Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027140-3
Irina Konovalova
The paper is devoted to a comparative analysis of two sailing directions of the African coast of the Mediterranean Sea, included in the geographical work of Abu-l-Fida “Systematization of countries” (Takwim al-buldan, 1321—1331) and in the historical-geographical encyclopedia “Ways for viewing states with large cities” (Masalik al-absar fi mamalik al-amsar) of his younger contemporary al-ʽUmari (1301—1349). The content and composition of both sailing directions are considered, their toponymic nomenclature is compared with the data of the early European navigational aids Lo Compasso da navegare and Carte Pisane, conclusions are drawn both about the sources of their information and the methods of work of Arab scientists, and about the role of cross-cultural contacts in the accumulation and circulation of information about navigation routes in the southern part of the Mediterranean Sea and about the toponymy of the African sea coast in the first half of the 14th century.
这篇论文致力于对地中海非洲海岸的两个航行方向进行比较分析，包括在阿布·菲达的地理学著作《国家的系统化》(Takwim al-buldan, 1321-1331)和他年轻的同时代的阿尔·乌马里(1301-1349)的历史地理百科全书《拥有大城市的国家的观察方法》(Masalik al-absar fi mamalik al-amsar)中。本文考虑了这两个航行方向的内容和组成，将它们的地名命名法与早期欧洲航标Lo Compasso da navegare和Carte Pisane的资料进行了比较，得出了关于它们的信息来源和阿拉伯科学家的工作方法的结论。以及跨文化接触在地中海南部航线信息积累和流通中的作用，以及14世纪上半叶非洲海岸的地名。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027138-0
Andrey Mitrofanov
The article is devoted to the formation of republican and imperial emblems of the late 18th — early 19th centuries. in France, an important element of which was the state seal. A complete break with the heraldic tradition of the Old Order ended not in 1789, but in 1792 in connection with the overthrow of the monarchy. In August 1792, the National Convention approved a new state seal, which was used until 1804 with minor changes. The central element of the seal — the allegory of Liberty in the image of a woman was a well-known visual representation of the image of France from the very beginning of the Revolution, but in September 1792 it for the first time acquires the official status of a state emblem. The author shows how the revolutionary leaders made attempts to replace this image with others, wanting to emphasize the radical break and aspects of their political program. The projects of 1793 by Jean-Louis David and 1796 by Henri Gregoire differed significantly from each other. But the decree on the state seal of 1793, according to which the image of Liberty should be replaced by the image of Hercules, was not put into practice, and Gregoire’s proposals were completely rejected. On the basis of elements of revolutionary emblematic and neoclassical heraldic designs, in June — July 1804, a new state seal of the empire was created, the central elements of which are a golden eagle on an azure field and the image of Napoleon sitting on a throne in imperial insignia. The author emphasizes that the Napoleonic system of heraldic representation was originally conceived by Bonaparte and his advisers as an important political resource.
{"title":"Eaglet, Liberty, Hercules, and a Beehive: from the History of the Evolution of the State Seal of France in the Time of Napoleon","authors":"Andrey Mitrofanov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027138-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027138-0","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the formation of republican and imperial emblems of the late 18th — early 19th centuries. in France, an important element of which was the state seal. A complete break with the heraldic tradition of the Old Order ended not in 1789, but in 1792 in connection with the overthrow of the monarchy. In August 1792, the National Convention approved a new state seal, which was used until 1804 with minor changes. The central element of the seal — the allegory of Liberty in the image of a woman was a well-known visual representation of the image of France from the very beginning of the Revolution, but in September 1792 it for the first time acquires the official status of a state emblem. The author shows how the revolutionary leaders made attempts to replace this image with others, wanting to emphasize the radical break and aspects of their political program. The projects of 1793 by Jean-Louis David and 1796 by Henri Gregoire differed significantly from each other. But the decree on the state seal of 1793, according to which the image of Liberty should be replaced by the image of Hercules, was not put into practice, and Gregoire’s proposals were completely rejected. On the basis of elements of revolutionary emblematic and neoclassical heraldic designs, in June — July 1804, a new state seal of the empire was created, the central elements of which are a golden eagle on an azure field and the image of Napoleon sitting on a throne in imperial insignia. The author emphasizes that the Napoleonic system of heraldic representation was originally conceived by Bonaparte and his advisers as an important political resource.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027137-9
Ekaterina Kirillova
The article examines the regulation of the terms and process of vocational training in Modern History by the common to French kingdom and separate manufacturing regulations. Their prescriptions are compared with guild traditions, which allows to raise the question of the continuity of ideas and practices, as well as the traditional and new terminology of normative acts. Manufactories set the training duration, which was its main normative characteristic, and, like the guilds, assumed the continuity of this process as an unconditional rule, as well as for professional activity in general, but they could not ignore objective life circumstances and personal conflicts (the death of a master, lack of work, escapes of apprentices, etc.). The author analyzes how the regulations qualified “the absence” or presence of an apprentice and a master in the workshop during training, its duration and consequences.
{"title":"Continuity of Vocational Training in the Regulations of French Manufactories","authors":"Ekaterina Kirillova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027137-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027137-9","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the regulation of the terms and process of vocational training in Modern History by the common to French kingdom and separate manufacturing regulations. Their prescriptions are compared with guild traditions, which allows to raise the question of the continuity of ideas and practices, as well as the traditional and new terminology of normative acts. Manufactories set the training duration, which was its main normative characteristic, and, like the guilds, assumed the continuity of this process as an unconditional rule, as well as for professional activity in general, but they could not ignore objective life circumstances and personal conflicts (the death of a master, lack of work, escapes of apprentices, etc.). The author analyzes how the regulations qualified “the absence” or presence of an apprentice and a master in the workshop during training, its duration and consequences.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025788-5
Alexander Marey
The author analyzes the history of the Siete Partidas of Alfonso X the Wise to establish when they began to be taught at universities and why the Partidas became the subject of lawyers’study in so late. He emphasizes that the Partidas were perceived by Castilian lawyers and notaries precisely as local law, as opposed to ius commune, represented by the texts of the Justinian Corpus and the norms of canon law. The author sees the reason for this in the language in which the Partidas was composed — the romance language never became a «language for the high culture», which means that the texts created in it had practically no chance of becoming scholastic authorities. At the end of the article, the author shows that at universities began to study the Partidas only in the midst of 18th century, after the creation of the departments of the so-called «derecho patrio». Up to this point, the legal community had kept the texts of royal law out of the university classrooms, although the most intelligent and astute of jurists recognized the need to study it.
{"title":"A Code of Laws, Which Did Not Exist: How Began to Teach the Siete Partidas in the Universities","authors":"Alexander Marey","doi":"10.18254/s207987840025788-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025788-5","url":null,"abstract":"The author analyzes the history of the Siete Partidas of Alfonso X the Wise to establish when they began to be taught at universities and why the Partidas became the subject of lawyers’study in so late. He emphasizes that the Partidas were perceived by Castilian lawyers and notaries precisely as local law, as opposed to ius commune, represented by the texts of the Justinian Corpus and the norms of canon law. The author sees the reason for this in the language in which the Partidas was composed — the romance language never became a «language for the high culture», which means that the texts created in it had practically no chance of becoming scholastic authorities. At the end of the article, the author shows that at universities began to study the Partidas only in the midst of 18th century, after the creation of the departments of the so-called «derecho patrio». Up to this point, the legal community had kept the texts of royal law out of the university classrooms, although the most intelligent and astute of jurists recognized the need to study it.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027796-4
Maria Serova
The article analyzes Soviet-Norwegian economic relations after the World War II. All this is considered in the context of such international events of 1948—1949 as accepting Marshall Plan aid and Norway’s entry into the NATO alliance. After the liberation of Norway in 1945 the Norwegian economy came under severe inflationary pressure. That happened as a result of the increase in money supply and the reduction of domestic production and imports. In this case, trade with the Soviet Union could have been a good alternative for the development of the Norwegian economy. The previous conditions of pre-war arrangements between Norway and the USSR continued to operate and after the war. All trade between the two countries had been settled in Norwegian kroner with the provision of the possibility of offsetting the delivery of products. Norway understood perfectly well necessity of foreign policy balancing act by striving to maintain good neighbourly relations with The Soviet Union. That promoted enhanced trade relations between both countries. Although the bulk of the Norwegian trade was with the USA and the United Kingdom. This only accelerated the depleting currency reserves of country The Norwegian nation found itself in deep financial embarrassment. So, the Norwegian Government had accepted invitation to the conference in Paris which met from July to September 1947 to discuss the details of Marshall Aid. Such a decision contributed to the further to a cooling of relations between the Norway and the USSR and declining trade between the countries.
{"title":"Soviet-Norwegian Economic Relations in the First Years After the Second World War: From Cooperation to Confrontation","authors":"Maria Serova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027796-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027796-4","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes Soviet-Norwegian economic relations after the World War II. All this is considered in the context of such international events of 1948—1949 as accepting Marshall Plan aid and Norway’s entry into the NATO alliance. After the liberation of Norway in 1945 the Norwegian economy came under severe inflationary pressure. That happened as a result of the increase in money supply and the reduction of domestic production and imports. In this case, trade with the Soviet Union could have been a good alternative for the development of the Norwegian economy. The previous conditions of pre-war arrangements between Norway and the USSR continued to operate and after the war. All trade between the two countries had been settled in Norwegian kroner with the provision of the possibility of offsetting the delivery of products. Norway understood perfectly well necessity of foreign policy balancing act by striving to maintain good neighbourly relations with The Soviet Union. That promoted enhanced trade relations between both countries. Although the bulk of the Norwegian trade was with the USA and the United Kingdom. This only accelerated the depleting currency reserves of country The Norwegian nation found itself in deep financial embarrassment. So, the Norwegian Government had accepted invitation to the conference in Paris which met from July to September 1947 to discuss the details of Marshall Aid. Such a decision contributed to the further to a cooling of relations between the Norway and the USSR and declining trade between the countries.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026829-0
Nataliya Rostislavleva
The article presents the variety of the humanitarian aid to the Russian enemy aliens in Germany during the First World War. Compositional the author distinguishes three categories of enemy aliens: Russian subjects detained at the beginning of the war, who returned to Russia after some months; confined persons, which means detained, deported and restricted male, who stayed in Germany until the end of the war; internees, who were kept in German camps. Officially, the interests of all Russian enemy aliens were represented by the Spanish Embassy. In addition to the support of the Embassy of Spain, three areas of humanitarian assistance to Russian enemy aliens could be specificated: support from the local population and professional communities, humanitarian initiatives of the International and National Committees of the Red Cross and also actions of other philanthropic institutions. The author describes special aspects of the humanitarian aid to each category of enemy aliens. So the first category receive help from the German professional associations, international and national committees of the Red Cross. It was noted that the support of confined persons is some of the most unknown part: they received help mostly from the professional communities and the local population. The help of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), national Red Cross committees from the neutral states, Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is applicable to the interned captive civilians. Initiatives by prince Max von Baden also took their part in supporting the internees. The article also shows the support by the English and American internees, who shared their parcels with Russian captive civilians, discovers the humanitarian actions of the Relief Committees in the internment camps. The author highlights that the perception of humanitarian aid by citizens and governments were often in conflict.
{"title":"Humanitarian Initiatives on the Territory of the German Empire during the First World War (on the Examples of Treatment of the Russian Civilians)","authors":"Nataliya Rostislavleva","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026829-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026829-0","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the variety of the humanitarian aid to the Russian enemy aliens in Germany during the First World War. Compositional the author distinguishes three categories of enemy aliens: Russian subjects detained at the beginning of the war, who returned to Russia after some months; confined persons, which means detained, deported and restricted male, who stayed in Germany until the end of the war; internees, who were kept in German camps. Officially, the interests of all Russian enemy aliens were represented by the Spanish Embassy. In addition to the support of the Embassy of Spain, three areas of humanitarian assistance to Russian enemy aliens could be specificated: support from the local population and professional communities, humanitarian initiatives of the International and National Committees of the Red Cross and also actions of other philanthropic institutions. The author describes special aspects of the humanitarian aid to each category of enemy aliens. So the first category receive help from the German professional associations, international and national committees of the Red Cross. It was noted that the support of confined persons is some of the most unknown part: they received help mostly from the professional communities and the local population. The help of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), national Red Cross committees from the neutral states, Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is applicable to the interned captive civilians. Initiatives by prince Max von Baden also took their part in supporting the internees. The article also shows the support by the English and American internees, who shared their parcels with Russian captive civilians, discovers the humanitarian actions of the Relief Committees in the internment camps. The author highlights that the perception of humanitarian aid by citizens and governments were often in conflict.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":"470 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027170-6
Alexander Tchernik
The armillary sphere is one of the most famous badges. The opinion that this image of a navigation device visualizes Portugal is an anachronism. In Europe the armillary sphere was used not only in Portugal. Models of the celestial structure based on the concept of the sphericity of the universe have a long tradition. In the 15th — 16th centuries the armillary sphere served as a designation of the highest imperial ambitions and appeared in various contexts related to messianism and the interpretation of biblical prophecy. The armillary sphere is a conceptual model of the cosmos structure, its physical, spiritual, and political sides. By the end of the 15th century the armillary sphere became a stable representation of the universe — an image full of Christian meaning, which had a pan-European distribution and pan-European significance. The image of the sphere is a visualization of the highest European values of that time, an example of which is the use of it by Elizabeth I and her entourage.
{"title":"Armillary Sphere in the Ideology of the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times","authors":"Alexander Tchernik","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027170-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027170-6","url":null,"abstract":"The armillary sphere is one of the most famous badges. The opinion that this image of a navigation device visualizes Portugal is an anachronism. In Europe the armillary sphere was used not only in Portugal. Models of the celestial structure based on the concept of the sphericity of the universe have a long tradition. In the 15th — 16th centuries the armillary sphere served as a designation of the highest imperial ambitions and appeared in various contexts related to messianism and the interpretation of biblical prophecy. The armillary sphere is a conceptual model of the cosmos structure, its physical, spiritual, and political sides. By the end of the 15th century the armillary sphere became a stable representation of the universe — an image full of Christian meaning, which had a pan-European distribution and pan-European significance. The image of the sphere is a visualization of the highest European values of that time, an example of which is the use of it by Elizabeth I and her entourage.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027815-5
Oksana Zaretskaya
The article examines the changes in Soviet-Norwegian relations during the Cold War and the reflection in the Soviet press of one of the key issues of interaction between the USSR and Norway. After the Second World War, the strategic importance of the archipelago became obvious, so the USSR is striving to maintain its presence in Svalbard and comply with the provisions of the Svalbard Treaty of 1920, while Norway introduces its own legislation on the archipelago, limiting the rights of the countries signatories of the Svalbard Treaty. The study of the Svalbard problem and its influence on Soviet-Norwegian relations is relevant from the point of view of determining the causes of contradictions in modern Russian-Norwegian relations, changes and continuity in international politics at the present stage.
{"title":"The Problem of Spitsbergen on the Pages of the Soviet Press in the Context of the Transformation of Soviet-Norwegian Relations During the Cold War (Based on the Materials of the Newspaper “Pravda”)","authors":"Oksana Zaretskaya","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027815-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027815-5","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the changes in Soviet-Norwegian relations during the Cold War and the reflection in the Soviet press of one of the key issues of interaction between the USSR and Norway. After the Second World War, the strategic importance of the archipelago became obvious, so the USSR is striving to maintain its presence in Svalbard and comply with the provisions of the Svalbard Treaty of 1920, while Norway introduces its own legislation on the archipelago, limiting the rights of the countries signatories of the Svalbard Treaty. The study of the Svalbard problem and its influence on Soviet-Norwegian relations is relevant from the point of view of determining the causes of contradictions in modern Russian-Norwegian relations, changes and continuity in international politics at the present stage.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027472-8
Tatyana Gusarova
The article studies the daily activity of the noble comitats of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Fifteen Years’, or Long, War (1593—1606) i.e. the war between the Austrian Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire, which erupted on the territory of what was then Hungary. The period was not selected at random. The tension and concentration of the social forces were most noticeable in the conditions of war and, first of all, at the local level, because the local population suffered from the war and bore all its burdens: military operations, mobilization, growing taxes, lawlessness and irreparable damage caused by their own and other troops, forced gratuitous labour, military supplies, etc. In that difficult situation, society had to self-organize. The functioning and interaction of the central and local authorities became the key factor in the country resistance to the Ottomans. The noble community, united locally in a self-governing corporation, was aware of its obligations to the country when it came to its defence and tried to comply with them. But such possibilities also had limits that the population could not physically overcome, and local authorities, in dialogue with the central authorities, marked these limitations in various ways. Comitat statutes, as well as minutes of noble assemblies, contain extensive material on this issue. In combination with the laws of state assemblies, they provide an objective and fairly complete picture of this interaction.
{"title":"Noble Comitats (Noble Counties) of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Fifteen Years’ War (1593—1606): the Limits of Possibilities","authors":"Tatyana Gusarova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027472-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027472-8","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies the daily activity of the noble comitats of the Kingdom of Hungary during the Fifteen Years’, or Long, War (1593—1606) i.e. the war between the Austrian Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire, which erupted on the territory of what was then Hungary. The period was not selected at random. The tension and concentration of the social forces were most noticeable in the conditions of war and, first of all, at the local level, because the local population suffered from the war and bore all its burdens: military operations, mobilization, growing taxes, lawlessness and irreparable damage caused by their own and other troops, forced gratuitous labour, military supplies, etc. In that difficult situation, society had to self-organize. The functioning and interaction of the central and local authorities became the key factor in the country resistance to the Ottomans. The noble community, united locally in a self-governing corporation, was aware of its obligations to the country when it came to its defence and tried to comply with them. But such possibilities also had limits that the population could not physically overcome, and local authorities, in dialogue with the central authorities, marked these limitations in various ways. Comitat statutes, as well as minutes of noble assemblies, contain extensive material on this issue. In combination with the laws of state assemblies, they provide an objective and fairly complete picture of this interaction.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027802-1
Evgenia Korunova
The aim of the article is to analyze the relationship between two Swedish politicians — Ö. Undén and D. Hammarsjöld: one of them was a creator of the Swedish foreign policy doctrine after the World War II and another was the UN secretary general. They stayed allied working together in the same department in Sweden and even after Hammarsjöld became the UN secretary general. The article shows how mutual interest to keep the peace at all levels helped to relieve world tension between conflicts’ participants. Thus, it interesting how these politicians are cross-influencing to each other and how the base principles of “home” policy was implemented in operation of international organization. Studying the political duet Undén — Hammarsjöld it supports to come to conclusion that both politicians have used similar procedures and management methods.
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