Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2022.2051894
A. F. Holl
Abstract Current humanity is experiencing extraordinary levels of material and ideal connectivity. Change being constant and stability exceptional and provisional; one has to expect a significant acceleration of change in the next hundred years. The core question is therefore: What kind of future is being shaped for the next generations, our grandchildren and greatgrand children? Without going too far back in time, it is fair to say that the current world was shaped by two different, successive and antinomic global processes: imperial expansion, colonization and domination on the one hand, and resistance, struggle for liberation, and the search for a more equitable world order on the other hand. Against all the odds, European imperialism, civil war, wars of aggression, and Western ostracism, China was an influential actor in the struggle for liberation of Africa from colonialism, got its rightful place in the international world order and is now the second economy of the planet. Globalization resulted in the emergence of a de facto multipolar world, with different models of societies and organizational cultures. These are dialectic processes constantly in operation, but there is however a third crucial area of interest, generally taken granted, that of people and culture. Peaceful relations and sustainable economic development backed by greater cultural and demographic connectivity are better options for the construction of a novel future for humanity. Universities and higher education institutions can play an important role in spearheading and implementing these new orientations for the construction of a future peaceful and sustainable human world in which war will be outlawed. This paper outlines what academics can do to promote such a vision.
{"title":"Building a Novel Future: Connecting Peoples and Cultures","authors":"A. F. Holl","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2022.2051894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2022.2051894","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Current humanity is experiencing extraordinary levels of material and ideal connectivity. Change being constant and stability exceptional and provisional; one has to expect a significant acceleration of change in the next hundred years. The core question is therefore: What kind of future is being shaped for the next generations, our grandchildren and greatgrand children? Without going too far back in time, it is fair to say that the current world was shaped by two different, successive and antinomic global processes: imperial expansion, colonization and domination on the one hand, and resistance, struggle for liberation, and the search for a more equitable world order on the other hand. Against all the odds, European imperialism, civil war, wars of aggression, and Western ostracism, China was an influential actor in the struggle for liberation of Africa from colonialism, got its rightful place in the international world order and is now the second economy of the planet. Globalization resulted in the emergence of a de facto multipolar world, with different models of societies and organizational cultures. These are dialectic processes constantly in operation, but there is however a third crucial area of interest, generally taken granted, that of people and culture. Peaceful relations and sustainable economic development backed by greater cultural and demographic connectivity are better options for the construction of a novel future for humanity. Universities and higher education institutions can play an important role in spearheading and implementing these new orientations for the construction of a future peaceful and sustainable human world in which war will be outlawed. This paper outlines what academics can do to promote such a vision.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":"43 1","pages":"194 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43921591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2022.2051892
Huang Ping
Abstract Community is an important part of people’s life and a major link in social structure and social networks, so it directly affects the integration and order of society as a whole. The nature of community is the foundation on which a community and society can exist and develop. Traditional resources should be activated under market economy conditions. As well, we should take the overall and long-term interests of human beings as the fundamental reason and goal. The thinking about the rural areas governance in China largely falls into the category of developmentalism, only (or mainly) emphasizing the economic growth in rural areas, and the construction of the nature of community has been neglected. To build a xiaokang society in an all-round way, in concrete situations, is how to re-build communities.
{"title":"Pursuing the Nature of Community: Community Building Practice and Reflections","authors":"Huang Ping","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2022.2051892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2022.2051892","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Community is an important part of people’s life and a major link in social structure and social networks, so it directly affects the integration and order of society as a whole. The nature of community is the foundation on which a community and society can exist and develop. Traditional resources should be activated under market economy conditions. As well, we should take the overall and long-term interests of human beings as the fundamental reason and goal. The thinking about the rural areas governance in China largely falls into the category of developmentalism, only (or mainly) emphasizing the economic growth in rural areas, and the construction of the nature of community has been neglected. To build a xiaokang society in an all-round way, in concrete situations, is how to re-build communities.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":"43 1","pages":"161 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44210457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2022.2051353
Zhan Wanming, Liu Yingqiu
Abstract Ever since China implemented its reform and opening up policy in the late 1970s, it has engaged in theoretical and practice-based innovations in the development of its private sector. China has experienced four evolutionary stages of private sector development and theoretical innovation: from proposing that the private sector was “subsidiary and complementary to the socialist public sector,” to elevating it to the heights of China’s “basic economic system”; from adhering to the principle of “the two unwaverings,” i.e., unwaveringly consolidating and developing the public sector on the one hand, and unwaveringly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector on the other; and thence to further stating explicitly that “private enterprises and private sector entrepreneurs are one of us; they are socialist.” New theories of private sector development have been created in response to the inherent requirements of the primary stage of socialism, to the choice of the correct path to common prosperity, and to the human behavioral rationality and the laws governing people’s interest claims. The private sector is an important achievement of the development of the socialist market economy; an important force promoting the development of the socialist market economy; and an important actor in the building of the modern economic system. Creating new theories of private sector development has opened up a new realm for Marxist political economy.
{"title":"Creating a New Chinese Discourse on Political Economy: The Innovative Development of China’s Private Sector Theory","authors":"Zhan Wanming, Liu Yingqiu","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2022.2051353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2022.2051353","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ever since China implemented its reform and opening up policy in the late 1970s, it has engaged in theoretical and practice-based innovations in the development of its private sector. China has experienced four evolutionary stages of private sector development and theoretical innovation: from proposing that the private sector was “subsidiary and complementary to the socialist public sector,” to elevating it to the heights of China’s “basic economic system”; from adhering to the principle of “the two unwaverings,” i.e., unwaveringly consolidating and developing the public sector on the one hand, and unwaveringly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector on the other; and thence to further stating explicitly that “private enterprises and private sector entrepreneurs are one of us; they are socialist.” New theories of private sector development have been created in response to the inherent requirements of the primary stage of socialism, to the choice of the correct path to common prosperity, and to the human behavioral rationality and the laws governing people’s interest claims. The private sector is an important achievement of the development of the socialist market economy; an important force promoting the development of the socialist market economy; and an important actor in the building of the modern economic system. Creating new theories of private sector development has opened up a new realm for Marxist political economy.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":" ","pages":"4 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46580753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2022.2051356
Wan Yi
Abstract Administrative license is closely related to validity judgments on civil juristic acts. In terms of civil law, an administrative organ, under administrative license, allows citizens, legal persons or other organizations to engage in specific activities. Some of these activities fall under approved factual acts; some are approved civil juristic acts; and some depend on the particular situation, sometimes belonging to factual acts, sometimes to civil juristic acts. Correspondingly, some provisions for administrative license found in law or administrative regulations are mandatory provisions falling under simple norms; some are mandatory provisions falling under complex norms; and some depend on the particular situation, sometimes belonging to the former and sometimes to the latter. Where a party intends to rule out the application of such mandatory provisions by virtue of agreement on the intent of the civil juristic act, Article 153 (2) of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China shall be cited to hold that the agreement is absolutely invalid. Where the civil juristic act of a party violates mandatory provisions falling under complex norms, Article 153 (1) of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China shall be invoked to judge its validity.
{"title":"The Significance of Administrative License in Civil Law","authors":"Wan Yi","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2022.2051356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2022.2051356","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Administrative license is closely related to validity judgments on civil juristic acts. In terms of civil law, an administrative organ, under administrative license, allows citizens, legal persons or other organizations to engage in specific activities. Some of these activities fall under approved factual acts; some are approved civil juristic acts; and some depend on the particular situation, sometimes belonging to factual acts, sometimes to civil juristic acts. Correspondingly, some provisions for administrative license found in law or administrative regulations are mandatory provisions falling under simple norms; some are mandatory provisions falling under complex norms; and some depend on the particular situation, sometimes belonging to the former and sometimes to the latter. Where a party intends to rule out the application of such mandatory provisions by virtue of agreement on the intent of the civil juristic act, Article 153 (2) of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China shall be cited to hold that the agreement is absolutely invalid. Where the civil juristic act of a party violates mandatory provisions falling under complex norms, Article 153 (1) of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China shall be invoked to judge its validity.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":"43 1","pages":"53 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48910339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2022.2051893
Helga Zepp-laRouche
Abstract The world seems to be divided at this point into two camps. If the world is to become a community with a shared future for mankind, then the growing conflict between these two camps must be overcome. China is presently the only country that has a clear, exciting vision for the future. Given its incredible record of success, especially during the last forty years, there is every reason to assume that this goal has overwhelming chances of being reached. The main problem, however, is that the proponents of the liberal system regard the Chinese model as a rival and even adversary to their own system, and they are determined to contain the further rise of China. One of the essential keys to solving the strategic dilemma is to enter into a cultural dialogue around those high points in the cultural tradition of the different cultures which did bring mankind a step further.
{"title":"A Chinese Contribution to Universal History, Viewed from the Future","authors":"Helga Zepp-laRouche","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2022.2051893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2022.2051893","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The world seems to be divided at this point into two camps. If the world is to become a community with a shared future for mankind, then the growing conflict between these two camps must be overcome. China is presently the only country that has a clear, exciting vision for the future. Given its incredible record of success, especially during the last forty years, there is every reason to assume that this goal has overwhelming chances of being reached. The main problem, however, is that the proponents of the liberal system regard the Chinese model as a rival and even adversary to their own system, and they are determined to contain the further rise of China. One of the essential keys to solving the strategic dilemma is to enter into a cultural dialogue around those high points in the cultural tradition of the different cultures which did bring mankind a step further.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":"43 1","pages":"149 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44397949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2021.2003597
Yang Jijun
Abstract Using a value-added accounting framework, we conducted empirical research to analyze product value-added in accordance with the principle of value-sourcing and value-absorption areas, so as to decode “the trade-comovement puzzle.” As our study shows, value-added trade can provide a significant positive stimulus for the economic comovement, but it is marked by asymmetry between hub and spoke countries with the former having a pivotal role. Our analysis of cohesive subgroups indicates that cohesive subgroups and value-added trade are complementary. When bilateral countries belong to the same subgroup, the intensity of their value-added trade exerts an increasing influence on the economic comovement. China has adopted a non-equilibrium opening up strategy and has actively boosted value-added linkages with hub countries; its utilization of the correlative effect of economic growth will enable it to achieve convergence with the growth of high-income economies. At the same time, China is taking advantage of being the core node in the Belt and Road trade network and is continuing to boost the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, providing channels for countries along the Belt and Road to integrate into the global value-added system of division of labor and building a global economic environment that features win-win collaboration and co-development.
{"title":"The Impact of Value-Added Trade on Global Economic Comovement","authors":"Yang Jijun","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2021.2003597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2021.2003597","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using a value-added accounting framework, we conducted empirical research to analyze product value-added in accordance with the principle of value-sourcing and value-absorption areas, so as to decode “the trade-comovement puzzle.” As our study shows, value-added trade can provide a significant positive stimulus for the economic comovement, but it is marked by asymmetry between hub and spoke countries with the former having a pivotal role. Our analysis of cohesive subgroups indicates that cohesive subgroups and value-added trade are complementary. When bilateral countries belong to the same subgroup, the intensity of their value-added trade exerts an increasing influence on the economic comovement. China has adopted a non-equilibrium opening up strategy and has actively boosted value-added linkages with hub countries; its utilization of the correlative effect of economic growth will enable it to achieve convergence with the growth of high-income economies. At the same time, China is taking advantage of being the core node in the Belt and Road trade network and is continuing to boost the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, providing channels for countries along the Belt and Road to integrate into the global value-added system of division of labor and building a global economic environment that features win-win collaboration and co-development.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":"42 1","pages":"73 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46014467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2021.2003601
L. Jianmin
Abstract The year 2021 marks the 30th anniversary of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Russia’s transition from a planned to a market economy. It is also the 25th anniversary of the announcement of a strategic partnership of cooperation between China and Russia and the 20th anniversary of the signing of the China-Russia Treaty of Good Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation. Therefore, 2021 is especially important both in terms of the development of contemporary Russia and the evolution of China-Russia relations. As the transitional economy of a great power, the Russian economy has distinctive characteristics; analysis of its economic transition and development over the past thirty years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, and especially in the period since Putin took office, is of immediate significance for observing the development of the Russian economy. At present, the profound changes the world is undergoing and alterations in the external environment present increasing uncertainties and obstacles to China-Russia economic and trade cooperation. This paper introduces the present state of China-Russia economic and trade cooperation and analyzes the new challenges and opportunities for future bilateral cooperation.
{"title":"Contemporary Russia’s Economic Transition and Development and China-Russia Economic and Trade Cooperation","authors":"L. Jianmin","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2021.2003601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2021.2003601","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The year 2021 marks the 30th anniversary of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Russia’s transition from a planned to a market economy. It is also the 25th anniversary of the announcement of a strategic partnership of cooperation between China and Russia and the 20th anniversary of the signing of the China-Russia Treaty of Good Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation. Therefore, 2021 is especially important both in terms of the development of contemporary Russia and the evolution of China-Russia relations. As the transitional economy of a great power, the Russian economy has distinctive characteristics; analysis of its economic transition and development over the past thirty years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, and especially in the period since Putin took office, is of immediate significance for observing the development of the Russian economy. At present, the profound changes the world is undergoing and alterations in the external environment present increasing uncertainties and obstacles to China-Russia economic and trade cooperation. This paper introduces the present state of China-Russia economic and trade cooperation and analyzes the new challenges and opportunities for future bilateral cooperation.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":"42 1","pages":"158 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47901984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2021.2003600
Shen Shiliang
Thirty years ago, the world’s socialist camp began to disintegrate, the landmark event being the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991. Notwithstanding, China, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba adhered to the socialist road and carried out distinctive socialist reforms in accordance with their own national conditions, achieving varying degrees of success. At the same time, Mongolia and the Soviet countries, including Russia, abandoned socialism and implemented comprehensive transformations in the political, diplomatic, economic, and social fields. Eastern European countries and the former Soviet Union’s Baltic states quickly joined NATO after shifting their political and diplomatic focus to the West and began to show hostility to Russia in military terms. This abrupt change in military relations was the inevitable result of their political and diplomatic transformation. Many years ago, a popular saying circulated to the effect that political transformation takes several days, diplomatic transformation several weeks, economic transformation several months, and social transformation several years. However, this adage may apply to small Eastern European countries, but it does not apply to Russia. It has taken Russia more than ten years to complete the “four transformations,” but it has not yet embarked on a “Russian path” with its own characteristics. Political transformation In terms of political transformation, it took Russia more than two years, starting from the August 19th incident in 1991, to remove “Soviet,” “Socialist” and “Union” from the “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,” the three core terms denoting the USSR political system. The removal of the three words represented the completion of Russia’s political transformation, marking the formation of a bureaucratic capitalist system. In return for the support provided by the “seven oligarchs,” Yeltsin, the then President of Russia, not only involved them in political and personnel decision-making, but also awarded them senior government posts. For example, one of the seven oligarchs, Vladimir Potanin, served as the First Deputy Prime Minister of the federal government overseeing Russia’s economic reforms, and Boris Berezovsky, another of the seven oligarchs, was a former Deputy Secretary of the Federal Security Council and oversaw national security affairs.
{"title":"SPECIAL ISSUE: Contemporary Russia: Development and Transformation Introduction","authors":"Shen Shiliang","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2021.2003600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2021.2003600","url":null,"abstract":"Thirty years ago, the world’s socialist camp began to disintegrate, the landmark event being the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991. Notwithstanding, China, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba adhered to the socialist road and carried out distinctive socialist reforms in accordance with their own national conditions, achieving varying degrees of success. At the same time, Mongolia and the Soviet countries, including Russia, abandoned socialism and implemented comprehensive transformations in the political, diplomatic, economic, and social fields. Eastern European countries and the former Soviet Union’s Baltic states quickly joined NATO after shifting their political and diplomatic focus to the West and began to show hostility to Russia in military terms. This abrupt change in military relations was the inevitable result of their political and diplomatic transformation. Many years ago, a popular saying circulated to the effect that political transformation takes several days, diplomatic transformation several weeks, economic transformation several months, and social transformation several years. However, this adage may apply to small Eastern European countries, but it does not apply to Russia. It has taken Russia more than ten years to complete the “four transformations,” but it has not yet embarked on a “Russian path” with its own characteristics. Political transformation In terms of political transformation, it took Russia more than two years, starting from the August 19th incident in 1991, to remove “Soviet,” “Socialist” and “Union” from the “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,” the three core terms denoting the USSR political system. The removal of the three words represented the completion of Russia’s political transformation, marking the formation of a bureaucratic capitalist system. In return for the support provided by the “seven oligarchs,” Yeltsin, the then President of Russia, not only involved them in political and personnel decision-making, but also awarded them senior government posts. For example, one of the seven oligarchs, Vladimir Potanin, served as the First Deputy Prime Minister of the federal government overseeing Russia’s economic reforms, and Boris Berezovsky, another of the seven oligarchs, was a former Deputy Secretary of the Federal Security Council and oversaw national security affairs.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":"42 1","pages":"153 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43588430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2021.1971403
Yuan Guangkuo
Abstract The Yellow River has always been known for “easily silting up, easily bursting its banks, and easily shifting course” and its course has indeed changed many times. It did not undergo any large-scale course changes during the pre-Qin period, but instead followed the course given in the “Hanzhi 汉 志 (Treatises in the Book of Han).” The river recorded in the Yugong 禹 贡 (Tribute of Yu) is actually the Hanzhi river, and the he (river) recorded in the Yugong that passed through the counties of Xunxian and Neihuang actually followed the former course of the Qi River. The Yellow River’s large-scale course changes began in the Han dynasty. After two thousand years of frequent changes, a 6-15 meters thick layer of sediment formed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, completely altering the natural landscape of hills, rivers and lakes that had existed in the pre-Qin lower Yellow River, and finally shaping today’s landscape of an endless plain. The course changes brought about a rupture in the development of civilization in this area, with most cities and towns destroyed. The changes in the ecological and living environment around the lower Yellow River over thousands of years were apparently related to the flooding and course changes of the Yellow River, but in reality were caused by human over-exploitation of natural resources.
{"title":"An Archaeological Perspective on Changes in the Course of the Yellow River and Changes in Civilization","authors":"Yuan Guangkuo","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2021.1971403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2021.1971403","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Yellow River has always been known for “easily silting up, easily bursting its banks, and easily shifting course” and its course has indeed changed many times. It did not undergo any large-scale course changes during the pre-Qin period, but instead followed the course given in the “Hanzhi 汉 志 (Treatises in the Book of Han).” The river recorded in the Yugong 禹 贡 (Tribute of Yu) is actually the Hanzhi river, and the he (river) recorded in the Yugong that passed through the counties of Xunxian and Neihuang actually followed the former course of the Qi River. The Yellow River’s large-scale course changes began in the Han dynasty. After two thousand years of frequent changes, a 6-15 meters thick layer of sediment formed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, completely altering the natural landscape of hills, rivers and lakes that had existed in the pre-Qin lower Yellow River, and finally shaping today’s landscape of an endless plain. The course changes brought about a rupture in the development of civilization in this area, with most cities and towns destroyed. The changes in the ecological and living environment around the lower Yellow River over thousands of years were apparently related to the flooding and course changes of the Yellow River, but in reality were caused by human over-exploitation of natural resources.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":"42 1","pages":"114 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42138431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02529203.2021.2003603
Liang Shuhua
Abstract The Russian ecosystem is a complex consisting of the Arctic marine ecosystem, the tundra, forest, steppe, mountain and island ecosystems, as well as the terrestrial and water ecosystems, the spatial ecosystem, the atmospheric ecosystem, the soil ecosystem, etc. Rather than being independent, these ecosystems are interactive. Global warming, so destructive to the global ecosystem, particularly affects Russia due to the country’s unique geographical position. It is a double-edged sword for the Russian ecosystem; it does have some beneficial effects, but on the whole, its negative consequences outweigh the benefits. Specific negative effects are the decrease in the Arctic sea ice, the increase in carbon emissions, the lessening of biodiversity, an increase in forest pests and diseases, the spread of contagious diseases, the frequency of forest fires, changes in the habitat conditions of biological species, and environmental degradation. In recent years, coping with these negative effects has become a major challenge for Russia’s sustainable development. Therefore, Russia is actively participating in international cooperation to deal with global warming and is optimizing the relevant domestic mechanisms. To ensure the stable and balanced development of society and the economy, Russia has been striving to reduce Russian greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent by 2030 compared to 1990, in order to further improve the country’s ecosystems.
{"title":"The Impact of Global Warming on Russia’s Ecological Environment","authors":"Liang Shuhua","doi":"10.1080/02529203.2021.2003603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2021.2003603","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Russian ecosystem is a complex consisting of the Arctic marine ecosystem, the tundra, forest, steppe, mountain and island ecosystems, as well as the terrestrial and water ecosystems, the spatial ecosystem, the atmospheric ecosystem, the soil ecosystem, etc. Rather than being independent, these ecosystems are interactive. Global warming, so destructive to the global ecosystem, particularly affects Russia due to the country’s unique geographical position. It is a double-edged sword for the Russian ecosystem; it does have some beneficial effects, but on the whole, its negative consequences outweigh the benefits. Specific negative effects are the decrease in the Arctic sea ice, the increase in carbon emissions, the lessening of biodiversity, an increase in forest pests and diseases, the spread of contagious diseases, the frequency of forest fires, changes in the habitat conditions of biological species, and environmental degradation. In recent years, coping with these negative effects has become a major challenge for Russia’s sustainable development. Therefore, Russia is actively participating in international cooperation to deal with global warming and is optimizing the relevant domestic mechanisms. To ensure the stable and balanced development of society and the economy, Russia has been striving to reduce Russian greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent by 2030 compared to 1990, in order to further improve the country’s ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":51743,"journal":{"name":"中国社会科学","volume":"42 1","pages":"194 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46605204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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