Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2124079
K. Nielsen
les of an entire cohort of Danish of fi cer cadets (n ¼ 190) and a large (n ¼ 1,568) Danish population-representative sample to explore a new network-organizational paradigm which has come to the fore in military leadership and of fi cer recruitment. By comparing of fi cer cadets to civilians using a three-level matching procedure, fi nding that the pool from which future military leaders are selected, the military cadets, are less neurotic, more extraverted and somewhat more conscientious than their civilian counterparts, traits which fi t with the core requirements of traditional military leadership. The results indicate that cadets are no less open or agreeable than their civilian peers, traits that are related to a balancing towards the network-organizational paradigm. In the fourth article of this issue “ Parent-child communication about emotions during SIBS - a joint intervention for siblings and parents of children with chronic disorders ” Yngvild Bjartveit Haukeland, Krister Westlye Fjermestad, Svein Mossige and Torun Marie Vatne examined parent-sibling communication during SIBS by describing: 1) Sibling-selected dialogue topics; 2) Parental responses to siblings ’ emo-tional expressions, and 3) Associations between responses and demographics and parental psychological distress. The results show that parents mostly provided space for further disclosure of siblings ’ experiences ( M ¼ 66.9%) and in average, 41.9% of parental responses were exploring, 16.4% were listening, and 8.5% were validating. In the fi fth and fi nal article “ Transgender and Gender Non-conforming People ’ s Adaptive Coping Responses to Minority Stress: A Framework Synthesis ” Greg Smith, Noelle Robertson and Sue Cotton apply the “ Minority Stress Model ” and sources of gender af fi rmation which both highlight the impact of social oppression and provide useful means to understand how TGNC (Transgender and gender nonconforming) people can develop their resilience and what may contribute to dif-ferent ways of coping. The article consists of a review, which sought to better understand TGNC individuals ’ opportunities for gender af fi rmation through their experiences of coping with minority stress. A systematic search yielded nine studies reporting qualitative data related to adaptive coping. The fi ndings in the article augment established models and con-cepts with the delineation of coping responses for TGNC individuals that can support gender af fi rmation and mitigate minority stress.
对整个丹麦军校学员(190名)和一个大型(1568名)丹麦人口代表性样本进行研究，以探索在军事领导和军官招募中脱颖而出的新的网络组织范式。通过对军校学员和文职人员进行三级匹配，发现未来军事领导人的选拔对象——军校学员比文职人员更少神经质、更外向、更有责任心，这些特征符合传统军事领导的核心要求。结果表明，军校学员的开放性和亲和性并不低于文职人员，这些特征与网络组织模式的平衡有关。在本期的第四篇文章“SIBS期间的亲子情绪沟通——对慢性障碍儿童的兄弟姐妹和父母的联合干预”中，Yngvild Bjartveit Haukeland, Krister Westlye Fjermestad, Svein Mossige和Torun Marie Vatne通过描述:1)兄弟姐妹选择的对话主题来研究SIBS期间的父母-兄弟姐妹沟通;2)父母对兄弟姐妹情绪表达的反应;3)反应与人口统计学和父母心理困扰的关系。结果表明，父母为进一步披露兄弟姐妹的经历提供了空间(占比66.9%)，平均41.9%的父母回答是探索性的，16.4%是倾听性的，8.5%是验证性的。fi fth和最终的文章“跨性别和性别不合格的人“年代适应性应对反应少数压力:一个框架合成”格雷格•史密斯诺艾尔罗伯逊和苏棉应用“少数应力模型”和性别来源af fi rmation突出社会压迫的影响和提供有用的方法来了解TGNC(变性和性别错位)人们可以开发他们的韧性和可能导致不同的应对方式。本文包括一篇综述，旨在通过TGNC个体应对少数民族压力的经历，更好地理解他们获得性别认同的机会。一项系统的搜索产生了九项报告与适应性应对相关的定性数据的研究。本文的研究结果补充了已有的模型和概念，描述了TGNC个体的应对反应，这些反应可以支持性别认同和减轻少数民族压力。
{"title":"Anxiety, trust, leadership, communication and stress","authors":"K. Nielsen","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2124079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2124079","url":null,"abstract":"les of an entire cohort of Danish of fi cer cadets (n ¼ 190) and a large (n ¼ 1,568) Danish population-representative sample to explore a new network-organizational paradigm which has come to the fore in military leadership and of fi cer recruitment. By comparing of fi cer cadets to civilians using a three-level matching procedure, fi nding that the pool from which future military leaders are selected, the military cadets, are less neurotic, more extraverted and somewhat more conscientious than their civilian counterparts, traits which fi t with the core requirements of traditional military leadership. The results indicate that cadets are no less open or agreeable than their civilian peers, traits that are related to a balancing towards the network-organizational paradigm. In the fourth article of this issue “ Parent-child communication about emotions during SIBS - a joint intervention for siblings and parents of children with chronic disorders ” Yngvild Bjartveit Haukeland, Krister Westlye Fjermestad, Svein Mossige and Torun Marie Vatne examined parent-sibling communication during SIBS by describing: 1) Sibling-selected dialogue topics; 2) Parental responses to siblings ’ emo-tional expressions, and 3) Associations between responses and demographics and parental psychological distress. The results show that parents mostly provided space for further disclosure of siblings ’ experiences ( M ¼ 66.9%) and in average, 41.9% of parental responses were exploring, 16.4% were listening, and 8.5% were validating. In the fi fth and fi nal article “ Transgender and Gender Non-conforming People ’ s Adaptive Coping Responses to Minority Stress: A Framework Synthesis ” Greg Smith, Noelle Robertson and Sue Cotton apply the “ Minority Stress Model ” and sources of gender af fi rmation which both highlight the impact of social oppression and provide useful means to understand how TGNC (Transgender and gender nonconforming) people can develop their resilience and what may contribute to dif-ferent ways of coping. The article consists of a review, which sought to better understand TGNC individuals ’ opportunities for gender af fi rmation through their experiences of coping with minority stress. A systematic search yielded nine studies reporting qualitative data related to adaptive coping. The fi ndings in the article augment established models and con-cepts with the delineation of coping responses for TGNC individuals that can support gender af fi rmation and mitigate minority stress.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41758128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2094823
M. Sedlár
Abstract Limited research has been conducted to better understand the trait predictors of trust in strangers and friends. Therefore, the current study aims to fill this gap and examine whether agreeableness and open-mindedness are indirectly related to trust in strangers and friends via self-focused and other-focused perspective taking, and subsequently via trustworthiness. A convenience sample of 217 Slovaks aged 20–37 years completed self-report scales measuring agreeableness, open-mindedness, self-focused perspective taking, other-focused perspective taking, trustworthiness of strangers, trustworthiness of friends, trust in strangers, and trust in friends. Indirect effects analysis was performed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. The results revealed that agreeableness and open-mindedness were indirectly related to trust in strangers via either self-focused perspective taking or via other-focused perspective taking, and then via trustworthiness of strangers. Importantly, indirect relationships via other-focused perspective taking were negative, while an indirect relationship via self-focused perspective taking was positive. Additionally, agreeableness showed a direct relationship with trust in friends, and indirect relationships with trust in both strangers and friends only via trustworthiness. These findings imply that investigated trait factors play roles in trust in strangers and friends, although many of these factors seem crucial concerning trust in strangers; they also point out the significance of distinguishing different forms of perspective taking with different antecedents and consequences.
{"title":"Trust in strangers and friends: The roles of agreeableness, open-mindedness, perspective taking, and trustworthiness","authors":"M. Sedlár","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2094823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2094823","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Limited research has been conducted to better understand the trait predictors of trust in strangers and friends. Therefore, the current study aims to fill this gap and examine whether agreeableness and open-mindedness are indirectly related to trust in strangers and friends via self-focused and other-focused perspective taking, and subsequently via trustworthiness. A convenience sample of 217 Slovaks aged 20–37 years completed self-report scales measuring agreeableness, open-mindedness, self-focused perspective taking, other-focused perspective taking, trustworthiness of strangers, trustworthiness of friends, trust in strangers, and trust in friends. Indirect effects analysis was performed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. The results revealed that agreeableness and open-mindedness were indirectly related to trust in strangers via either self-focused perspective taking or via other-focused perspective taking, and then via trustworthiness of strangers. Importantly, indirect relationships via other-focused perspective taking were negative, while an indirect relationship via self-focused perspective taking was positive. Additionally, agreeableness showed a direct relationship with trust in friends, and indirect relationships with trust in both strangers and friends only via trustworthiness. These findings imply that investigated trait factors play roles in trust in strangers and friends, although many of these factors seem crucial concerning trust in strangers; they also point out the significance of distinguishing different forms of perspective taking with different antecedents and consequences.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47430521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2085160
Noora Hyysalo, M. Sorsa, M. Flykt
Abstract Maternal substance misuse affects caregiving, which influences children’s coping skills. However, little is known about how children of mothers with substance misuse describe their coping in stressful situations. We studied coping and caregiver support among 29 children 4 years of age recruited from a children’s health clinic serving families with maternal substance misuse in Finland. Children completed a revised Attachment Story Completion Task that we examined with qualitative content analysis. We identified children’s experiences with coping in stressful situations with optimal and non-optimal caregiver support. Experiences with optimal caregiver support included (a) empathy, (b) solicitude, (c) intimacy, (d) reassurance, (e) being a role model, (f) concrete help, and (g) shared joy. Ones with non-optimal caregiver support included (a) punishment, (b) abandonment, (c) unresponsiveness, (d) physical aggression, (e) aggressive protection, and (f) parentification. Children’s strategies for coping without caregiver involvement were (a) magic, (b) avoidance, (c) inappropriate laughing, (d) self-reliance, or (e) a lack of strategy. Our findings highlight that preschool children of mothers with substance misuse employ various coping strategies in stressful situations that either include caregiver support or indicate non-optimal support. Children also tended to use maladaptive coping strategies when a caregiver was not involved. Understanding children’s coping with stress in families with maternal substance misuse is essential to supporting their socioemotional development and providing adequate interventions.
{"title":"Preschool children’s coping and caregiver support in families with maternal substance misuse: A qualitative study","authors":"Noora Hyysalo, M. Sorsa, M. Flykt","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2085160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2085160","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Maternal substance misuse affects caregiving, which influences children’s coping skills. However, little is known about how children of mothers with substance misuse describe their coping in stressful situations. We studied coping and caregiver support among 29 children 4 years of age recruited from a children’s health clinic serving families with maternal substance misuse in Finland. Children completed a revised Attachment Story Completion Task that we examined with qualitative content analysis. We identified children’s experiences with coping in stressful situations with optimal and non-optimal caregiver support. Experiences with optimal caregiver support included (a) empathy, (b) solicitude, (c) intimacy, (d) reassurance, (e) being a role model, (f) concrete help, and (g) shared joy. Ones with non-optimal caregiver support included (a) punishment, (b) abandonment, (c) unresponsiveness, (d) physical aggression, (e) aggressive protection, and (f) parentification. Children’s strategies for coping without caregiver involvement were (a) magic, (b) avoidance, (c) inappropriate laughing, (d) self-reliance, or (e) a lack of strategy. Our findings highlight that preschool children of mothers with substance misuse employ various coping strategies in stressful situations that either include caregiver support or indicate non-optimal support. Children also tended to use maladaptive coping strategies when a caregiver was not involved. Understanding children’s coping with stress in families with maternal substance misuse is essential to supporting their socioemotional development and providing adequate interventions.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43810329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2078993
F. Penner, L. Bowersox, Jacob Leavitt, C. Sharp
Abstract Personality disorders are a major public health concern that onset during adolescence and young adulthood. There has been a recent interest in studying the role of positive psychology constructs in personality pathology. A positive psychology construct that has been tested in conjunction with normative personality traits, but not yet maladaptive personality traits, is intellectual humility (IH). Evaluating links between IH and maladaptive personality traits would advance prior research and could also inform new prevention and intervention strategies for personality pathology, as well as increase clinical applications for IH. The current study therefore aimed to examine associations between IH and the five maladaptive traits outlined in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders from Section III of the DSM-5: negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. The sample included 897 young adults between the ages of 18–25 (79.8% female), who completed the five-factor Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and the three-factor Intellectual Humility Scale as part of a cross-sectional online study. Five hierarchical regression models were evaluated. All five maladaptive traits were significantly and inversely predicted by at least one of the three IH domains, over and above age and gender. Relative to the other maladaptive traits, antagonism had the greatest amount of variability explained (23.7%) by IH factors (compared to the 4–10% variance explained in the other traits). Clinical implications, particularly for personality disorders that involve antagonism, and future research directions are discussed.
{"title":"A preliminary investigation of intellectual humility as a protective factor for maladaptive personality traits","authors":"F. Penner, L. Bowersox, Jacob Leavitt, C. Sharp","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2078993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2078993","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Personality disorders are a major public health concern that onset during adolescence and young adulthood. There has been a recent interest in studying the role of positive psychology constructs in personality pathology. A positive psychology construct that has been tested in conjunction with normative personality traits, but not yet maladaptive personality traits, is intellectual humility (IH). Evaluating links between IH and maladaptive personality traits would advance prior research and could also inform new prevention and intervention strategies for personality pathology, as well as increase clinical applications for IH. The current study therefore aimed to examine associations between IH and the five maladaptive traits outlined in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders from Section III of the DSM-5: negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. The sample included 897 young adults between the ages of 18–25 (79.8% female), who completed the five-factor Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and the three-factor Intellectual Humility Scale as part of a cross-sectional online study. Five hierarchical regression models were evaluated. All five maladaptive traits were significantly and inversely predicted by at least one of the three IH domains, over and above age and gender. Relative to the other maladaptive traits, antagonism had the greatest amount of variability explained (23.7%) by IH factors (compared to the 4–10% variance explained in the other traits). Clinical implications, particularly for personality disorders that involve antagonism, and future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44040712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2085159
T. Gärling, Patrik Michaelsen, Amelie Gamble
Abstract In the Nordic countries with growing markets for consumer credit, a concern is that consumption desires in conjunction with easily accessible credit make financially constrained young adults vulnerable to problem debt and over-indebtedness. In addressing this concern empirically, we investigate whether retail offers of instalment payments of discounted cash prices tempt young adults to finance purchases of more expensive premium smartphones than they would purchase by cash payment. Descriptions of smartphones ranging from budget to latest premium models are in an online experiment presented to 152 Swedish young adults between 18 and 25 years. We employ a within-group design requiring the participants in counterbalanced order to choose a preferred smartphone twice, either if the default choice is paying the regular cash price or two-year monthly instalments with a 20% discount on the cash price. Although a majority chose the same smartphone twice seemingly not influenced by the retail offer, this was not the case for about one third of the young adults who despite a negative attitude to borrowing choose instalment payments of more expensive premium smartphones, and more than half of them at a price exceeding the regular cash price they choose to pay for a cheaper smartphone. Instalment payments as well as rental contracts are penetrating many consumer markets in which young adults are large segments. These new forms of accessible credit should be particularly attractive to those who are financially constrained with potentially negative consequences for their solvency. Our results suggest that regulation policies may need to be considered.
{"title":"Overspending on smartphone purchases among Swedish young adults","authors":"T. Gärling, Patrik Michaelsen, Amelie Gamble","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2085159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2085159","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the Nordic countries with growing markets for consumer credit, a concern is that consumption desires in conjunction with easily accessible credit make financially constrained young adults vulnerable to problem debt and over-indebtedness. In addressing this concern empirically, we investigate whether retail offers of instalment payments of discounted cash prices tempt young adults to finance purchases of more expensive premium smartphones than they would purchase by cash payment. Descriptions of smartphones ranging from budget to latest premium models are in an online experiment presented to 152 Swedish young adults between 18 and 25 years. We employ a within-group design requiring the participants in counterbalanced order to choose a preferred smartphone twice, either if the default choice is paying the regular cash price or two-year monthly instalments with a 20% discount on the cash price. Although a majority chose the same smartphone twice seemingly not influenced by the retail offer, this was not the case for about one third of the young adults who despite a negative attitude to borrowing choose instalment payments of more expensive premium smartphones, and more than half of them at a price exceeding the regular cash price they choose to pay for a cheaper smartphone. Instalment payments as well as rental contracts are penetrating many consumer markets in which young adults are large segments. These new forms of accessible credit should be particularly attractive to those who are financially constrained with potentially negative consequences for their solvency. Our results suggest that regulation policies may need to be considered.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44932860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2078994
Magnus Bergquist, L. Johansson
Abstract Descriptive social norms have attracted much attention in social influence research. Regarding consumer choice, it is however unclear if, and to what extent, the influence of social norms is related to resource-state information. In two experiments, including 384 and 724 participants, respectively, we assess the unique and combined effects of these influences on both choice and preferences. Results showed consistent effects of descriptive social norms, influencing both choice and preferences across the two experiments. When a resource cue was provided in Experiment 1, a small non-significant difference compared to the control condition indicated that information about resource states might affect choice. This effect was replicated with statistical significance in Experiment 2. No effect of such a cue was detected on preferences in either experiment. Present results suggest that the effects of descriptive social norms and resource cues are independent and additive.
{"title":"Descriptive social norms and resource cues influence choice by additive and separate effects","authors":"Magnus Bergquist, L. Johansson","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2078994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2078994","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Descriptive social norms have attracted much attention in social influence research. Regarding consumer choice, it is however unclear if, and to what extent, the influence of social norms is related to resource-state information. In two experiments, including 384 and 724 participants, respectively, we assess the unique and combined effects of these influences on both choice and preferences. Results showed consistent effects of descriptive social norms, influencing both choice and preferences across the two experiments. When a resource cue was provided in Experiment 1, a small non-significant difference compared to the control condition indicated that information about resource states might affect choice. This effect was replicated with statistical significance in Experiment 2. No effect of such a cue was detected on preferences in either experiment. Present results suggest that the effects of descriptive social norms and resource cues are independent and additive.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49665781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-18DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2075438
R. Carlsson, I. Svensson, C. Jacobson, S. Warkentin
Abstract Attention deficit and reading difficulty are often comorbid in neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. Although recent research has shown how these two domains may interact in children, knowledge about such interaction in elderly is lacking. The present study tested whether this association is also present in healthy elderly with undiagnosed attention problems. Thirty-two subjects (65+ years) with life-long complaints of attention and with a Mini Mental (MMSE) cutoff of 27 points were tested with MapCog Spectra (MCS), with a word recognition test (Word Chains test) and CANTAB subtests of attention. All tests were presented on a tablet, except for the Word Chains test. The participants mean MMSE score was 29 points and their mean age was 71.5 years. Strong correlations were seen between the Word Chains test and the MCS, suggesting that a high number of aberrantly long pauses during serial naming was associated with fewer identifications of letters, words and sentences. The number of aberrant pauses was also associated with slower Reaction Time and a lower score on the Attention Shifting task of the CANTAB. The results were not associated with either gender or general intelligence. This study shows that attention is linked to decoding speed irrespective of intelligence and gender. We therefore suggest that a clinical assessment of attention deficit should also include an assessment of decoding ability, and vice versa, as these cognitive functions are strongly interdependent.
{"title":"Linking aberrant pauses during object naming to letter and word decoding speed in elderly with attention complaints","authors":"R. Carlsson, I. Svensson, C. Jacobson, S. Warkentin","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2075438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2075438","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Attention deficit and reading difficulty are often comorbid in neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. Although recent research has shown how these two domains may interact in children, knowledge about such interaction in elderly is lacking. The present study tested whether this association is also present in healthy elderly with undiagnosed attention problems. Thirty-two subjects (65+ years) with life-long complaints of attention and with a Mini Mental (MMSE) cutoff of 27 points were tested with MapCog Spectra (MCS), with a word recognition test (Word Chains test) and CANTAB subtests of attention. All tests were presented on a tablet, except for the Word Chains test. The participants mean MMSE score was 29 points and their mean age was 71.5 years. Strong correlations were seen between the Word Chains test and the MCS, suggesting that a high number of aberrantly long pauses during serial naming was associated with fewer identifications of letters, words and sentences. The number of aberrant pauses was also associated with slower Reaction Time and a lower score on the Attention Shifting task of the CANTAB. The results were not associated with either gender or general intelligence. This study shows that attention is linked to decoding speed irrespective of intelligence and gender. We therefore suggest that a clinical assessment of attention deficit should also include an assessment of decoding ability, and vice versa, as these cognitive functions are strongly interdependent.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44737467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-17DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2074525
J. Launes, Hanna Uurainen, M. Virta, L. Hokkanen
Abstract Online cognitive tests have gained popularity in recent years, but their utility needs evaluation. We reviewed the available information on the reliability and validity measures of tests that were designed to be performed online without supervision. We then compared a newly developed web-based and self-administered memory test to traditional neuropsychological tests. We also studied if familiarity with computers affects the willingness to take the test or the test performance. Five hundred thirty-one healthy individuals, who have a history of a perinatal risk and who have been followed up since birth for the potential long-term consequences, participated in a traditional comprehensive neuropsychological assessment at the age of 40. Of them, 234 also completed an online memory test developed for follow-up. The online assessment and traditional neuropsychological tests correlated moderately (total r = .50, p < .001; subtests r = .21−.45). The mean sum scores did not differ between presentation methods (online or traditional) and there was no interaction between presentation method and sex or education. The experience in using computers did not affect the performance, but subjects who used computers often were more likely to take part in the voluntary online test. Our self-administered online test is promising for monitoring memory performance in the follow-up of subjects who have no major cognitive impairments.
{"title":"Self-administered online test of memory functions","authors":"J. Launes, Hanna Uurainen, M. Virta, L. Hokkanen","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2074525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2074525","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Online cognitive tests have gained popularity in recent years, but their utility needs evaluation. We reviewed the available information on the reliability and validity measures of tests that were designed to be performed online without supervision. We then compared a newly developed web-based and self-administered memory test to traditional neuropsychological tests. We also studied if familiarity with computers affects the willingness to take the test or the test performance. Five hundred thirty-one healthy individuals, who have a history of a perinatal risk and who have been followed up since birth for the potential long-term consequences, participated in a traditional comprehensive neuropsychological assessment at the age of 40. Of them, 234 also completed an online memory test developed for follow-up. The online assessment and traditional neuropsychological tests correlated moderately (total r = .50, p < .001; subtests r = .21−.45). The mean sum scores did not differ between presentation methods (online or traditional) and there was no interaction between presentation method and sex or education. The experience in using computers did not affect the performance, but subjects who used computers often were more likely to take part in the voluntary online test. Our self-administered online test is promising for monitoring memory performance in the follow-up of subjects who have no major cognitive impairments.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42403263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-17DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2074524
Christopher Kehlet Ebbrecht
Abstract The purpose of this systematic review is to identify risk factors and mechanisms of radicalization associated with lone-actor grievance-fueled violence. In this paper, I focus on five violent lone-actor “types”; lone-actor terrorists, workplace attackers, school shooters, rampage shooters and violent Incels. Data synthesis of the 78 included studies led to the identification of nine risk factors: 1) sociodemographic background; 2) social ties; 3) interpersonal rejection; 4) mental illness; 5) subclinical personality traits; 6) strain; 7) grievances; 8) emotional traits and states; and 9) cognitive processes and content. As a limitation of the extant literature is the lack of a coherent and integrative framework of how each factor relates to the others, findings were re-synthesized to show how risk factors essentially reflect five generic social and psychological mechanisms of radicalization: socialization, small-group dynamics, psychological need restoration, mental health from a dimensional perspective, and mechanisms of moral disengagement. The paper ends with a discussion of this framework and its implications for future research on lone-actor grievance-fueled violence.
{"title":"Systematic review: Risk factors and mechanisms of radicalization in lone-actor grievance-fueled violence","authors":"Christopher Kehlet Ebbrecht","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2074524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2074524","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this systematic review is to identify risk factors and mechanisms of radicalization associated with lone-actor grievance-fueled violence. In this paper, I focus on five violent lone-actor “types”; lone-actor terrorists, workplace attackers, school shooters, rampage shooters and violent Incels. Data synthesis of the 78 included studies led to the identification of nine risk factors: 1) sociodemographic background; 2) social ties; 3) interpersonal rejection; 4) mental illness; 5) subclinical personality traits; 6) strain; 7) grievances; 8) emotional traits and states; and 9) cognitive processes and content. As a limitation of the extant literature is the lack of a coherent and integrative framework of how each factor relates to the others, findings were re-synthesized to show how risk factors essentially reflect five generic social and psychological mechanisms of radicalization: socialization, small-group dynamics, psychological need restoration, mental health from a dimensional perspective, and mechanisms of moral disengagement. The paper ends with a discussion of this framework and its implications for future research on lone-actor grievance-fueled violence.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48938582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-13DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2065341
A. Abdel-Khalek, J. Carson, Aashiya Patel, Aishath Shahama
Abstract Several studies have indicated significant relations between the Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction. However, most of these studies have been carried out on Western samples. The present study aimed to explore the Big Five predictors of life satisfaction in an under-studied sample of Egyptian college students (N = 1,418). They responded to a self-rating scale of life satisfaction and the Arabic Big Five Personality Inventory. Both scales have acceptable to good reliabilities and validities. Men obtained significantly higher mean total scores than did women for extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness, whereas women obtained higher mean total scores than did their male counterparts on neuroticism and agreeableness. In both sexes, all the Pearson correlations between the Big Five and life satisfaction were significant and positive except for neuroticism (negative). The strongest correlation with life satisfaction scores was for neuroticism (negative). Principal components analysis extracted two components in both genders which were labelled: “Positive traits”, and “Well-Being versus neuroticism”. Big Five traits accounted for approximately 22% of the variance in life satisfaction scores among men, and 17% in women. Predictors of life satisfaction were low neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, openness (men), low neuroticism and conscientiousness (women). It was concluded that personality traits are important for life satisfaction in the present sample of Egyptian college students. By and large, the relationships observed in Egyptian college students reflect the general pattern observed in other samples.
{"title":"The Big Five Personality Traits as predictors of life satisfaction in Egyptian college students","authors":"A. Abdel-Khalek, J. Carson, Aashiya Patel, Aishath Shahama","doi":"10.1080/19012276.2022.2065341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2065341","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Several studies have indicated significant relations between the Big Five personality traits and life satisfaction. However, most of these studies have been carried out on Western samples. The present study aimed to explore the Big Five predictors of life satisfaction in an under-studied sample of Egyptian college students (N = 1,418). They responded to a self-rating scale of life satisfaction and the Arabic Big Five Personality Inventory. Both scales have acceptable to good reliabilities and validities. Men obtained significantly higher mean total scores than did women for extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness, whereas women obtained higher mean total scores than did their male counterparts on neuroticism and agreeableness. In both sexes, all the Pearson correlations between the Big Five and life satisfaction were significant and positive except for neuroticism (negative). The strongest correlation with life satisfaction scores was for neuroticism (negative). Principal components analysis extracted two components in both genders which were labelled: “Positive traits”, and “Well-Being versus neuroticism”. Big Five traits accounted for approximately 22% of the variance in life satisfaction scores among men, and 17% in women. Predictors of life satisfaction were low neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, openness (men), low neuroticism and conscientiousness (women). It was concluded that personality traits are important for life satisfaction in the present sample of Egyptian college students. By and large, the relationships observed in Egyptian college students reflect the general pattern observed in other samples.","PeriodicalId":51815,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45491978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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