Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027710-0
Lyudmila Sadova
The arms race that unfolded at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries in Sweden and Norway coincided with the development of the crisis in Swedish-Norwegian relations. Norway's struggle within the framework of the union with Sweden to expand its rights and gain greater independence led to an increase in discontent in public and political circles in Sweden, and the increasing pace of modernization of the armed forces of both countries generated mutual suspicions, rumors and accusations of purposeful activities against the “fraternal people”. Relying on the documents of the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, in particular on the reports of Russian diplomats who carefully observed the course of the conflict and carefully described all the events on the pages of their reports, the question is raised whether it is possible to talk about the Swedish-Norwegian conflict as the main reason for military reforms, whether the measures taken by the two countries were exclusively directed against each other. It can be concluded, to which Norwegian researchers also come, that the military buildup by Sweden and Norway at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries was the result of a complex of reasons: firstly, it occurred in the context of the pan-European process of strengthening the armament of European states, and secondly, it was closely related to the growth of Norwegian nationalism and was perceived as part of the on national identity, characteristic of that time and thirdly, was in close interaction and influenced by the problems associated with the constitutional crisis of 1890—1905.
{"title":"Military Transformations in Sweden and Norway During the Swedish-Norwegian Conflict on the Turn of the 19th — 20th Centuries (According to the Russian Diplomatic Correspondence)","authors":"Lyudmila Sadova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027710-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027710-0","url":null,"abstract":"The arms race that unfolded at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries in Sweden and Norway coincided with the development of the crisis in Swedish-Norwegian relations. Norway's struggle within the framework of the union with Sweden to expand its rights and gain greater independence led to an increase in discontent in public and political circles in Sweden, and the increasing pace of modernization of the armed forces of both countries generated mutual suspicions, rumors and accusations of purposeful activities against the “fraternal people”. Relying on the documents of the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, in particular on the reports of Russian diplomats who carefully observed the course of the conflict and carefully described all the events on the pages of their reports, the question is raised whether it is possible to talk about the Swedish-Norwegian conflict as the main reason for military reforms, whether the measures taken by the two countries were exclusively directed against each other. It can be concluded, to which Norwegian researchers also come, that the military buildup by Sweden and Norway at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries was the result of a complex of reasons: firstly, it occurred in the context of the pan-European process of strengthening the armament of European states, and secondly, it was closely related to the growth of Norwegian nationalism and was perceived as part of the on national identity, characteristic of that time and thirdly, was in close interaction and influenced by the problems associated with the constitutional crisis of 1890—1905.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027383-0
Ivan Palitai
The article is devoted to the formation of youth political leadership in modern Russia. To identify existing problems in this process, the author analyzes the historical events of the early XIX — late XX centuries, and then considers the current state of this problem. In the course of historical analysis, it was found that in cases where there was no targeted work with the youth on the part of the state, various circles and associations arose among them, the nature of which often had an anti—government character. Intensive work with the younger generation in the Soviet period of Russian history showed qualitative changes, both in the nature of the activities of youth associations, and in the state of mass consciousness of young people. The second part of the article provides the author's definition of political leadership. Based on its main aspects, an analysis of the modern features of the formation of youth political leaders is carried out. Among the problems in this process, the author highlights the little experience of political activity of young politicians, the lack of “platforms” for their communication with young people, as well as the state of the mass consciousness of young people, in which there are practically no clearly formed images of political leaders from among them.
{"title":"Youth Political Leadership in Russia: History and Modernity","authors":"Ivan Palitai","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027383-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027383-0","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the formation of youth political leadership in modern Russia. To identify existing problems in this process, the author analyzes the historical events of the early XIX — late XX centuries, and then considers the current state of this problem. In the course of historical analysis, it was found that in cases where there was no targeted work with the youth on the part of the state, various circles and associations arose among them, the nature of which often had an anti—government character. Intensive work with the younger generation in the Soviet period of Russian history showed qualitative changes, both in the nature of the activities of youth associations, and in the state of mass consciousness of young people. The second part of the article provides the author's definition of political leadership. Based on its main aspects, an analysis of the modern features of the formation of youth political leaders is carried out. Among the problems in this process, the author highlights the little experience of political activity of young politicians, the lack of “platforms” for their communication with young people, as well as the state of the mass consciousness of young people, in which there are practically no clearly formed images of political leaders from among them.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840023157-1
Alim Abidulin
The article examines the role of border territories in the fate of the Ottoman Empire. The study of the frontier of the Ottoman Empire is relevant, as it makes it possible to realize the development of the empire throughout its existence. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the main phases of changing the boundaries of the empire. The authors identify four main phases and describe each of them. The authors carefully consider the second phase of changing the borders of the Ottoman Empire, which peaked in the first half and the middle of the sixteenth century, when the borders of the empire reached their maximum size and territories with twenty-five million people were under the control of the Ottomans. The authors indicate the reasons why there was both an increase and a decrease in the Ottoman frontiers. In addition, the article describes the types of provincial government that differed, with the constant change of borders. The authors describe the degrees of autonomy granted to the various provinces, as well as the ways in which taxes and duties were collected, which differed in different parts of the empire. The conclusion drawn in this article is that throughout its existence, the Ottoman frontiers were constantly changing, which was associated with certain factors, such as: changing the key goals of the sultans, the degree of training of troops, the use of the results of technological progress, the situation in the international arena.
{"title":"Frontiers in th Fate of the Ottoman Empire","authors":"Alim Abidulin","doi":"10.18254/s207987840023157-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023157-1","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the role of border territories in the fate of the Ottoman Empire. The study of the frontier of the Ottoman Empire is relevant, as it makes it possible to realize the development of the empire throughout its existence. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the main phases of changing the boundaries of the empire. The authors identify four main phases and describe each of them. The authors carefully consider the second phase of changing the borders of the Ottoman Empire, which peaked in the first half and the middle of the sixteenth century, when the borders of the empire reached their maximum size and territories with twenty-five million people were under the control of the Ottomans. The authors indicate the reasons why there was both an increase and a decrease in the Ottoman frontiers. In addition, the article describes the types of provincial government that differed, with the constant change of borders. The authors describe the degrees of autonomy granted to the various provinces, as well as the ways in which taxes and duties were collected, which differed in different parts of the empire. The conclusion drawn in this article is that throughout its existence, the Ottoman frontiers were constantly changing, which was associated with certain factors, such as: changing the key goals of the sultans, the degree of training of troops, the use of the results of technological progress, the situation in the international arena.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027803-2
Urban Wråkberg
The article offers a historical review of the practice of prioritizing scientific advice in land-use policies of the Arctic. It uses the high-arctic Svalbard archipelago as its main case study. It articulates the need for historians to contribute insights into the ways scientific communities have set much of the international agenda of Arctic and Antarctic matters over the last century. From a cultural heritage standpoint, today’s situation on Svalbard illustrates some problems of the currently widely accepted ideas of global (Arctic) governance. The author raises the question, according some points of view, whether the idea of Circumarctic, globally governed by scientific diplomacy, will not turn into something “sectorally” divided — a future that, as Arctic historians know, has a past in Arctic geopolitics from which lessons can be learned.
{"title":"Science as Arbitrator on Arctic Land-Use Issues: а Historical Appraisal","authors":"Urban Wråkberg","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027803-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027803-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article offers a historical review of the practice of prioritizing scientific advice in land-use policies of the Arctic. It uses the high-arctic Svalbard archipelago as its main case study. It articulates the need for historians to contribute insights into the ways scientific communities have set much of the international agenda of Arctic and Antarctic matters over the last century. From a cultural heritage standpoint, today’s situation on Svalbard illustrates some problems of the currently widely accepted ideas of global (Arctic) governance. The author raises the question, according some points of view, whether the idea of Circumarctic, globally governed by scientific diplomacy, will not turn into something “sectorally” divided — a future that, as Arctic historians know, has a past in Arctic geopolitics from which lessons can be learned.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027125-6
Evgeny Pchelov
The article analyzes the image of a rider defeating a dragon on the front side of the seal of Ivan III of the 1490s. This image has a number of characteristic features, including a special method of sitting on a horse and holding a spear. These features are not characteristic of the old Russian art of the XV century, however, they find analogues in the works of art of the Italian Quattrocento. They go back to the ancient tradition of depicting a horseman armed with a spear, which Renaissance masters could get acquainted with by the example of the monumental monuments of Rome. Thus, the master of the seal of Ivan III could belong to the Florentine-Roman art school, and perhaps it was the Roman master Christopher mentioned in the chronicles.
{"title":"The Horseman of the Seal of Ivan III: Sources of Visual Image","authors":"Evgeny Pchelov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027125-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027125-6","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the image of a rider defeating a dragon on the front side of the seal of Ivan III of the 1490s. This image has a number of characteristic features, including a special method of sitting on a horse and holding a spear. These features are not characteristic of the old Russian art of the XV century, however, they find analogues in the works of art of the Italian Quattrocento. They go back to the ancient tradition of depicting a horseman armed with a spear, which Renaissance masters could get acquainted with by the example of the monumental monuments of Rome. Thus, the master of the seal of Ivan III could belong to the Florentine-Roman art school, and perhaps it was the Roman master Christopher mentioned in the chronicles.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025593-1
Valentina Gribanova
For the majority of African countries dismantling of the colonial system in the middle of the Twentieth century resulted mostly in political independence with weak economical foundations. This reality paved their way from colonial to neocolonial dependence. Colonialism, in the modern sense, is not only the conquest and exploration of new territories, it is a way of thinking and interacting, a system of discursive operation of power. Neocolonialism, while pursuing the same goals as the classical colonial regime, was in many ways more complicated and sophisticated, affecting the fields of ideology, culture, science, education and information. In the 1970s, the thesis was put forward that cultural expansion was a kind of imperialism i.e. cultural imperialism. Since the late 1980s the term “cultural imperialism” has disappeared from the social sciences, while the phenomenon of indirect control of former colonies has remained. The question of the independence of the cultural and information sphere in Africa has not been resolved to these days. The countries of the African continent throughout the twentieth century were not equal participants in information interactions, acting either as objects of consideration and study or as consumers of information. Although in the first decade of the twenty-first century Africa experienced a boom in mobile communication and social networking, and the widespread diffusion of information technology inspired optimism and hope for a fair exchange of information, at that time there was talk of imperialism again, but this time of informational or digital imperialism. Although the term is not yet universally accepted, it represents a form of neo-colonialism aimed at the continued exploitation of African peoples.
{"title":"Neocolonialism in the Sphere of Education and Mass Media in Africa: Transition from Cultural to Digital Imperialism","authors":"Valentina Gribanova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840025593-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025593-1","url":null,"abstract":"For the majority of African countries dismantling of the colonial system in the middle of the Twentieth century resulted mostly in political independence with weak economical foundations. This reality paved their way from colonial to neocolonial dependence. Colonialism, in the modern sense, is not only the conquest and exploration of new territories, it is a way of thinking and interacting, a system of discursive operation of power. Neocolonialism, while pursuing the same goals as the classical colonial regime, was in many ways more complicated and sophisticated, affecting the fields of ideology, culture, science, education and information. In the 1970s, the thesis was put forward that cultural expansion was a kind of imperialism i.e. cultural imperialism. Since the late 1980s the term “cultural imperialism” has disappeared from the social sciences, while the phenomenon of indirect control of former colonies has remained. The question of the independence of the cultural and information sphere in Africa has not been resolved to these days. The countries of the African continent throughout the twentieth century were not equal participants in information interactions, acting either as objects of consideration and study or as consumers of information. Although in the first decade of the twenty-first century Africa experienced a boom in mobile communication and social networking, and the widespread diffusion of information technology inspired optimism and hope for a fair exchange of information, at that time there was talk of imperialism again, but this time of informational or digital imperialism. Although the term is not yet universally accepted, it represents a form of neo-colonialism aimed at the continued exploitation of African peoples.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026935-7
Ekaterina Nosova
The article examines the materials and constructional features of ten silver seals of the Doge of Venice originating from the collection of Academician Nikolai Petrovich Likhachev (1862—1936) and kept at the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Addressing to this collection is justified and logical, since Nikolai Likhachev was the founder of sphragistics in Russia, and his collection played a special role in the formation of this auxiliary historical discipline. The silver seals stand out from the entire set of Western European seals due to their unusual construction, which has no analogues in Western European sigillography. They are made like hollow silver boxes, filled with a unknown substance. Optical microscopy in reflected light, X-ray fluorescence analysis and FTIR spectroscopy were used for technological analysis. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) showed that the box was made of copper-silver alloy (Ag 94.5—83.55 %) in various percentages with minor admixtures of Zn, Pb, Fe, Ni, Au. Three seals contain Hg (up to 3 %). However, visual inspection did not confirm the version of amalgamation, as there are no characteristic rubbings. This question requires further investigation. FTIR spectroscopy of one of the specimens revealed that the specimen was not composed of resin, as the organoleptic analysis would suggest, but of beeswax, which had reacted with the metal, resulting in the formation of salts of free fatty acids contained in the wax. Finally, it was found that the design of three of the ten seals did not allow them to be securely attached to the document. Thus, these seals did not perform their main function — protection against forgery. This fact, combined with the more difficult technique compared to others, may explain the rarity of seals of this construction.
{"title":"Pendent Silver Seals of Venetian Doges from the Collection of Nicolay Likhachev: a Technological Study","authors":"Ekaterina Nosova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026935-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026935-7","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the materials and constructional features of ten silver seals of the Doge of Venice originating from the collection of Academician Nikolai Petrovich Likhachev (1862—1936) and kept at the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Addressing to this collection is justified and logical, since Nikolai Likhachev was the founder of sphragistics in Russia, and his collection played a special role in the formation of this auxiliary historical discipline. The silver seals stand out from the entire set of Western European seals due to their unusual construction, which has no analogues in Western European sigillography. They are made like hollow silver boxes, filled with a unknown substance. Optical microscopy in reflected light, X-ray fluorescence analysis and FTIR spectroscopy were used for technological analysis. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) showed that the box was made of copper-silver alloy (Ag 94.5—83.55 %) in various percentages with minor admixtures of Zn, Pb, Fe, Ni, Au. Three seals contain Hg (up to 3 %). However, visual inspection did not confirm the version of amalgamation, as there are no characteristic rubbings. This question requires further investigation. FTIR spectroscopy of one of the specimens revealed that the specimen was not composed of resin, as the organoleptic analysis would suggest, but of beeswax, which had reacted with the metal, resulting in the formation of salts of free fatty acids contained in the wax. Finally, it was found that the design of three of the ten seals did not allow them to be securely attached to the document. Thus, these seals did not perform their main function — protection against forgery. This fact, combined with the more difficult technique compared to others, may explain the rarity of seals of this construction.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026611-1
Svetlana Belchinkova
The author has made an attempt to make a comprehensive source analysis of the history of charitable, merciful and educational activities of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (1872—1918). The article notes the main directions of charitable and merciful (in wartime and postwar years) activities of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. Based on the analysis of five sets of sources (statistical compilations, reports of charitable institutions, periodicals, archival materials and memoirs) of undoubted scientific and cognitive value, the author also investigates the distinctive approach of the Empress to the cause of social assistance and the extent of her personal participation in the charitable projects under her care.
{"title":"A Source Analysis of the History of the Charitable Activities of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna","authors":"Svetlana Belchinkova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026611-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026611-1","url":null,"abstract":"The author has made an attempt to make a comprehensive source analysis of the history of charitable, merciful and educational activities of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (1872—1918). The article notes the main directions of charitable and merciful (in wartime and postwar years) activities of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. Based on the analysis of five sets of sources (statistical compilations, reports of charitable institutions, periodicals, archival materials and memoirs) of undoubted scientific and cognitive value, the author also investigates the distinctive approach of the Empress to the cause of social assistance and the extent of her personal participation in the charitable projects under her care.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025591-9
Alexander Voevodskiy
The article examines the peculiarities of Soviet policy in Africa and its evolution in the 1960s and 1970s by the example of three regional crises of the Cold War — the Congolese crisis of 1960—1965, the Angolan crisis of 1975 and the Ogaden War of 1977—1978. The USSR worked its way up from the defeat in the Congo, when the Soviet leadership had a vague idea of African realities, to participation in repelling foreign intervention in Angola in 1975 and providing massive military assistance to Ethiopia in 1977—1978. The scale of these operations, which were carried out at a considerable distance from the borders of the Soviet Union, testifies not only to the increased military and logistical capabilities of the USSR, but also to its more thoughtful approach to choosing allies on the African continent. The participation of Cuban troops in the armed conflicts in Angola and Ogaden became an important success factor as well.
{"title":"he USSR and the Cold War Crises in Black Africa","authors":"Alexander Voevodskiy","doi":"10.18254/s207987840025591-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025591-9","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the peculiarities of Soviet policy in Africa and its evolution in the 1960s and 1970s by the example of three regional crises of the Cold War — the Congolese crisis of 1960—1965, the Angolan crisis of 1975 and the Ogaden War of 1977—1978. The USSR worked its way up from the defeat in the Congo, when the Soviet leadership had a vague idea of African realities, to participation in repelling foreign intervention in Angola in 1975 and providing massive military assistance to Ethiopia in 1977—1978. The scale of these operations, which were carried out at a considerable distance from the borders of the Soviet Union, testifies not only to the increased military and logistical capabilities of the USSR, but also to its more thoughtful approach to choosing allies on the African continent. The participation of Cuban troops in the armed conflicts in Angola and Ogaden became an important success factor as well.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026775-1
Andrey Mamontov
Still under-investigated collection of Donatist sermons from Vienna provides us with a possibility to see the life of North African Donatist communities in a new light. While almost all our sources are polemical in nature, those texts were used in the Donatist catechesis. The paper deals with the treatment of charity and almsgiving, its understanding and justification, in the Donatist preaching. Furthermore, the subject is considered in relation to the legacy of Cyprian of Carthage, due to his great influence on both the history of the Donatist schism and the development of the concept of charity in the Western Christianity.
{"title":"Charity and Almsgiving in Donatist Sermons and Cyprian of Carthage’s Legacy","authors":"Andrey Mamontov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026775-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026775-1","url":null,"abstract":"Still under-investigated collection of Donatist sermons from Vienna provides us with a possibility to see the life of North African Donatist communities in a new light. While almost all our sources are polemical in nature, those texts were used in the Donatist catechesis. The paper deals with the treatment of charity and almsgiving, its understanding and justification, in the Donatist preaching. Furthermore, the subject is considered in relation to the legacy of Cyprian of Carthage, due to his great influence on both the history of the Donatist schism and the development of the concept of charity in the Western Christianity.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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