means of communication in social and cultural worlds. In this article, the authors advance the understanding of visuality and vision by showing empirically how ‘seeing’ and ‘looking’ are not uniquely human abilities, but rather informational phenomena that can be achieved through distribution with a technological, nonhuman sensing AI. This study draws on video-recorded data in which visually impaired persons (VIPs) use a smartphone with a computer vision-based app while grocery shopping in a supermarket. Based on video ethnography, ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (EMCA), they show the orderly, practical organization of four specific practices: (1) fleeting glancing; (2) searching; (3) identifying; and (4) locating. In the examples, these ordinary human practices for achieving visual information are done while using the technology as a handheld ‘eye’. This research contributes to studies in visual impairment, visuospatial organization and the use of AI consumer products in a context of cultural practices for accomplishing the act of looking at and picking up grocery products. The article contributes new knowledge on visuality by expanding the concept of distributed perception and by suggesting a praxeological respecification of achieving visuospatial perception as an action in the world.
看和注视意味着什么?不用眼睛也能进行看和望?本文通过使用视频人种学方法对人类视觉、视觉障碍和计算机视觉技术进行实证视觉研究,为视觉传播研究做出贡献。这些课题从根本上重新定义了视觉的概念、视觉和物质文化的作用,并探索了社会和文化世界中的视觉交流手段。在这篇文章中,作者通过实证研究展示了 "看 "和 "看 "并非人类独有的能力,而是可以通过与技术、非人类传感人工智能的分配来实现的信息现象,从而推进了对视觉性和视觉的理解。本研究借鉴了视障人士(VIPs)在超市购物时使用带有计算机视觉应用程序的智能手机的视频录像数据。基于视频人种学、人种方法学和会话分析(EMCA),他们展示了四种具体做法的有序性和实用性组织:(1)稍纵即逝的一瞥;(2)搜索;(3)识别;以及(4)定位。在这些例子中,人类获取视觉信息的这些普通做法都是在将技术用作手持 "眼睛 "的情况下完成的。这项研究有助于研究视觉障碍、视觉空间组织以及在完成查看和拿起杂货产品这一行为的文化实践背景下使用人工智能消费产品。文章扩展了分布式感知的概念,并提出了将实现视觉空间感知作为世界行动的实践论重新定义,从而为视觉性研究提供了新的知识。
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引用次数: 0
Visualizing dementia and stigma: a scoping review of the literature 痴呆症与耻辱感的可视化:文献综述
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/14703572241245587
Emma Putland, Gavin Brookes
Discursive choices are recognized by both academic and dementia communities as being central to the perpetuation (or challenging) of dementia-related stigma. Yet, the focus of the vast majority of research on the discursive dynamics of dementia stigma to date has been on the role of language only, effectively failing to regard the multimodal reality of discourse. The present study aims to address this gap by conducting a scoping review of the smaller, and relatively more recent, body of literature that has examined visual modes of communication. The authors ask the following questions: (1) What theories of stigma have informed or guided studies of visual representations of dementia and people with dementia? (2) What visual features of representations of dementia and people with dementia might contribute to and/or challenge dementia stigma? Using Scopus, PubMed, PsychInfo and Google Scholar, 10 papers published between January 2000 and July 2023 were selected and thematically synthesized. The authors found that most studies had limited or no engagement with specific stigma theories, although the general principle of establishing or challenging distance between an in-group (‘us’) and out-group (‘them’) informed many of the analyses. Visual features with the potential to contribute to stigma tended to impersonalize people with dementia through foregrounding visual markers of dementia (oftentimes emphasizing loss and/or the brain) and establishing symbolic distance between viewers/other represented participants and people with dementia. This distance could be achieved through visual framing techniques (regarding angle, gaze, colour, setting) which, for instance, could subtly position people with dementia as the ‘living dead’. There was much less focus on visual features with the potential to challenge stigma, which together emphasized social connection, transformation and taking the perspective of someone with dementia. Turning to reception, another potential aspect of challenging stigma was reinterpreting supposedly ‘stigmatizing’ images. In this article, these findings are interpreted in relation to the broader stigma literature and implications for future research and advocacy efforts are discussed.
学术界和痴呆症群体都认识到,话语选择是痴呆症相关成见得以延续(或受到挑战)的核心因素。然而,迄今为止,绝大多数有关痴呆症病耻感的话语动态研究都只关注语言的作用,实际上没有考虑到话语的多模态现实。本研究旨在弥补这一不足,对较少且相对较新的研究视觉交流模式的文献进行了范围界定。作者提出了以下问题:(1) 哪些成见理论为痴呆症和痴呆症患者的视觉表征研究提供了信息或指导?(2) 有关痴呆症和痴呆症患者的视觉表征的哪些特征可能会助长和/或挑战痴呆症成见?作者利用 Scopus、PubMed、PsychInfo 和 Google Scholar,选取了 2000 年 1 月至 2023 年 7 月间发表的 10 篇论文,并进行了专题综合。作者发现,大多数研究对特定成见理论的研究有限或根本没有涉及,尽管许多分析都遵循了在本群体("我们")和外群体("他们")之间建立或挑战距离的一般原则。有可能导致成见的视觉特征倾向于通过突出痴呆症的视觉标志(通常强调损失和/或大脑)以及在观众/其他有代表性的参与者与痴呆症患者之间建立象征性的距离,将痴呆症患者非个人化。这种距离可以通过视觉构图技巧(角度、视线、色彩、背景)来实现,例如,可以巧妙地将痴呆症患者定位为 "活死人"。对于有可能挑战成见的视觉特征的关注要少得多,这些特征共同强调了社会联系、转变和从痴呆症患者的角度看问题。至于接受,挑战成见的另一个潜在方面是重新诠释所谓的 "污名化 "图像。本文将结合更广泛的成见文献对这些发现进行解读,并讨论其对未来研究和宣传工作的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Facing cancer: metaphors in medical animation films 直面癌症:医学动画电影中的隐喻
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1177/14703572241229061
Nina Gebraad, Charles Forceville
Conceptual Metaphor Theory claims that metaphors are a key instrument for making abstract and complex phenomena comprehensible. Cancer, one of the deadliest diseases in the world, is one such complex phenomenon. Hitherto, metaphors pertaining to the nature and treatment of cancer, and to coping with it, have been analysed almost exclusively in verbal communication. Cancer metaphors, however, are also often audio-visualized in animations. In this article, the authors analyse the metaphors in 30 short medical animation films. Their purpose is twofold: (1) to assess whether these animations feature the same metaphors as those prevailing in the verbal texts analysed in earlier research; and (2) to show how animation provides medium-specific ways to present metaphors related to ‘dealing with cancer’. They end the article with reflections on challenges with respect to the identification and categorization of metaphors in animated films to help future researchers, and with some cautious recommendations for possible practical uses of understanding cancer metaphors in animations.
概念隐喻理论(Conceptual Metaphor Theory)认为,隐喻是使抽象而复杂的现象变得通俗易懂的重要工具。癌症作为世界上最致命的疾病之一,就是这样一种复杂的现象。迄今为止,有关癌症的性质和治疗以及应对癌症的隐喻几乎都是在口头交流中进行分析的。然而,癌症隐喻也经常在动画中被视听化。在本文中,作者分析了 30 部医学动画短片中的隐喻。他们的目的有两个:(1) 评估这些动画中的隐喻是否与早期研究中分析的口头文本中的隐喻相同;(2) 展示动画如何提供特定的媒介方式来呈现与 "应对癌症 "相关的隐喻。文章最后,他们对动画电影中隐喻的识别和分类所面临的挑战进行了反思,以帮助未来的研究人员,并对理解动画中的癌症隐喻可能的实际用途提出了一些谨慎的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Intersemiotic emergence in sketchbook-mediated design learning 以草图本为媒介的设计学习中的交际涌现
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1177/14703572231206462
D.A. Restrepo-Quevedo, Roberto Cuervo, Juanita Gonzalez-Tobon, Jorge Camacho, Edgar Hernandez
This article presents the concept of intersemiotic emergence as a didactic strategy for design learning, discussed from the perspective of social semiotics and communication studies. With this strategy, students orchestrate autotelic relationships using modes and personalized semiotic resources. The primary value of intersemiotic emergence lies in its efficiency in making sense of the lecturer’s concepts during the design process. The selected sample of design materials was created in the context of two degree programmes – industrial design and graphic design – at two prominent Colombian universities. The methodological design uses an interpretive hermeneutical approach to identify this didactic strategy by analysing a cognitive artifact typical of design learning, the student’s sketchbook. This artifact shows students’ externalization processes, mental model transformations and meaning construction as a form of evolution. The review of iterated samples of the same exercise over a period allowed identifying and characterizing the intersemiotic emergence. In the sketchbooks, the authors found that a student’s mental model evolves due to the interaction between the semiotic resources of the conceptual models used, the mental models of the field in their training process and their experience in the field. This evolution causes the student to mature and produce their own autonomous and personalized externalization whose value resides in its production. The externalization enables students to construct meaning their way, integrating and defining coding and interpretation levels from their understandings of the symbolic field in which they are studying. This process results in the so-called intersemiotic emergence.
本文从社会符号学和传播学的角度,介绍了作为设计学习教学策略的 "符号间涌现 "概念。通过这一策略,学生可以利用模式和个性化的符号资源协调自洽关系。跨符号出现的主要价值在于,它能在设计过程中有效地理解讲师的概念。所选的设计材料样本是在哥伦比亚两所著名大学的两个学位课程--工业设计和平面设计--中产生的。方法设计采用了解释学的诠释方法,通过分析设计学习的典型认知工具--学生的草图本,来确定这种教学策略。该工具显示了学生的外化过程、心智模式转换和意义建构的演变形式。通过对一段时间内同一练习的重复样本进行审查,可以识别和描述交际的出现。作者发现,在草图本中,学生的心智模式会因所用概念模型的符号资源、培训过程中的实地心智模式和实地经验之间的相互作用而发生演变。这种演变使学生走向成熟,并产生自己的自主和个性化的外化,其价值在于外化的产生。这种外化使学生能够以自己的方式建构意义,从他们对所学符号领域的理解中整合并确定编码和解释层次。这一过程产生了所谓的 "语际出现"(intersemiotic emergence)。
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引用次数: 0
Visual-related conflicts in close relationships 亲密关系中与视觉有关的冲突
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1177/14703572231213936
Federico Lucchesi, Katharina Lobinger
This study explores visual-related conflicts, that is, interpersonal conflicts arising from the problematic use of visual communication and visual practices in close relationships. A total of 90 semi-structured pair and individual in-depth interviews with romantic partners and friends were conducted by applying a repertoire-oriented approach. The article explores how the polysemic nature of visuals and different visual practices (e.g. sharing, archiving and deleting visuals), especially related to mundane everyday visual content, contribute to conflictual situations among partners and friends. Specifically, the results highlight that visual-related conflicts occur around miscommunication through interpersonal communication, non-negotiation around visual sharing, not including partners in online relational presentations, online monitoring activities on social network sites and intrusive requests to delete visuals. This study extends the understanding of potential risks to close relationships from problematic uses of visual communication.
本研究探讨了与视觉相关的冲突,即在亲密关系中使用视觉交流和视觉实践时出现问题而导致的人际冲突。研究采用了以剧目为导向的方法,对恋爱伴侣和朋友进行了共 90 次半结构化的配对和单独深度访谈。文章探讨了视觉的多义性和不同的视觉实践(如分享、存档和删除视觉内容),尤其是与日常平凡的视觉内容有关的视觉实践,是如何导致伴侣和朋友之间的冲突情况的。具体而言,研究结果强调,与视觉相关的冲突主要发生在人际沟通中的误解、围绕视觉共享的不协商、不将伴侣纳入在线关系展示、社交网站上的在线监控活动以及删除视觉内容的侵入性要求。这项研究拓展了人们对有问题地使用视觉交流给亲密关系带来的潜在风险的认识。
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引用次数: 0
A computer-assisted analysis of image representations of obesity: comparing UK news content with the World Obesity Federation Image Bank 肥胖症图像表现的计算机辅助分析:英国新闻内容与世界肥胖联合会图像库的比较
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/14703572231209481
Luke C Collins, Paul Baker
Visual representations in news media contribute to the social construction of health concerns such as obesity. Media representations of obesity, however, have been shown to be stigmatizing, focusing on disembodied abdomens or depicting people in ill-fitting clothing, for example. In addition, analyses of image representations have typically focused on small datasets and relied upon inductive thematic coding. This article presents the application of Google Cloud Vision – an automated image annotation tool – to a collection of images collected from articles on obesity in the UK press. In addition, the World Obesity Federation (WOF) has produced an image bank designed to support journalists in offering respectable depictions of people with obesity, alongside its general guidelines for media representations. The authors compare the images from the news with the WOF Image Bank, on the basis of the tags generated by Google Cloud Vision. They use corpus methods to highlight frequently occurring tags that demonstrate similarities and differences between what is represented in the news and what is provided by the WOF. They observe only minimal consistencies between the datasets in that, while both image collections often depict people with obesity in relation to food, the WOF Image Bank provides a greater variety of activities that include food purchase and preparation. In the news, the analysis finds a greater occurrence of ‘body positive’ representations but also a continuation of the focus on abdomens and pinched skin. In the WOF Image Bank, the authors observe more ‘body neutral’ representations, with people engaged in a greater range of recreational activities and socializing with others. The article reflects on the utility of Vision as an automatic tool for capturing salient elements of visual representations in images.
新闻媒体的视觉表现有助于对肥胖等健康问题进行社会建构。然而,媒体对肥胖的表述已被证明具有污名化的倾向,例如,将重点放在没有实体的腹部或穿着不合身衣服的人身上。此外,对图像表征的分析通常侧重于小型数据集,并依赖于归纳式主题编码。本文介绍了谷歌云视觉(一种自动图像标注工具)在英国报刊肥胖相关文章中收集的图像集中的应用。此外,世界肥胖联合会(WOF)制作了一个图片库,旨在支持记者对肥胖症患者进行可敬的描述,同时还提供了媒体表现的一般指南。作者根据谷歌云视觉生成的标签,将新闻图片与 WOF 图片库进行了比较。他们使用语料库方法来突出经常出现的标签,这些标签显示了新闻中的表现与 WOF 提供的表现之间的异同。他们观察到两个数据集之间只有极少的一致性,即虽然两个图像集都经常描绘与食物有关的肥胖症患者,但 WOF 图像库提供了更多种类的活动,包括购买和准备食物。在新闻中,分析发现 "身体正面 "的表现更多,但也继续关注腹部和紧绷的皮肤。在 WOF 图片库中,作者观察到更多的 "身体中性 "表现,人们参与了更多的娱乐活动和与他人的社交活动。文章探讨了 "视觉 "作为一种自动工具,在图像中捕捉视觉表现突出元素的实用性。
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引用次数: 0
Representing Her Trajectory: reflections on an arts-based research on women migration and data visualization 表现她的轨迹:对以艺术为基础的妇女移民和数据可视化研究的思考
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1177/14703572231210964
Hong Zeng
In recent decades, women have increasingly left their countries of origin, leading to an increase in transnational migration. Her Trajectory (2020), a project created by the author, represents women migrants’ paths, affects and experiences through counter-mapping and data visualization. Presented in web form (see https://hertrajectory.com/ ), this arts-based research project shows the migratory trajectories of 18 women participants by placing them and their personal objects onto a map, alongside their own object narratives. This article reflects on how the aesthetics and deployment of the textual, visual and kinetic designs re-humanizes migrants through their own narratives. The article also discusses how arts-based research could encourage participants to contribute their vernacular creativity to emotively transform migration studies.
近几十年来,越来越多的妇女离开原籍国,导致跨国移民的增加。她的轨迹(2020 年)"是作者创作的一个项目,通过反绘图和数据可视化的方式展现了女性移民的轨迹、影响和经历。这个以艺术为基础的研究项目以网络形式呈现(见 https://hertrajectory.com/ ),通过将 18 名女性参与者及其个人物品与她们自己的物品叙述放在地图上,展示了她们的移民轨迹。这篇文章探讨了文字、视觉和动感设计的美学和运用如何通过移民自己的叙述使她们重新获得人性。文章还讨论了以艺术为基础的研究如何鼓励参与者贡献自己的本土创造力,以情感化的方式改变移民研究。
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引用次数: 0
Visual Communication is proud to announce its Early Career Research Scholarship 视觉传达》荣幸地宣布设立 "早期职业研究奖学金"。
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.1177/14703572231212300
Louise Ravelli, Janina Wildfeuer
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引用次数: 0
Authentic Roman type: historical legacies in contemporary Rome’s city brand 原汁原味的罗马风格:当代罗马城市品牌中的历史遗产
IF 1.5 2区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1177/14703572231199973
Stefano Presutti
Typography has always played a key role in the creation of visual identity for socio-political or commercial purposes. Today there is a growing awareness that typographic features convey social meanings in brand logos of a specific territory and community. This study examines how the idea of authenticity related to the history of the city of Rome can be visually transmitted by the presence of traditional types in its city brand. Adopting an historical, metapragmatic and empirical approach, the findings of an interview with the typographic designer of the city brand suggest that traditional typefaces can emblematize and iconize an idea of solemnity and prestige linked to the city that played a fundamental role in the typographic evolution of the Latin alphabet.
在为社会政治或商业目的创造视觉形象的过程中,文字设计一直扮演着重要角色。如今,越来越多的人意识到,在特定地区和社区的品牌标识中,字体特征传递着社会意义。本研究探讨了如何通过罗马城市品牌中传统字体的存在,在视觉上传递与罗马城历史相关的真实性理念。采用历史、形而上学和实证的方法,对该城市品牌字体设计者的访谈结果表明,传统字体可以将与这座城市相关的庄严和声望的理念象征化和符号化,而这座城市在拉丁字母的字体演变中发挥了根本性的作用。
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引用次数: 1
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Visual Communication
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