Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025637-9
Natalia Zherlitsina
The article is devoted to the Franco-Moroccan crisis of the late 1840s — early 1850s, in which Great Britain was directly involved. This historical event is not covered at all in Russian/Soviet historiography and only in the few works of French and English scientists. The research is based on the study of published documents of archives and works of historians of France and Great Britain of the late 19th — early 20th centuries — the heyday of European colonial empires. The analysis of the causes, course and consequences of the crisis allows the author to compare the methods of colonial expansion used by France and Great Britain when creating their colonial empires in the 19th century. The article shows that both European empires were interested in subjugating the sultanate, but if France sought to include Morocco in its colonial empire, then Britain, using economic and political pressure, gradually turned the North African country into its obedient puppet. The author concludes that Morocco's loss of independence was only a matter of time — when France and Britain could agree on the terms of this seizure. Thus, the fact that the sultanate of Morocco remained independent throughout the 19th century was explained by the conflicting interests of European empires in this region, and not by the success of the policy of the authorities of this country.
{"title":"French and English Methods of Colonial Expansion in the Maghreb on the Example of the Franco-Moroccan Crisis of the Late 1840s — Early 1850s","authors":"Natalia Zherlitsina","doi":"10.18254/s207987840025637-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025637-9","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the Franco-Moroccan crisis of the late 1840s — early 1850s, in which Great Britain was directly involved. This historical event is not covered at all in Russian/Soviet historiography and only in the few works of French and English scientists. The research is based on the study of published documents of archives and works of historians of France and Great Britain of the late 19th — early 20th centuries — the heyday of European colonial empires. The analysis of the causes, course and consequences of the crisis allows the author to compare the methods of colonial expansion used by France and Great Britain when creating their colonial empires in the 19th century. The article shows that both European empires were interested in subjugating the sultanate, but if France sought to include Morocco in its colonial empire, then Britain, using economic and political pressure, gradually turned the North African country into its obedient puppet. The author concludes that Morocco's loss of independence was only a matter of time — when France and Britain could agree on the terms of this seizure. Thus, the fact that the sultanate of Morocco remained independent throughout the 19th century was explained by the conflicting interests of European empires in this region, and not by the success of the policy of the authorities of this country.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027254-8
Vladimir Mitrofanov
Transformation of agrarian relations in the English manor in the first half of the 17th century is still being studied in Russian and foreign historiography. The author of the article analyzes historical researches concerning the problem of entry fines in the manors in Early Modern England. The article also deals with the speech that the landlord D’Ewes gave in front of the peasants of his manorLavenham (Suffolk) in the manorial curia at the moment of his entry into inheritance in 1631. Analysis of its content reveals one of the ways to increase entry fines paid by copyholders. The uniqueness of the source allows tracing the arguments of the landlord to justify the legitimacy of raising fines and fixing them in the custom of a manor. Being an antiquarian, D’Ewes outlined in sufficient details the history of his manor, emphasizing the villain origin of current copyholders. He argues in his speech the existence of a triple connection between the landlord and the peasants of the manor (“sacred, sworn”, “servial” and “reditual” or profitable connection). The implementation of an innovation (“profitable part”) into the manorial custom and the creation of a precedent gave him a probable opportunity to change the level of the fines paid by the copyholders at his own will (as the will of the lord).
{"title":"The Search for Methods to Increase Fines in England in the First Third of the 17th Century (on the Example of Lavenham Manor, Suffolk)","authors":"Vladimir Mitrofanov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027254-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027254-8","url":null,"abstract":"Transformation of agrarian relations in the English manor in the first half of the 17th century is still being studied in Russian and foreign historiography. The author of the article analyzes historical researches concerning the problem of entry fines in the manors in Early Modern England. The article also deals with the speech that the landlord D’Ewes gave in front of the peasants of his manorLavenham (Suffolk) in the manorial curia at the moment of his entry into inheritance in 1631. Analysis of its content reveals one of the ways to increase entry fines paid by copyholders. The uniqueness of the source allows tracing the arguments of the landlord to justify the legitimacy of raising fines and fixing them in the custom of a manor. Being an antiquarian, D’Ewes outlined in sufficient details the history of his manor, emphasizing the villain origin of current copyholders. He argues in his speech the existence of a triple connection between the landlord and the peasants of the manor (“sacred, sworn”, “servial” and “reditual” or profitable connection). The implementation of an innovation (“profitable part”) into the manorial custom and the creation of a precedent gave him a probable opportunity to change the level of the fines paid by the copyholders at his own will (as the will of the lord).","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025589-6
Raymond Nkwenti Fru
History education has always been a highly contested terrain especially in contexts whose pasts are marred by huge controversial, sensitive and emotive moments. This reality is more significant in the African continent, where issues such as slavery, colonisation, decolonisation, the partition of Africa; border crises; complexity of identity; race; apartheid, wars, xenophobia; chauvinism; military coups, forced evictions and subsequent land reclamations, are some of the key themes and discourses that are characteristic of its history. This experiential reflection and theoretical paper draw from the researcher’s personal experiences as a history teacher/lecturer in at least three African countries and from literature to reflect on the main trends of History teaching and learning in Africa. Although there has been a wave of curricular decolonisation in Africa at the turn of the century, including in History teaching, the article argues that there is still a lot of reasons to be concerned about the state of history teaching as a subject. The article acknowledges an existential and humane need for a reconstruction, decolonisation and Africanisation of the history curriculum in Africa by means of postcolonial socio-cultural and epistemic systems and practices that reclaim indigenous African voices in curriculum knowledge. The article recommends that history teaching and curriculum in postcolonial Africa need to move away from discrete and sometimes overt, heroic, one-dimensional and neatly packaged master narratives that deny students the opportunity to critically engage and interrogate the rich and complex histories as a pathway to improve the relevance of the subject in the continent.
{"title":"Main Trends of History Teaching in Africa From a Postcolonial Perspective","authors":"Raymond Nkwenti Fru","doi":"10.18254/s207987840025589-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025589-6","url":null,"abstract":"History education has always been a highly contested terrain especially in contexts whose pasts are marred by huge controversial, sensitive and emotive moments. This reality is more significant in the African continent, where issues such as slavery, colonisation, decolonisation, the partition of Africa; border crises; complexity of identity; race; apartheid, wars, xenophobia; chauvinism; military coups, forced evictions and subsequent land reclamations, are some of the key themes and discourses that are characteristic of its history. This experiential reflection and theoretical paper draw from the researcher’s personal experiences as a history teacher/lecturer in at least three African countries and from literature to reflect on the main trends of History teaching and learning in Africa. Although there has been a wave of curricular decolonisation in Africa at the turn of the century, including in History teaching, the article argues that there is still a lot of reasons to be concerned about the state of history teaching as a subject. The article acknowledges an existential and humane need for a reconstruction, decolonisation and Africanisation of the history curriculum in Africa by means of postcolonial socio-cultural and epistemic systems and practices that reclaim indigenous African voices in curriculum knowledge. The article recommends that history teaching and curriculum in postcolonial Africa need to move away from discrete and sometimes overt, heroic, one-dimensional and neatly packaged master narratives that deny students the opportunity to critically engage and interrogate the rich and complex histories as a pathway to improve the relevance of the subject in the continent.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027734-6
Alexey Komarov
In March 1969 in the Budapest Appeal of the Warsaw Pact member states’ Political Consultative Committee a proposal was made to convene a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was proposed. The Soviet Foreign Ministry undertook active efforts to implement this idea, including its promotion at the Nordic “direction”. Neutral Sweden was regarded by the Soviet political leadership as a country that could assist the USSR in the preparation and organization of the CSCE. It was considered that “the two sides’ positions in many cases are similar or close to each other”. On the basis of documents from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (AVPRF) the author of this article analyses Soviet-Swedish relations in the late 1960s — first half of 1970s with the preparation for and carrying out of the CSCE as a background.
{"title":"The USSR and Sweden During the Preparation of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1969—1975)","authors":"Alexey Komarov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027734-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027734-6","url":null,"abstract":"In March 1969 in the Budapest Appeal of the Warsaw Pact member states’ Political Consultative Committee a proposal was made to convene a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was proposed. The Soviet Foreign Ministry undertook active efforts to implement this idea, including its promotion at the Nordic “direction”. Neutral Sweden was regarded by the Soviet political leadership as a country that could assist the USSR in the preparation and organization of the CSCE. It was considered that “the two sides’ positions in many cases are similar or close to each other”. On the basis of documents from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (AVPRF) the author of this article analyses Soviet-Swedish relations in the late 1960s — first half of 1970s with the preparation for and carrying out of the CSCE as a background.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027938-0
Andrey Larin
The article is devoted to the initial stages of the organization of medical care for Russian settlers and the local population in the Astrabad province of Iran on the eve and during the First World War. Archival and published materials show the interaction of various levels and government structures of the Russian Empire on the organization of medical care for settlers, the complexity of this interaction, the activities of Red Cross detachments in Persia, and then the beginning of the activities of permanent medical and paramedic stations. It is shown that the organization of medical care to the population was due not only to practical considerations, but also to the influence of the ideas of the civilizing mission of Russia.
{"title":"“The Life of the Russian Settlers Here Turned Out to Be, However, a Difficult Ordeal for Them”: the First Attempts to Provide Medical Care to Russian Settlers in the Astrabad Province","authors":"Andrey Larin","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027938-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027938-0","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the initial stages of the organization of medical care for Russian settlers and the local population in the Astrabad province of Iran on the eve and during the First World War. Archival and published materials show the interaction of various levels and government structures of the Russian Empire on the organization of medical care for settlers, the complexity of this interaction, the activities of Red Cross detachments in Persia, and then the beginning of the activities of permanent medical and paramedic stations. It is shown that the organization of medical care to the population was due not only to practical considerations, but also to the influence of the ideas of the civilizing mission of Russia.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840013837-9
Konstantin Bugrov
The article examines the formation of ideas about the industrial geography of the Urals in the work of Soviet planners, economists and administrators of the 1920—1930s. The authors demonstrate that a number of early projects of economic development from the 1920s was promoting the administrative-territorial isolation, relying mostly on the industrial core of the region that emerged before the revolution, while allowing moderate cooperation with other regions. However, by the beginning of the 1930s, these projects were replaced by the concept of the Ural-Kuznetsk Combinate, which called for the integration of the Urals and Western Siberia and for a forced tempo of industrial construction. The consequence of the gigantism of such an ambitious concept was its territorial erosion, since local economists were using Ural-Kuzbass as a conceptual framework to propose and justify competing projects of forced industrial development of their respective districts. The paper shows different models of this erosion: 1) the emergence of new centers of power within Ural-Kuzbass on the basis of intensive industrial development with the subsequent formation of new administrative units (Chelyabinsk); 2) the inclusion of new territories as a result of ongoing geological discoveries followed by the emergence of novel industrial identity of these areas (Orsk); 3) withdrawal from Ural-Kuzbass in case of regions which were chosen to focus upon the industries which were marginal for the Combinate (Bashkiria). The authors make a conclusion about the key role of the concept of the Ural-Kuzbass in the development of the industrial identity of territories that were not previously considered as “Ural mining area”, and about the importance of economic factors in the formation of new ideas about the structure of the USSR which in turn influenced the administrative-territorial reforms of the country.
{"title":"Coal, Oil, and Iron Ore: Industrial Planning and Formation of Concepts of Urals in the Economic Thought of USSR (1920s — 1930s)","authors":"Konstantin Bugrov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840013837-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840013837-9","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the formation of ideas about the industrial geography of the Urals in the work of Soviet planners, economists and administrators of the 1920—1930s. The authors demonstrate that a number of early projects of economic development from the 1920s was promoting the administrative-territorial isolation, relying mostly on the industrial core of the region that emerged before the revolution, while allowing moderate cooperation with other regions. However, by the beginning of the 1930s, these projects were replaced by the concept of the Ural-Kuznetsk Combinate, which called for the integration of the Urals and Western Siberia and for a forced tempo of industrial construction. The consequence of the gigantism of such an ambitious concept was its territorial erosion, since local economists were using Ural-Kuzbass as a conceptual framework to propose and justify competing projects of forced industrial development of their respective districts. The paper shows different models of this erosion: 1) the emergence of new centers of power within Ural-Kuzbass on the basis of intensive industrial development with the subsequent formation of new administrative units (Chelyabinsk); 2) the inclusion of new territories as a result of ongoing geological discoveries followed by the emergence of novel industrial identity of these areas (Orsk); 3) withdrawal from Ural-Kuzbass in case of regions which were chosen to focus upon the industries which were marginal for the Combinate (Bashkiria). The authors make a conclusion about the key role of the concept of the Ural-Kuzbass in the development of the industrial identity of territories that were not previously considered as “Ural mining area”, and about the importance of economic factors in the formation of new ideas about the structure of the USSR which in turn influenced the administrative-territorial reforms of the country.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026816-6
Andrey Posternak
The article considers a brief review of the Russian historiography of women’s charitable ministry in the Early Church and its continuity in the XIX —early XXI century. Women’s charity in Russia and in Europe has historically devel-oped as an institutional phenomenon based on сhristian principles. The mem-bers of the ancient women’s institutes, whose functions included social activi-ties, were called deaconesses, widows, elders, virgins. Russian scholars began to be interested in this women’s orders since the XIX century, when in Russia women gradually began to actively engage in public charitable activities and there was a search for institutionalization of a new women’s Church ministry, an alternative to monastic and humanitarian. The interest of scholars often had not only a theoretical, but also a church-practical orientation, as it was associ-ated with the activation of missionary and parish activities within the Ortho-dox Church. In the article, the main scientific and journalistic works on wom-en’s ministry are considered on the problems within the chronological blocks: before 1917, in 1917—1991 and after 1991. The authors described and ana-lyzed women’s charity in ancient times, and also tried to justify for their time new institutional ministries in the Church, in particular deaconesses. However, the revival of such women’s ministry is closely connected not so much with the needs of modern society as with the needs of the Church and the church-wide consciousness.
{"title":"Problems of Russian Historiography of Women’s Charitable Ministry in the Early Church","authors":"Andrey Posternak","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026816-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026816-6","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers a brief review of the Russian historiography of women’s charitable ministry in the Early Church and its continuity in the XIX —early XXI century. Women’s charity in Russia and in Europe has historically devel-oped as an institutional phenomenon based on сhristian principles. The mem-bers of the ancient women’s institutes, whose functions included social activi-ties, were called deaconesses, widows, elders, virgins. Russian scholars began to be interested in this women’s orders since the XIX century, when in Russia women gradually began to actively engage in public charitable activities and there was a search for institutionalization of a new women’s Church ministry, an alternative to monastic and humanitarian. The interest of scholars often had not only a theoretical, but also a church-practical orientation, as it was associ-ated with the activation of missionary and parish activities within the Ortho-dox Church. In the article, the main scientific and journalistic works on wom-en’s ministry are considered on the problems within the chronological blocks: before 1917, in 1917—1991 and after 1991. The authors described and ana-lyzed women’s charity in ancient times, and also tried to justify for their time new institutional ministries in the Church, in particular deaconesses. However, the revival of such women’s ministry is closely connected not so much with the needs of modern society as with the needs of the Church and the church-wide consciousness.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027817-7
Andrey Repnevsky
The article provides a parallel between the works of historians-Nordists of imperial and Soviet times with their modern Russian followers. Moreover, the research of current scientists is presented as a continuation of the work of Russian historians of the 18th — 20th centuries. The main text of the article defines the stages of development of Arkhangelsk Scandinavian studies of the late 20th — early 21st centuries. The initial (“Norwegian”) stage of the origin and growth of young scientific personnel of Scandinavians of the Pomeranian State University (PSU) is analyzed in detail. The original and successful organizational forms of their training and activities are revealed, the process of their entry into the Russian and international levels and evidence of their gradual scientific recognition are studied. The article’s material contributes to the historiographical science of modern methods of increasing knowledge and training in a specific field of studying the history of bilateral international relations in the Russian North and in the Arctic.
{"title":"Historians of Pomor State University “Discover” Norway (1986—2010)","authors":"Andrey Repnevsky","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027817-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027817-7","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides a parallel between the works of historians-Nordists of imperial and Soviet times with their modern Russian followers. Moreover, the research of current scientists is presented as a continuation of the work of Russian historians of the 18th — 20th centuries. The main text of the article defines the stages of development of Arkhangelsk Scandinavian studies of the late 20th — early 21st centuries. The initial (“Norwegian”) stage of the origin and growth of young scientific personnel of Scandinavians of the Pomeranian State University (PSU) is analyzed in detail. The original and successful organizational forms of their training and activities are revealed, the process of their entry into the Russian and international levels and evidence of their gradual scientific recognition are studied. The article’s material contributes to the historiographical science of modern methods of increasing knowledge and training in a specific field of studying the history of bilateral international relations in the Russian North and in the Arctic.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026776-2
Aleksey Panteleev
The article is devoted to the analysis of ideas about charity in early Christianity, Judaism and in the Greco-Roman pagan tradition. The focus is on the formation of the doctrine of “correct” alms in the New Testament texts, “Didache”, in Clement of Rome, Polycarp of Smyrna, in the “Shepherd” of Hermas, in the writings of Justin Martyr, Tertullian and Clement of Alexandria. These authors discussed questions about who and how to help, and what kind of reward awaits benefactors. At this time (1st — 2nd centuries), two discussions were going on in parallel in early Christian literature: about martyrdom “according to Christ” and about “correct” alms, and comparison of these discussions gives interesting results.
{"title":"“When You Give Alms, Do Not Let Your Left Hand Know What Your Right Hand Is Doing”: Alms and Salvation in the Early Christian Tradition","authors":"Aleksey Panteleev","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026776-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026776-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of ideas about charity in early Christianity, Judaism and in the Greco-Roman pagan tradition. The focus is on the formation of the doctrine of “correct” alms in the New Testament texts, “Didache”, in Clement of Rome, Polycarp of Smyrna, in the “Shepherd” of Hermas, in the writings of Justin Martyr, Tertullian and Clement of Alexandria. These authors discussed questions about who and how to help, and what kind of reward awaits benefactors. At this time (1st — 2nd centuries), two discussions were going on in parallel in early Christian literature: about martyrdom “according to Christ” and about “correct” alms, and comparison of these discussions gives interesting results.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025791-9
Olga Togoeva
The article is devoted to the treatise “Justification of the Duke of Burgundy” by Jean Petit (1408) and to the peculiarities of his criticism by French intellectuals of the first third of the 15th century. The author of the article pays special attention to the concept of the «legitimate murder» formulated by Jean Petit, with which he tried to explain and excuse the actions of his master Jean the Fearless, who ordered the assassination of Duke Louis of Orleans in 1407. French humanists, including Jean Gerson, Pierre d’Ailly, Nicolas de Clamange and Alain Chartier, not only rejected this pseudo-legal theory, but also put forward their own concept of the «murder by necessity», with which they tried to justify the murder of Jean the Fearless himself in 1419 as a man who had lost his mind, turned into a beast, and therefore into a tyrant and a devil.
这篇文章专门讨论了让·佩蒂(Jean Petit, 1408)的论文《为勃艮第公爵辩护》(Justification of The Duke of Burgundy)，以及他在15世纪前三分之一时期受到法国知识分子批评的特点。这篇文章的作者特别关注了让·佩蒂提出的“合法谋杀”的概念，他试图用这个概念来解释和原谅他的主人让·无畏的行为，他在1407年下令暗杀奥尔良的路易公爵。让·格尔松、皮埃尔·达伊、尼古拉斯·德·克兰热、阿兰·沙蒂埃等法国人文主义者不仅否定了这种伪法律理论，而且提出了他们自己的“必要谋杀”概念，并试图以此为1419年“无畏者让”本人的谋杀辩护，认为他是一个失去理智的人，变成了野兽，从而变成了暴君和魔鬼。
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