A controlled experiment measured native Hong Kong Cantonese speakers’ perceptions of the quality of three different simultaneous interpretations (SIs) into Cantonese. The SIs differed only in the interpreters’ accents, native in one case and non-native in the other two. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups, listening to the following versions of the SI: (1) native-accented Cantonese (control group); (2) Mandarin-accented Cantonese; (3) English-accented Cantonese. To motivate participants to listen attentively, they were told beforehand that they would take a comprehension test before assessing the quality of the SI delivery. Ten questionnaire items measuring SI quality perception were analyzed quantitatively, while any additional comments were examined qualitatively. Overall, respondents in the two groups who listened to SI delivered with a non-native accent assigned lower quality ratings on all survey items than did respondents listening to native-accented Cantonese SI. Qualitative data suggest three possible explanations for the low ratings of the two SIs with a non-native accent: (1) extra listening effort was required to understand these SIs; (2) negative stereotypes were triggered by the interpreters’ non-native accents; (3) feelings of insecurity or threat were prompted by the non-native interpreters’ ability to perform SI into Cantonese.
{"title":"Non-native accents and simultaneous interpreting quality perceptions.","authors":"A. Cheung","doi":"10.1075/INTP.15.1.02CHE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/INTP.15.1.02CHE","url":null,"abstract":"A controlled experiment measured native Hong Kong Cantonese speakers’ perceptions of the quality of three different simultaneous interpretations (SIs) into Cantonese. The SIs differed only in the interpreters’ accents, native in one case and non-native in the other two. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups, listening to the following versions of the SI: (1) native-accented Cantonese (control group); (2) Mandarin-accented Cantonese; (3) English-accented Cantonese. To motivate participants to listen attentively, they were told beforehand that they would take a comprehension test before assessing the quality of the SI delivery. Ten questionnaire items measuring SI quality perception were analyzed quantitatively, while any additional comments were examined qualitatively. Overall, respondents in the two groups who listened to SI delivered with a non-native accent assigned lower quality ratings on all survey items than did respondents listening to native-accented Cantonese SI. Qualitative data suggest three possible explanations for the low ratings of the two SIs with a non-native accent: (1) extra listening effort was required to understand these SIs; (2) negative stereotypes were triggered by the interpreters’ non-native accents; (3) feelings of insecurity or threat were prompted by the non-native interpreters’ ability to perform SI into Cantonese.","PeriodicalId":51746,"journal":{"name":"Interpreting","volume":"15 1","pages":"25-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/INTP.15.1.02CHE","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58675353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on dialogue interpreting shows that interpreters do not simply convey speech content, but also perform crucial coordinating and mediating functions. This descriptive study, which is based on PhD research conducted at the University of Manchester, explores the activity of qualified dialogue interpreters in three video-recorded parent-teacher meetings involving immigrant mothers. English and Italian are the languages used, the meetings having taken place in the UK (one case) and Italy (two cases). The study focuses on interpreters’ handling of evaluative assessment, in many cases introduced by them in the target speech as an “upgrading rendition”. Transcribed extracts are examined in a micro-analytical perspective, the dynamics of each actor’s (dis)engagement towards interlocutors being studied in relation to gaze patterns annotated by dedicated software. Results show that the interpreter actively promotes alignment between the parties; however, s/he often does so by emphasising positive considerations to the mother. The outcome of this approach is that the mother accepts, but is not encouraged to co-construct a negotiated solution: she is assimilated, not empowered.
{"title":"Dialogue interpreting as intercultural mediation: Interpreters’ use of upgrading moves in parent–teacher meetings","authors":"Elena Davitti","doi":"10.1075/INTP.15.2.02DAV","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/INTP.15.2.02DAV","url":null,"abstract":"Research on dialogue interpreting shows that interpreters do not simply convey speech content, but also perform crucial coordinating and mediating functions. This descriptive study, which is based on PhD research conducted at the University of Manchester, explores the activity of qualified dialogue interpreters in three video-recorded parent-teacher meetings involving immigrant mothers. English and Italian are the languages used, the meetings having taken place in the UK (one case) and Italy (two cases). The study focuses on interpreters’ handling of evaluative assessment, in many cases introduced by them in the target speech as an “upgrading rendition”. Transcribed extracts are examined in a micro-analytical perspective, the dynamics of each actor’s (dis)engagement towards interlocutors being studied in relation to gaze patterns annotated by dedicated software. Results show that the interpreter actively promotes alignment between the parties; however, s/he often does so by emphasising positive considerations to the mother. The outcome of this approach is that the mother accepts, but is not encouraged to co-construct a negotiated solution: she is assimilated, not empowered.","PeriodicalId":51746,"journal":{"name":"Interpreting","volume":"15 1","pages":"168-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/INTP.15.2.02DAV","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58675769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interpreters may see affinities between their own or working language(s) and others in the same family as an opening to a broader range of professional opportunities. This paper presents data from an online survey, completed by 23 mainly Australian-based interpreters for the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages. Main points include: number of accreditations (one, two or three languages); willingness to work in languages other than one’s ‘own’; and views on adapting language to the variety spoken by interlocutors (in both everyday usage and interpreted speech). Other questions examine negotiation of mismatches between ethnicity and the language variety expected by the client, as well as personal views regarding the distinctness of the three languages. Informants form three main groups: some work in one language only, with no accommodation to others; some consider the languages as separate but might accommodate to other varieties, extemporaneously or by prior arrangement; others consider that their native-speaker status in two or three languages makes accommodation superfluous. Two smaller groups (totalling four interpreters) consider substantial accommodation unnecessary: in one case they see the languages as separate but mutually understandable, in the other they see them as one single language. Quantitative data are complemented by informants’ comments.
{"title":"Interpreting in one’s own and in closely related languages: Negotiation of linguistic varieties amongst interpreters of the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages","authors":"J. Hlavac","doi":"10.1075/INTP.15.1.05HLA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/INTP.15.1.05HLA","url":null,"abstract":"Interpreters may see affinities between their own or working language(s) and others in the same family as an opening to a broader range of professional opportunities. This paper presents data from an online survey, completed by 23 mainly Australian-based interpreters for the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages. Main points include: number of accreditations (one, two or three languages); willingness to work in languages other than one’s ‘own’; and views on adapting language to the variety spoken by interlocutors (in both everyday usage and interpreted speech). Other questions examine negotiation of mismatches between ethnicity and the language variety expected by the client, as well as personal views regarding the distinctness of the three languages. Informants form three main groups: some work in one language only, with no accommodation to others; some consider the languages as separate but might accommodate to other varieties, extemporaneously or by prior arrangement; others consider that their native-speaker status in two or three languages makes accommodation superfluous. Two smaller groups (totalling four interpreters) consider substantial accommodation unnecessary: in one case they see the languages as separate but mutually understandable, in the other they see them as one single language. Quantitative data are complemented by informants’ comments.","PeriodicalId":51746,"journal":{"name":"Interpreting","volume":"15 1","pages":"94-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/INTP.15.1.05HLA","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58675633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses the topic of quality assessment in interpreting, from a perspective that defines quality as equivalent effect of source text and target text. The experimental study described uses an innovative methodology based on comprehension testing, to evaluate the widely accepted norm that an interpretation should produce the same effect — in the sense of effect on the listener’s knowledge of a specific subject — as the original. More specifically, the study compares communicative effect between a marketing-related speech of about 15 minutes in non-native English and its simultaneous interpretation into German. The comparison is thus between two directly competing modes of communication, the use of English as a lingua franca being seen by many interpreters as a threat to their profession. Three experimental runs were completed, involving an Italian speaker comfortable with English as a medium for lecturing and a total of 139 listeners attending professionally oriented Austrian university courses. Results showed that in this setting the interpretation led to a better cognitive end-result in the audience than the original speech in non-native English.
{"title":"Comparing modes of communication: The effect of English as a lingua franca vs. interpreting","authors":"Karin Reithofer","doi":"10.1075/INTP.15.1.03REI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/INTP.15.1.03REI","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the topic of quality assessment in interpreting, from a perspective that defines quality as equivalent effect of source text and target text. The experimental study described uses an innovative methodology based on comprehension testing, to evaluate the widely accepted norm that an interpretation should produce the same effect — in the sense of effect on the listener’s knowledge of a specific subject — as the original. More specifically, the study compares communicative effect between a marketing-related speech of about 15 minutes in non-native English and its simultaneous interpretation into German. The comparison is thus between two directly competing modes of communication, the use of English as a lingua franca being seen by many interpreters as a threat to their profession. Three experimental runs were completed, involving an Italian speaker comfortable with English as a medium for lecturing and a total of 139 listeners attending professionally oriented Austrian university courses. Results showed that in this setting the interpretation led to a better cognitive end-result in the audience than the original speech in non-native English.","PeriodicalId":51746,"journal":{"name":"Interpreting","volume":"6 1","pages":"48-73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/INTP.15.1.03REI","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58675519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the different functions of the quotative ‘he/she says’ in an interpreter’s renderings during four medical interviews (Dutch/Russian). First, the quotative is typically used for renderings of doctors’ turns, where it serves to signal a switch in the participation framework and to segment long discourse units by the doctor. Second, in some renderings of the patients’ turns, the quotative also has a disambiguating function, clarifying the status of the interpretation either as a literal one or as an addition to a previous summary translation. Finally, in both types of interpretation the quotative also has a distancing function. However, the situations in which this function occurs vary: in the case of doctors’ turns, distancing occurs when face-threatening or dispreferred information is being given, while in the case of patients’ turns, it serves to co-construct the typical asymmetrical doctor–patient relation.
{"title":"The quotative ‘he/she says’ in interpreted doctor–patient interaction","authors":"D. V. D. Mieroop","doi":"10.1075/INTP.14.1.05MIE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/INTP.14.1.05MIE","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the different functions of the quotative ‘he/she says’ in an interpreter’s renderings during four medical interviews (Dutch/Russian). First, the quotative is typically used for renderings of doctors’ turns, where it serves to signal a switch in the participation framework and to segment long discourse units by the doctor. Second, in some renderings of the patients’ turns, the quotative also has a disambiguating function, clarifying the status of the interpretation either as a literal one or as an addition to a previous summary translation. Finally, in both types of interpretation the quotative also has a distancing function. However, the situations in which this function occurs vary: in the case of doctors’ turns, distancing occurs when face-threatening or dispreferred information is being given, while in the case of patients’ turns, it serves to co-construct the typical asymmetrical doctor–patient relation.","PeriodicalId":51746,"journal":{"name":"Interpreting","volume":"14 1","pages":"92-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/INTP.14.1.05MIE","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58674836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the experience, perceptions and narratives of the interpreters who worked at the trial of the Madrid terrorist attacks of 11th March 2004. Using semi-structured interviews as an instrument, information was sought from the members of the interpreting team regarding their role and self-image, their relationship with other professionals during the trial, their management of emotions, pressure and possible conflict, as well as the effect of a high profile case such as this on their interpreting performance. The findings show that the interpreters were generally clear and confident about their professional role and capacity, that their working conditions were inadequate, especially at the beginning of the trial, and that the experience heightened the awareness of other court professionals with regard to interpreting. The nature of the trial, the presence of national and international media, as well as the immense responsibility the interpreters assumed in this case created an atmosphere of intense emotion and pressure. However, most of the participants in this study reported that this did not affect their professional performance.
{"title":"Complexities of high profile interpreting : the case of the Madrid train bomb trial","authors":"Anne Martin, M. Taibi","doi":"10.1075/INTP.14.2.02MAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/INTP.14.2.02MAR","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the experience, perceptions and narratives of the interpreters who worked at the trial of the Madrid terrorist attacks of 11th March 2004. Using semi-structured interviews as an instrument, information was sought from the members of the interpreting team regarding their role and self-image, their relationship with other professionals during the trial, their management of emotions, pressure and possible conflict, as well as the effect of a high profile case such as this on their interpreting performance. The findings show that the interpreters were generally clear and confident about their professional role and capacity, that their working conditions were inadequate, especially at the beginning of the trial, and that the experience heightened the awareness of other court professionals with regard to interpreting. The nature of the trial, the presence of national and international media, as well as the immense responsibility the interpreters assumed in this case created an atmosphere of intense emotion and pressure. However, most of the participants in this study reported that this did not affect their professional performance.","PeriodicalId":51746,"journal":{"name":"Interpreting","volume":"14 1","pages":"145-164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/INTP.14.2.02MAR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58675422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies of court interpreting have so far neglected interpreters’ choice of mode for interpreting question–answer dialogues, though their choice of mode may impact the way questions and answers are reproduced and received by end receivers. Typically, the (short) consecutive mode, regarded as the more complete mode, is recommended for interpreting these dialogues, because it facilitates the inclusion of features such as hesitations, discourse markers, repetitions etc. which play a significant role in identifying speaker meaning. Moreover, in courts without interpreting equipment, answers interpreted in the simultaneous (whispered) mode will be inaudible to end receivers. Nevertheless, as demonstrated in this article, which is based on a survey among court interpreters in Denmark, some interpreters ignore official recommendations and choose strategies for interpreting questions and answers which potentially hinder the flow of information between the original speaker and listener and the accurate and complete translation of original utterances. Furthermore, Danish courts seem to accept the court interpreters’ behaviour, despite its potential consequences for trial outcomes. The article discusses the reasons for this passivity and its wider implications.
{"title":"The significance of interpreting modes for question–answer dialogues in court interpreting","authors":"Bente Jacobsen","doi":"10.1075/INTP.14.2.05JAC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/INTP.14.2.05JAC","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of court interpreting have so far neglected interpreters’ choice of mode for interpreting question–answer dialogues, though their choice of mode may impact the way questions and answers are reproduced and received by end receivers. Typically, the (short) consecutive mode, regarded as the more complete mode, is recommended for interpreting these dialogues, because it facilitates the inclusion of features such as hesitations, discourse markers, repetitions etc. which play a significant role in identifying speaker meaning. Moreover, in courts without interpreting equipment, answers interpreted in the simultaneous (whispered) mode will be inaudible to end receivers. Nevertheless, as demonstrated in this article, which is based on a survey among court interpreters in Denmark, some interpreters ignore official recommendations and choose strategies for interpreting questions and answers which potentially hinder the flow of information between the original speaker and listener and the accurate and complete translation of original utterances. Furthermore, Danish courts seem to accept the court interpreters’ behaviour, despite its potential consequences for trial outcomes. The article discusses the reasons for this passivity and its wider implications.","PeriodicalId":51746,"journal":{"name":"Interpreting","volume":"14 1","pages":"217-241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/INTP.14.2.05JAC","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58675621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this age of migration, many societies are characterized by linguistic and cultural diversity. Public institutions, such as health care systems, face the challenge of integrating new arrivals, immigrants, refugees or asylum seekers, into the host society. The purpose of this study was to examine how interpreters see their work within the context of the integration of immigrants into the host society (Switzerland) in general, and into the local health system in particular. We investigated the roles that interpreters working in a Women’s Hospital in Switzerland take on and are aware of in their work. The interpreters described four main roles: word-for-word interpreting, intercultural explanation, building patient–provider relationships, and accompanying immigrant patients. An additional cross-cutting theme emerged: interpreters facilitating the integration of immigration. Only the first of these is generally regarded as their “official” role. The interpreters take on the additional roles as necessary during a consultation, in response to the needs of the patient and the health professionals. Further discussion is needed about whether these additional roles should be recognized and promoted as part of their work since they are important and there is no one else to take them on. Interpreters who take on the additional roles related to integration have the potential to be important actors in health care services whose patient populations that are increasingly linguistically and culturally diverse.
{"title":"Staying in the middle: A qualitative study of health care interpreters’ perceptions of their work","authors":"A. Bischoff, Elisabeth Kurth, A. Henley","doi":"10.1075/INTP.14.1.01BIS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/INTP.14.1.01BIS","url":null,"abstract":"In this age of migration, many societies are characterized by linguistic and cultural diversity. Public institutions, such as health care systems, face the challenge of integrating new arrivals, immigrants, refugees or asylum seekers, into the host society. The purpose of this study was to examine how interpreters see their work within the context of the integration of immigrants into the host society (Switzerland) in general, and into the local health system in particular. We investigated the roles that interpreters working in a Women’s Hospital in Switzerland take on and are aware of in their work. The interpreters described four main roles: word-for-word interpreting, intercultural explanation, building patient–provider relationships, and accompanying immigrant patients. An additional cross-cutting theme emerged: interpreters facilitating the integration of immigration. Only the first of these is generally regarded as their “official” role. The interpreters take on the additional roles as necessary during a consultation, in response to the needs of the patient and the health professionals. Further discussion is needed about whether these additional roles should be recognized and promoted as part of their work since they are important and there is no one else to take them on. Interpreters who take on the additional roles related to integration have the potential to be important actors in health care services whose patient populations that are increasingly linguistically and culturally diverse.","PeriodicalId":51746,"journal":{"name":"Interpreting","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/INTP.14.1.01BIS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58674199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In spite of the theoretically clearly defined task of an interpreter to translate only what was said by the other interlocutors, naturally occurring data taken from interpreted interactions show quite a different picture, as many previous studies have already indicated. The discursive norms to which an interpreter orients in reality are interactionally negotiated, rather than prediscursively determined. This article analyses these norms as interactional accomplishments in interpreted interactions that took place in a Belgian home for the elderly. This is not only a setting in which community interpreting has not been studied so far, but it is also a context that is ideally suited for this research topic, since its discursive institutional norms are not as strictly defined as in many other institutional settings, thus implying room for negotiating discursive norms on a turn-by-turn basis. The results demonstrate significant variation in the way breaches of interpreting norms are dealt with, both by the interpreter and by the professional, with the latter playing a particularly important role in shaping the norms that are observed in the course of the interaction. Finally, the implications of these deviations for the particular ‘activity type’ and the interpreter’s situated identity are discussed.
{"title":"Negotiating discursive norms: Community interpreting in a Belgian rest home.","authors":"D. V. D. Mieroop, G. Bevilacqua, Lotte Van Hove","doi":"10.1075/INTP.14.1.02MIE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/INTP.14.1.02MIE","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of the theoretically clearly defined task of an interpreter to translate only what was said by the other interlocutors, naturally occurring data taken from interpreted interactions show quite a different picture, as many previous studies have already indicated. The discursive norms to which an interpreter orients in reality are interactionally negotiated, rather than prediscursively determined. This article analyses these norms as interactional accomplishments in interpreted interactions that took place in a Belgian home for the elderly. This is not only a setting in which community interpreting has not been studied so far, but it is also a context that is ideally suited for this research topic, since its discursive institutional norms are not as strictly defined as in many other institutional settings, thus implying room for negotiating discursive norms on a turn-by-turn basis. The results demonstrate significant variation in the way breaches of interpreting norms are dealt with, both by the interpreter and by the professional, with the latter playing a particularly important role in shaping the norms that are observed in the course of the interaction. Finally, the implications of these deviations for the particular ‘activity type’ and the interpreter’s situated identity are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51746,"journal":{"name":"Interpreting","volume":"14 1","pages":"23-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1075/INTP.14.1.02MIE","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58674275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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