Qasim M. Shakir, Yahya M. Al-Sahlawi, Baneen B. Abd, Sara A. Hamad
The inclusion of D-regions within a reinforced-concrete member may affect largely the general behavior of the structure. Different techniques and approaches were proposed to control the behaviour of D-regions, such as the shear-friction approach and the STM model. Such proposals may not be applicable for all types of Dregions. The current work presents a nonlinear finite element model using the ANSYS software, that is adopted to study three types of D-regions, which are dapped ends, deep beams with openings and beams with loaded openings. The results revealed that the proposed FE model predicted adequately the effects of the inclusion of D-regions in RC beams. It is found that reducing the hanger or the nib reinforcement of a dapped end by 25% resulted in reducing capacity by 15% and 32%, respectively. Also, the results showed that for these deficiently reinforced dapped ends, reducing a/d ratio from 1.5 to 0.75 improved capacity by 23% and 36%. For the deficiently shearreinforced flanged deep beams, it was found that the inclusion of large openings within the shear span resulted in a capacity drop by (41-49) %. An enhancement of 23% was obtained when using stirrups of 12mm on both sides of the openings. Moreover, it is confirmed that the optimum location of the openings is under the diagonal path. Furthermore, it has been concluded that for loaded openings, the use of T-rolled sections within the bottom chord of the opening yielded an enhancement of 23% relative to the rhombus-shaped configuration. KEYWORDS: Dapped ends, T-deep beams with openings, Loaded openings, Hanger reinforcement.
{"title":"Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of High-strength Reinforced Concrete Beams with Severely Disturbed Regions","authors":"Qasim M. Shakir, Yahya M. Al-Sahlawi, Baneen B. Abd, Sara A. Hamad","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.03","url":null,"abstract":"The inclusion of D-regions within a reinforced-concrete member may affect largely the general behavior of the structure. Different techniques and approaches were proposed to control the behaviour of D-regions, such as the shear-friction approach and the STM model. Such proposals may not be applicable for all types of Dregions. The current work presents a nonlinear finite element model using the ANSYS software, that is adopted to study three types of D-regions, which are dapped ends, deep beams with openings and beams with loaded openings. The results revealed that the proposed FE model predicted adequately the effects of the inclusion of D-regions in RC beams. It is found that reducing the hanger or the nib reinforcement of a dapped end by 25% resulted in reducing capacity by 15% and 32%, respectively. Also, the results showed that for these deficiently reinforced dapped ends, reducing a/d ratio from 1.5 to 0.75 improved capacity by 23% and 36%. For the deficiently shearreinforced flanged deep beams, it was found that the inclusion of large openings within the shear span resulted in a capacity drop by (41-49) %. An enhancement of 23% was obtained when using stirrups of 12mm on both sides of the openings. Moreover, it is confirmed that the optimum location of the openings is under the diagonal path. Furthermore, it has been concluded that for loaded openings, the use of T-rolled sections within the bottom chord of the opening yielded an enhancement of 23% relative to the rhombus-shaped configuration. KEYWORDS: Dapped ends, T-deep beams with openings, Loaded openings, Hanger reinforcement.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45016458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waste management is of great concern in today’s world. Every year, an enormous amount of solid waste is generated from different industrial activities, especially the waste which is produced by iron industries in a particular form of slag. The major issue of emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from cement industries is a serious problem for the earth's environment and the surrounding area. Thus, in this study, the waste iron slag obtained from nearby iron industries was used as a partial substitute for cement. The cement was replaced with iron slag (IS) at the substitution levels of 7.5%, 15%, 22.5%, 30% and 37.5% by weight of cement. The doses of superplasticizer for every mix were taken based on the essential workability requirements for the reinforcedconcrete work. Performance of control and blended mixes was evaluated by workability evaluation, compressive strength test, flexural strength test, water permeability test, water absorption evaluation, rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) and carbonation test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique were used to assess the micro-structural changes and to evaluate the chemistry of the blended mixes. The results obtained from this study were encouraging in terms of compressive and flexural strengths. The maximum compressive and flexural strengths were recorded at a 22.5% replacement level of slag. The results obtained at 30% replacement were also better compared to the control mix. The resistance of slag-made concrete mixes against adverse conditions; i.e., CO2 penetration, chloride penetration and water penetration was far better than that of conventional ones. The results obtained from TGA indicated that the productivity of calcium silicate gel of slag concrete is better than that of control concrete. KEYWORDS: Concrete, Slag, Carbonization, RCPT, XRD, TGA, SEM.
{"title":"Impact of Waste Iron Slag on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete","authors":"K. Jain, D. Sharma, R. Choudhary, S. Bhargava","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.05","url":null,"abstract":"Waste management is of great concern in today’s world. Every year, an enormous amount of solid waste is generated from different industrial activities, especially the waste which is produced by iron industries in a particular form of slag. The major issue of emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from cement industries is a serious problem for the earth's environment and the surrounding area. Thus, in this study, the waste iron slag obtained from nearby iron industries was used as a partial substitute for cement. The cement was replaced with iron slag (IS) at the substitution levels of 7.5%, 15%, 22.5%, 30% and 37.5% by weight of cement. The doses of superplasticizer for every mix were taken based on the essential workability requirements for the reinforcedconcrete work. Performance of control and blended mixes was evaluated by workability evaluation, compressive strength test, flexural strength test, water permeability test, water absorption evaluation, rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) and carbonation test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique were used to assess the micro-structural changes and to evaluate the chemistry of the blended mixes. The results obtained from this study were encouraging in terms of compressive and flexural strengths. The maximum compressive and flexural strengths were recorded at a 22.5% replacement level of slag. The results obtained at 30% replacement were also better compared to the control mix. The resistance of slag-made concrete mixes against adverse conditions; i.e., CO2 penetration, chloride penetration and water penetration was far better than that of conventional ones. The results obtained from TGA indicated that the productivity of calcium silicate gel of slag concrete is better than that of control concrete. KEYWORDS: Concrete, Slag, Carbonization, RCPT, XRD, TGA, SEM.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42806648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The coupled heat and moisture actions could easily cause deformation, cracking and corrosion problems in the slab ballastless track under operational conditions via China Railway Track System (CRTS) Ⅱ. In this paper, two one-quarter-scaled models of CRTS Ⅱ slab ballastless track under hygro-thermal environment were tested in a testing chamber, respectively. To study the effect of constrained conditions on the structural performance of track structure, temperature distribution, stress and displacement of two scaled models with constrained and free boundary conditions were also compared. Then, the temperature and stress field of the track structure was investigated by establishing a finite-element model. The results showed that the temperature transfer between layers has a temperature-lag effect. The positive and negative temperature gradients between the lower part of the track slab and the cement asphalt (CA) mortar layer of the constrained specimen are smaller than those of the free specimen. The longitudinal displacement of the track slab for the free specimen is significantly affected under the hygro-thermal environment and the longitudinal displacement of the concrete base and the track slab forms a displacement difference. Numerical-analysis results showed that the bottom of the concrete base is prone to produce a high-temperature core and that the temperature inside the track structure forms an agglomeration effect. KEYWORDS: Slab track, Hygro-thermal environment, Structural performance, Scale model, Finiteelement model.
{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Structural Performance of Slab Track under Hygrothermal Environment","authors":"Anxiang Song, G. Yao, Xuanrui Yu, Yuerui Wang, Qingkang Guo, Rui Zhou","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"The coupled heat and moisture actions could easily cause deformation, cracking and corrosion problems in the slab ballastless track under operational conditions via China Railway Track System (CRTS) Ⅱ. In this paper, two one-quarter-scaled models of CRTS Ⅱ slab ballastless track under hygro-thermal environment were tested in a testing chamber, respectively. To study the effect of constrained conditions on the structural performance of track structure, temperature distribution, stress and displacement of two scaled models with constrained and free boundary conditions were also compared. Then, the temperature and stress field of the track structure was investigated by establishing a finite-element model. The results showed that the temperature transfer between layers has a temperature-lag effect. The positive and negative temperature gradients between the lower part of the track slab and the cement asphalt (CA) mortar layer of the constrained specimen are smaller than those of the free specimen. The longitudinal displacement of the track slab for the free specimen is significantly affected under the hygro-thermal environment and the longitudinal displacement of the concrete base and the track slab forms a displacement difference. Numerical-analysis results showed that the bottom of the concrete base is prone to produce a high-temperature core and that the temperature inside the track structure forms an agglomeration effect. KEYWORDS: Slab track, Hygro-thermal environment, Structural performance, Scale model, Finiteelement model.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48521482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a high-performance concrete widely used as a building material. The present investigation examines the effects of age and cooling type (air-cooled and water-cooled) of SCC after being exposed to elevated temperatures and compares them to those of normal conventional concrete (NCC). Two types of concrete; i.e., NCC and SCC, were developed and studied for early-age and residual strengths. SCC was developed with three different types of admixtures; namely, fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) as binder materials, by replacing the cement. The mechanical characteristics of FA- and SF-blended SCC before heating show similar results, whereas MK-based SCC possesses greater strength than other mixes. In the case of specimens exposed to high temperature of 1000℃, MK-blended SCC produced the lowest residual strength compared to FA- and SF-based mixes. Further microstructural investigation was conducted to examine the internal structure of the specimens exposed to various heating temperatures. From the results, it is concluded that the higher the strength gain upon aging, the greater the strength loss upon temperature rise. KEYWORDS: Self-compacting concrete, Fly ash, Silica fume, Metakaolin, Residual strength, Microstructure.
{"title":"Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Characteristics of Self-compacting Concrete with Different Admixtures Exposed to Elevated Temperatures","authors":"B. Kanagaraj","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.01","url":null,"abstract":"Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a high-performance concrete widely used as a building material. The present investigation examines the effects of age and cooling type (air-cooled and water-cooled) of SCC after being exposed to elevated temperatures and compares them to those of normal conventional concrete (NCC). Two types of concrete; i.e., NCC and SCC, were developed and studied for early-age and residual strengths. SCC was developed with three different types of admixtures; namely, fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) as binder materials, by replacing the cement. The mechanical characteristics of FA- and SF-blended SCC before heating show similar results, whereas MK-based SCC possesses greater strength than other mixes. In the case of specimens exposed to high temperature of 1000℃, MK-blended SCC produced the lowest residual strength compared to FA- and SF-based mixes. Further microstructural investigation was conducted to examine the internal structure of the specimens exposed to various heating temperatures. From the results, it is concluded that the higher the strength gain upon aging, the greater the strength loss upon temperature rise. KEYWORDS: Self-compacting concrete, Fly ash, Silica fume, Metakaolin, Residual strength, Microstructure.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48939755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sajjad Rezaei, M. Khabiri, Hamed Abshari, Behzad Pezeshk, Mojtaba Movahed, Amir Khakbazan
The effectiveness of weight ratio of mineral filler to effective bitumen in the fatigue performance of asphalt mixture with integral granules was investigated based on experiments on bitumen mastic (mixture of bitumen and mineral filler passed through sieve grade 200). The experiments included a dynamic shear rheometer, elastic recovery, linear amplitude sweep tests and other performance tests on asphalt mixture, such as fatigue of indirect tensile and resilient modulus test for assessing the medium temperature with various mineral fillerto- bitumen ratios of: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 for bitumen 70-16 PG. Based on this project, the weight ratio of mineral filler to effective bitumen according to Iran Management and Planning Organization (IMPO234) and SHRP-A407 standard and based on fatigue performance of asphalt mixture was separated and modified. So, to control and modify the medium temperature, the maximum weight ratio of filler to effective bitumen should be considered, which is equal to 0.8. The results of this research showed that for controlling the fatigue performance, the rheological behavior of bitumen mastic should be considered beside the asphalt mixture performance and the bitumen rheological behavior. KEYWORDS: Asphalt mixture, Bitumen mastic, Ratio of filler to bitumen, Performance, Fatigue
{"title":"Effectiveness of Weight Ratio of Mineral Filler to Effective Bitumen in the Asphalt-mixture Fatigue Performance","authors":"Sajjad Rezaei, M. Khabiri, Hamed Abshari, Behzad Pezeshk, Mojtaba Movahed, Amir Khakbazan","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of weight ratio of mineral filler to effective bitumen in the fatigue performance of asphalt mixture with integral granules was investigated based on experiments on bitumen mastic (mixture of bitumen and mineral filler passed through sieve grade 200). The experiments included a dynamic shear rheometer, elastic recovery, linear amplitude sweep tests and other performance tests on asphalt mixture, such as fatigue of indirect tensile and resilient modulus test for assessing the medium temperature with various mineral fillerto- bitumen ratios of: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 for bitumen 70-16 PG. Based on this project, the weight ratio of mineral filler to effective bitumen according to Iran Management and Planning Organization (IMPO234) and SHRP-A407 standard and based on fatigue performance of asphalt mixture was separated and modified. So, to control and modify the medium temperature, the maximum weight ratio of filler to effective bitumen should be considered, which is equal to 0.8. The results of this research showed that for controlling the fatigue performance, the rheological behavior of bitumen mastic should be considered beside the asphalt mixture performance and the bitumen rheological behavior. KEYWORDS: Asphalt mixture, Bitumen mastic, Ratio of filler to bitumen, Performance, Fatigue","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45912541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research was conducted to examine the drinking (WQI1) and irrigation (WQI2) water quality for the Bhavani river basin using statistical methodologies. The study area geographically covers up to 4207 km2. For evaluating the Water Quality Index (WQI), fourteen groundwater parameters were employed and the data was gathered for two decades (1972–1990 & 2010–2019). The groundwater parameters include TDS, pH, EC, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO3 2-, HCO3 - , NO3 - , Cl- , F- and SO4 2-. The weightage arithmetic approach was utilized to compute the WQI1 and all the parameters were spatially represented using Arc GIS 10.3 software. To compute the WQI2, the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (%Na), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazard Ratio (MHR), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI) and Potential Salinity (PI) are employed. The hydro-geochemical features are statistically examined using the Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs plot, correlation matrix and PCA biplot. The study results suggest that irrigation-and drinking-water quality is worsening from 2% to 44% of the studied region. Statistical analysis also yields satisfactory findings for both decades. According to the geochemical study, the anion and cation ranking for the 1972 decade is Mg2+> Ca+> Na+> K+=Cl- >HCO3 - ->CO3 2->SO4 2-, while the ranking for the 2019 decade is Na+> Mg2+> Ca+> K+=HCO3 - >Cl- >SO4 2->CO3 2->F- . The research indicates viable locations for drinking and irrigation reasons, while the low groundwater quality areas need effective treatment procedures before groundwater utilization. KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Hydro-geochemistry, Remote sensing, Statistical analysis, Water quality index.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Groundwater Quality Index for Bhavani River Basin Using Remote Sensing and Statistical Analysis","authors":"Rahul Ravichandran, Raviraj Ayyavoo, Lalitha Rajangam, Nagarajan Madasamy, Basker Murugaiyan, Sumathi Shanmugam","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.06","url":null,"abstract":"This research was conducted to examine the drinking (WQI1) and irrigation (WQI2) water quality for the Bhavani river basin using statistical methodologies. The study area geographically covers up to 4207 km2. For evaluating the Water Quality Index (WQI), fourteen groundwater parameters were employed and the data was gathered for two decades (1972–1990 & 2010–2019). The groundwater parameters include TDS, pH, EC, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO3 2-, HCO3 - , NO3 - , Cl- , F- and SO4 2-. The weightage arithmetic approach was utilized to compute the WQI1 and all the parameters were spatially represented using Arc GIS 10.3 software. To compute the WQI2, the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (%Na), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazard Ratio (MHR), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI) and Potential Salinity (PI) are employed. The hydro-geochemical features are statistically examined using the Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs plot, correlation matrix and PCA biplot. The study results suggest that irrigation-and drinking-water quality is worsening from 2% to 44% of the studied region. Statistical analysis also yields satisfactory findings for both decades. According to the geochemical study, the anion and cation ranking for the 1972 decade is Mg2+> Ca+> Na+> K+=Cl- >HCO3 - ->CO3 2->SO4 2-, while the ranking for the 2019 decade is Na+> Mg2+> Ca+> K+=HCO3 - >Cl- >SO4 2->CO3 2->F- . The research indicates viable locations for drinking and irrigation reasons, while the low groundwater quality areas need effective treatment procedures before groundwater utilization. KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Hydro-geochemistry, Remote sensing, Statistical analysis, Water quality index.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43238180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pervious concrete is a developing construction material used for sustainable solutions which helps restore the groundwater level based on its draining ability. The existing research studies address the strength and permeability of pervious-concrete materials and only limited data is available on the microstructural characteristics of pervious concrete. In this study, a characteristic analysis was carried out at micro-and macrolevels to identify the behaviour of pervious concrete using three aggregate gradations. To attain the wide pore network in pervious concrete, fine aggregates were not added in mixes and metakaolin was added at 5% intervals up to 20% of cement. At the macro-level, strength, porosity and permeability were tested and at the micro-level, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDAX analyses were used for pervious-concrete mixes with metakaolin. The maximum strength of pervious-concrete was achieved in a 4.75-9.5 mm size aggregate mix at 10% addition of metakaolin with cement. Micro-structural studies revealed that the addition of metakaolin significantly reduces anhydrous calcium hydroxide. A significant draining performance of more than 1 cm/s was attained in most of the pervious-concrete mixes due to high porosity and permeability. Hence, pervious concrete is considered as a sustainable alternative material that can address environmental problems. KEYWORDS: Pervious concrete, Porosity, Permeability, Metakaolin, Micro-structure.
{"title":"Study on Strength, Permeability and Micro-structure of Pervious Concrete Blended with Metakaolin","authors":"R. M.","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Pervious concrete is a developing construction material used for sustainable solutions which helps restore the groundwater level based on its draining ability. The existing research studies address the strength and permeability of pervious-concrete materials and only limited data is available on the microstructural characteristics of pervious concrete. In this study, a characteristic analysis was carried out at micro-and macrolevels to identify the behaviour of pervious concrete using three aggregate gradations. To attain the wide pore network in pervious concrete, fine aggregates were not added in mixes and metakaolin was added at 5% intervals up to 20% of cement. At the macro-level, strength, porosity and permeability were tested and at the micro-level, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDAX analyses were used for pervious-concrete mixes with metakaolin. The maximum strength of pervious-concrete was achieved in a 4.75-9.5 mm size aggregate mix at 10% addition of metakaolin with cement. Micro-structural studies revealed that the addition of metakaolin significantly reduces anhydrous calcium hydroxide. A significant draining performance of more than 1 cm/s was attained in most of the pervious-concrete mixes due to high porosity and permeability. Hence, pervious concrete is considered as a sustainable alternative material that can address environmental problems. KEYWORDS: Pervious concrete, Porosity, Permeability, Metakaolin, Micro-structure.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45408522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the main risks in low-densified sandy soils with the presence of water and an external force such as an earthquake is the generation of liquefaction. The influence of several types of reinforcement on liquefaction resistance, such as polypropylene fibers, geofibers, cement and polypropylene fibers with cement is shown in this study. Cyclic stress-controlled triaxial tests and cyclic strain-controlled triaxial tests were performed on saturated samples with and without reinforcements under undrained conditions. Cemented specimens were prepared with cement contents ranging from 0% to 3% by weight of dry sand and then cured for 3 days. The lengths of polypropylene fibers are 10 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The fibers were mixed with dry sand– cement mixes containing 0.50% and 1.00% by weight, respectively. Geofiber specimens were prepared in various arrangements. It was found that the liquefaction improvement factor (LIF) increased when fiber content and fiber length increased. The addition of geofibers increased the liquefaction resistance, as the number of layers increased. The addition of 3%C+1%F provided the best liquefaction resistance in this study compared with other additives. Finally, the reinforcement with cement and fibers is crucial for liquefaction resistanceof bitumen mastic should be considered beside the asphalt mixture performance and the bitumen rheological behavior. KEYWORDS: Liquefaction, Shear modulus, Cyclic stress, Geofiber, Polypropylene fiber.
{"title":"Utilization of Different Additives in Improving Sandy Soil against Liquefaction","authors":"Ahmed Elzamel, A. Altahrany, M. Elmeligy","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main risks in low-densified sandy soils with the presence of water and an external force such as an earthquake is the generation of liquefaction. The influence of several types of reinforcement on liquefaction resistance, such as polypropylene fibers, geofibers, cement and polypropylene fibers with cement is shown in this study. Cyclic stress-controlled triaxial tests and cyclic strain-controlled triaxial tests were performed on saturated samples with and without reinforcements under undrained conditions. Cemented specimens were prepared with cement contents ranging from 0% to 3% by weight of dry sand and then cured for 3 days. The lengths of polypropylene fibers are 10 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The fibers were mixed with dry sand– cement mixes containing 0.50% and 1.00% by weight, respectively. Geofiber specimens were prepared in various arrangements. It was found that the liquefaction improvement factor (LIF) increased when fiber content and fiber length increased. The addition of geofibers increased the liquefaction resistance, as the number of layers increased. The addition of 3%C+1%F provided the best liquefaction resistance in this study compared with other additives. Finally, the reinforcement with cement and fibers is crucial for liquefaction resistanceof bitumen mastic should be considered beside the asphalt mixture performance and the bitumen rheological behavior. KEYWORDS: Liquefaction, Shear modulus, Cyclic stress, Geofiber, Polypropylene fiber.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47379061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modeling traffic-accident frequency is a critical issue to better understand the accident trends and the effectiveness of current traffic policies and practices in different countries. The main objectives of this study are to model traffic road accidents, fatalities and injuries in Jordan, using different modeling techniques, including regression, artificial neural network (ANN) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models and to evaluate the safety impact of travel-restriction strategies during Covid-19 pandemic on trafficaccident statistics for the year 2020. To accomplish these objectives, data of traffic accidents, registered vehicles (REGV), population (POP) and economic gross domestic product (GDP) from 1995 through 2020 were obtained from related sources in Jordan. The analysis revealed that accidents, fatalities and injuries have an increasing trend in Jordan. Root mean of square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of multiple determination (R2) were sued to evaluate the performance of the developed prediction models. Based on model performance, the ANN models are the best, followed by the ARIMA models and then the regression models. Finally, it was concluded that the strategies undertaken by the government of Jordan to combat Covid-19, including complete and partial banning of travel, resulted in a considerable reduction of accidents, injuries and fatalities by about 35%, 37% and 50%, respectively. KEYWORDS: Traffic accidents, Artificial neural network, Covid-19 pandemic, Regression, Timeseries analysis, Prediction model
{"title":"Performance of Traffic Accidents’ Prediction Models","authors":"H. Al-Masaeid, Farah J. Khaled","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.04","url":null,"abstract":"Modeling traffic-accident frequency is a critical issue to better understand the accident trends and the effectiveness of current traffic policies and practices in different countries. The main objectives of this study are to model traffic road accidents, fatalities and injuries in Jordan, using different modeling techniques, including regression, artificial neural network (ANN) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models and to evaluate the safety impact of travel-restriction strategies during Covid-19 pandemic on trafficaccident statistics for the year 2020. To accomplish these objectives, data of traffic accidents, registered vehicles (REGV), population (POP) and economic gross domestic product (GDP) from 1995 through 2020 were obtained from related sources in Jordan. The analysis revealed that accidents, fatalities and injuries have an increasing trend in Jordan. Root mean of square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of multiple determination (R2) were sued to evaluate the performance of the developed prediction models. Based on model performance, the ANN models are the best, followed by the ARIMA models and then the regression models. Finally, it was concluded that the strategies undertaken by the government of Jordan to combat Covid-19, including complete and partial banning of travel, resulted in a considerable reduction of accidents, injuries and fatalities by about 35%, 37% and 50%, respectively. KEYWORDS: Traffic accidents, Artificial neural network, Covid-19 pandemic, Regression, Timeseries analysis, Prediction model","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45290368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omar Albatayneh, D. Malkawi, Er Yue, Benjamin Fosu-Saah, K. Ksaibati
The ability to identify and collect low-volume roads’ data, especially gravel roads, is critical in transportation planning. Developing an effective method for gravel-road data collection allows both decision-makers and local agencies to efficiently obtain information regarding road conditions. In this study, a geographical information system (GIS)-based decision- support system was applied to assist local agencies in determining reliable access routes to all gravel roads in Wyoming. The routing criteria were developed using the Network Analyst tool of ArcGIS software based on the restrictions on average daily traffic (ADT) volume values, speed limits, driving distances and driving hours per day. Results indicated that the routing maps created by ArcGIS software were an easy-to-use method to plan and schedule data collection on gravel roads. The routing analysis provided a reliable means to minimize driving time and distance. The methodology developed in this study may be employed by local transportation agencies for road-maintenance purposes in rural areas. KEYWORDS: Low-volume roads, Gravel roads, Route optimization, ArcGIS, Data collection.
{"title":"Integrating a Multi-criteria Route Optimization with ArcGIS for Gravel Road Data Collection","authors":"Omar Albatayneh, D. Malkawi, Er Yue, Benjamin Fosu-Saah, K. Ksaibati","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to identify and collect low-volume roads’ data, especially gravel roads, is critical in transportation planning. Developing an effective method for gravel-road data collection allows both decision-makers and local agencies to efficiently obtain information regarding road conditions. In this study, a geographical information system (GIS)-based decision- support system was applied to assist local agencies in determining reliable access routes to all gravel roads in Wyoming. The routing criteria were developed using the Network Analyst tool of ArcGIS software based on the restrictions on average daily traffic (ADT) volume values, speed limits, driving distances and driving hours per day. Results indicated that the routing maps created by ArcGIS software were an easy-to-use method to plan and schedule data collection on gravel roads. The routing analysis provided a reliable means to minimize driving time and distance. The methodology developed in this study may be employed by local transportation agencies for road-maintenance purposes in rural areas. KEYWORDS: Low-volume roads, Gravel roads, Route optimization, ArcGIS, Data collection.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45340400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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