Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026803-2
Vladimir Nikishin
The article is devoted to the life and work of Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, friend and colleague of emperor Augustus. In historiography Maecenas usually appears as the “minister of the interior” and even the “minister of propaganda” of the Roman Empire. According to the author, Maecenas was a new type of politician: soft, modest, devoid of political ambitions, who loved art and got used to luxury. Maecenas was Augustus' confidante and an obedient instrument in his hands. He went down in history as the head of a literary circle and the patron of such poets as Virgil, Horace and Propertius. Maecenas was, in modern terms, an effective “manager”, a generous “sponsor” and a talented “producer”, who created the ideology of the “golden age” of Augustus.
{"title":"Gaius Cilnius Maecenas and His Circle in the Cultural Atmosphere of the Golden Age of Augustus","authors":"Vladimir Nikishin","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026803-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026803-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the life and work of Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, friend and colleague of emperor Augustus. In historiography Maecenas usually appears as the “minister of the interior” and even the “minister of propaganda” of the Roman Empire. According to the author, Maecenas was a new type of politician: soft, modest, devoid of political ambitions, who loved art and got used to luxury. Maecenas was Augustus' confidante and an obedient instrument in his hands. He went down in history as the head of a literary circle and the patron of such poets as Virgil, Horace and Propertius. Maecenas was, in modern terms, an effective “manager”, a generous “sponsor” and a talented “producer”, who created the ideology of the “golden age” of Augustus.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026831-3
Pyotr Cherkasov
The article analyzes the foreign policy of Vladimir Putin during his three presidential terms (2000—2004; 2004—2008; 2012—2018). During this time, Russia has managed to restore its status of a great power lost after the collapse of the USSR (if not in terms of economic indicators, then in terms of military power), and has become one of the most influential actors in international relations on a global level. On the basis of available sources — speeches by Vladimir Putin and program documents prepared on his behalf — the author tries to find answers to a number of important questions: what principles did President Putin initially lay in the basis of Russia’s foreign policy when he first took the post of head of state, what goals did he pursue, what were his foreign policy priorities and what influenced the adjustment of these goals and priorities? It is fundamentally important to elucidate the reasons that determined the turn from close cooperation between Russia and the West in the early 2000s to the resumption of confrontation, which took on increasingly sharp forms throughout the 2010s. The foreign policy of President Putin is considered in its evolution and in relation to the development of the economic and socio-political situation in Russia in the period under review.
{"title":"Foreign Рolicy of Vladimir Putin (2000—2018)","authors":"Pyotr Cherkasov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026831-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026831-3","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the foreign policy of Vladimir Putin during his three presidential terms (2000—2004; 2004—2008; 2012—2018). During this time, Russia has managed to restore its status of a great power lost after the collapse of the USSR (if not in terms of economic indicators, then in terms of military power), and has become one of the most influential actors in international relations on a global level. On the basis of available sources — speeches by Vladimir Putin and program documents prepared on his behalf — the author tries to find answers to a number of important questions: what principles did President Putin initially lay in the basis of Russia’s foreign policy when he first took the post of head of state, what goals did he pursue, what were his foreign policy priorities and what influenced the adjustment of these goals and priorities? It is fundamentally important to elucidate the reasons that determined the turn from close cooperation between Russia and the West in the early 2000s to the resumption of confrontation, which took on increasingly sharp forms throughout the 2010s. The foreign policy of President Putin is considered in its evolution and in relation to the development of the economic and socio-political situation in Russia in the period under review.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026931-3
Grigoriy Bakus
“Rotterdam durch deutsche bomben vernichtet” — this inscription in German Language was written on snapshot with most prominent Gothic-styled Church of the city. The nearest area was destroyed completely and only ruins there were everywhere. Today this card, an amateur photo, is a piece of historical evidence both in the fields of longue durée terms of existence for medieval monuments in traditional cityscapes and local societies, which had living there. During the periods of the First and the Second World Wars were made the arrays of images of the same sort with monuments of medieval culture — the cathedrals of Reims, Rouen, Amiens, Laon, the Sint-Laurenskerk in Rotterdam, the Benedictine abbey of Mont Saint-Michel. Together with the earlier images, these photographs allow us to return to the problem of the “Traditional Church in Modern Culture”, which was identified by R. Kieckhepher on another material, as well as to talk about the content of the images of the Middle Ages in the discourses of the 20th century (O. G. Oexle).
“鹿特丹durch deutsche bomben vernichtet”——这句德语铭文写在该市最著名的哥特式教堂的快照上。最近的地区被完全摧毁，到处都是废墟。今天，这张卡片，一张业余爱好者的照片，是中世纪遗迹在传统城市景观和当地社会中长期存在的历史证据。在第一次和第二次世界大战期间，制作了一系列与中世纪文化纪念碑类似的图像-兰斯、鲁昂、亚曼、拉昂的大教堂、鹿特丹的圣劳伦斯克教堂、圣米歇尔山的本笃会修道院。这些照片与早期的图像一起，让我们回到了R. kieckheher在另一种材料上所确定的“现代文化中的传统教会”问题，并讨论了20世纪话语中的中世纪图像的内容(O. G. Oexle)。
{"title":"Gothic Сathedrals in the Fire of the World War: Monuments of Medieval Architecture in the Visual Historical Evidence of the 20th Century","authors":"Grigoriy Bakus","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026931-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026931-3","url":null,"abstract":"“Rotterdam durch deutsche bomben vernichtet” — this inscription in German Language was written on snapshot with most prominent Gothic-styled Church of the city. The nearest area was destroyed completely and only ruins there were everywhere. Today this card, an amateur photo, is a piece of historical evidence both in the fields of longue durée terms of existence for medieval monuments in traditional cityscapes and local societies, which had living there. During the periods of the First and the Second World Wars were made the arrays of images of the same sort with monuments of medieval culture — the cathedrals of Reims, Rouen, Amiens, Laon, the Sint-Laurenskerk in Rotterdam, the Benedictine abbey of Mont Saint-Michel. Together with the earlier images, these photographs allow us to return to the problem of the “Traditional Church in Modern Culture”, which was identified by R. Kieckhepher on another material, as well as to talk about the content of the images of the Middle Ages in the discourses of the 20th century (O. G. Oexle).","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027013-3
Soshnikova Kseniia
This article is devoted to the study of Guyart des Moulins’s “Bible Historiale” (“Historical Bible”) illumination art on the example of two codices preserved in the National Library of Russia. The “Bible Historiale”, which combined the translation of the Vulgate and the “Historia Scholastica” by Peter Comestor into French, was one of the most popular translations of the Bible in France and preserved in numerous copies. The manuscripts from the National Library of Russia stand out among other surviving copies of the Guyart des Moulins’s work for their unusual iconography. The author examines the illumination features of the Bible in the 14th century and shows how the subjects of time and the universe, the order of the earthly and heavenly worlds were reflected in the miniatures and the text of the Historical Bible. These topics reveal the outlook on the universe of medieval man, his attitude to life and history.
{"title":"Time and the Universe in the Iconography of the Guyart des Moulins’s “Bible Historiale”","authors":"Soshnikova Kseniia","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027013-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027013-3","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the study of Guyart des Moulins’s “Bible Historiale” (“Historical Bible”) illumination art on the example of two codices preserved in the National Library of Russia. The “Bible Historiale”, which combined the translation of the Vulgate and the “Historia Scholastica” by Peter Comestor into French, was one of the most popular translations of the Bible in France and preserved in numerous copies. The manuscripts from the National Library of Russia stand out among other surviving copies of the Guyart des Moulins’s work for their unusual iconography. The author examines the illumination features of the Bible in the 14th century and shows how the subjects of time and the universe, the order of the earthly and heavenly worlds were reflected in the miniatures and the text of the Historical Bible. These topics reveal the outlook on the universe of medieval man, his attitude to life and history.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027387-4
Alexey Frolov
The article attributes a fragment of land description of Shegrinsky pogost of Novgorod Derevskaya Pyatina, stored in F. 1209 RGADA among unidentified sheets of unknown origin (Inventory 1. Part 3. File 268). It has been established that the two investigated sheets belong to the collection of inspection books of Derevskaya Pyatina by Grigory Plescheev of 1573 and belong to one of the most destroyed parts of this collection: until now, only one sheet was known about Shegrinsky pogost. Observations were made on when the examined fragment could have been removed from the collection and under what circumstances it was rediscovered, why it was put among the documents of the archive of estate land and fiefdom property institutions, while the convolute origins from the archive of the financial office, and why it has not been attributed until now.
{"title":"Unknown Fragment of the Inspection Books of Derevskaya Pyatina by Grigory Plescheev of 1573","authors":"Alexey Frolov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027387-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027387-4","url":null,"abstract":"The article attributes a fragment of land description of Shegrinsky pogost of Novgorod Derevskaya Pyatina, stored in F. 1209 RGADA among unidentified sheets of unknown origin (Inventory 1. Part 3. File 268). It has been established that the two investigated sheets belong to the collection of inspection books of Derevskaya Pyatina by Grigory Plescheev of 1573 and belong to one of the most destroyed parts of this collection: until now, only one sheet was known about Shegrinsky pogost. Observations were made on when the examined fragment could have been removed from the collection and under what circumstances it was rediscovered, why it was put among the documents of the archive of estate land and fiefdom property institutions, while the convolute origins from the archive of the financial office, and why it has not been attributed until now.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026934-6
Mikhail Kovalev
In the interwar period of 1920—1930s Prague was a recognized intellectual center of the Russia Abroad. The article analyzes the place occupied by the images of Prague and its historical heritage in the minds of Russian émigrés, how they constructed this images, how it was reflected in memoirs, letters, diaries, periodicals, scientific literature and fiction. The space of Prague was a special cultural text, formed at the intersection of various ethnic, religious and linguistic boundaries. For Russians, it was not just an urban space, but an active participant and witness to the historical process. In this regard, according to émigrés, few European cities could compare with it. The Prague urban space was perceived by Russians as the center of cultural symbols, among which a special place was given to famous architectural monuments — Charles Bridge, Prague Castle and the Church of St. Vitus, medieval streets of Malá Strana, etc. A special place is given to the analysis of the image of the Charles Bridge, which took on various guises. The bridge became an active figure, a practically protagonist of both artistic and scientific reflections. The article analyzes the influence of Prague images on the work of Russian émigrés such as Marina Tsvetaeva, Gleb Struve, Igor Severyanin, Valentin Bulgakov, Antony Florovsky, Sergey Pushkarev, etc. At the same time, it is concluded that, despite the historical charm of Prague recognized by the majority of Russians, a considerable number of émigrés perceived it as a provincial city, inferior to Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is shown that in the émigré intellectual culture there was a contradictory perception of Prague. At the same time, they wrote about it both about the center of the Slavic world, with deep historical roots, and about the cultural province of Europe. Therefore, the image of Prague was complex and contradictory. There is no doubt that the historical images of the Czech capital left a noticeable mark on the intellectual culture of the Russian emigration.
{"title":"“This is the Unique Capital of the Middle Ages... That Has Survived to Our Time in Comparative Integrity”: Historical Images of Prague Through the Eyes of Russian Émigrés in the 1920s and 1930s","authors":"Mikhail Kovalev","doi":"10.18254/s207987840026934-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026934-6","url":null,"abstract":"In the interwar period of 1920—1930s Prague was a recognized intellectual center of the Russia Abroad. The article analyzes the place occupied by the images of Prague and its historical heritage in the minds of Russian émigrés, how they constructed this images, how it was reflected in memoirs, letters, diaries, periodicals, scientific literature and fiction. The space of Prague was a special cultural text, formed at the intersection of various ethnic, religious and linguistic boundaries. For Russians, it was not just an urban space, but an active participant and witness to the historical process. In this regard, according to émigrés, few European cities could compare with it. The Prague urban space was perceived by Russians as the center of cultural symbols, among which a special place was given to famous architectural monuments — Charles Bridge, Prague Castle and the Church of St. Vitus, medieval streets of Malá Strana, etc. A special place is given to the analysis of the image of the Charles Bridge, which took on various guises. The bridge became an active figure, a practically protagonist of both artistic and scientific reflections. The article analyzes the influence of Prague images on the work of Russian émigrés such as Marina Tsvetaeva, Gleb Struve, Igor Severyanin, Valentin Bulgakov, Antony Florovsky, Sergey Pushkarev, etc. At the same time, it is concluded that, despite the historical charm of Prague recognized by the majority of Russians, a considerable number of émigrés perceived it as a provincial city, inferior to Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is shown that in the émigré intellectual culture there was a contradictory perception of Prague. At the same time, they wrote about it both about the center of the Slavic world, with deep historical roots, and about the cultural province of Europe. Therefore, the image of Prague was complex and contradictory. There is no doubt that the historical images of the Czech capital left a noticeable mark on the intellectual culture of the Russian emigration.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027485-2
Olga Dmitrieva
The article focuses on the Elizabeth I’s translation of Cicero’s speech “Pro Marcello” done by the Queen in the 1590s. The English version of his oration is analyzed in the context of Elizabethan political culture. Cicero praised Julius Caesar’s “clementia” towards his political rivals as the most precious moral virtue of a ruler. Textual analysis of Elizabeth’s translation demonstrates its adequacy to the original and the lack of any ideologically motivated censorship. She skillfully used the vocabulary of ciceronian republican discourse widespread in the so called “Elizabethan monarchical republic”. But Elizabeth’s own public rhetoric reveals that among the royal virtues she would give priority to justice over clemency. In her realpolitik the Queen never hesitated to use the sword of justice against her enemies. It seems that the translation of “Pro Marcello” only strengthened her conviction that the ruler’s clemency could undermine his personal security as well as that of the state, and mercy was not the most effective instrument of curbing the political opponents.
{"title":"Elizabeth I and Cicero: between Clemency and Justice","authors":"Olga Dmitrieva","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027485-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027485-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on the Elizabeth I’s translation of Cicero’s speech “Pro Marcello” done by the Queen in the 1590s. The English version of his oration is analyzed in the context of Elizabethan political culture. Cicero praised Julius Caesar’s “clementia” towards his political rivals as the most precious moral virtue of a ruler. Textual analysis of Elizabeth’s translation demonstrates its adequacy to the original and the lack of any ideologically motivated censorship. She skillfully used the vocabulary of ciceronian republican discourse widespread in the so called “Elizabethan monarchical republic”. But Elizabeth’s own public rhetoric reveals that among the royal virtues she would give priority to justice over clemency. In her realpolitik the Queen never hesitated to use the sword of justice against her enemies. It seems that the translation of “Pro Marcello” only strengthened her conviction that the ruler’s clemency could undermine his personal security as well as that of the state, and mercy was not the most effective instrument of curbing the political opponents.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027449-2
Natalia Berezhnaya
At the turn of the 16th — 17th centuries, the imperial discourse was changing, the new German princes were determined to protect the “true faith”, and they were not against revising the agreements reached by their predecessors. Confessional and imperial propaganda was on the increase in Germany. Did the publicism of the beginning of the 17th century reflect the religious social and political demarcation between the Catholic and Evangelical estate? In the Palatinate funeral sermons and speeches of professors of the University of Heidelberg, which were distributed among the subjects of the Palatinate and fellow Calvinists, the apology of the “true faith” came to the fore, and the place of the “imperial estate” was occupied by the Evangelical and Catholic estates, which were opposed to each other. However, in the writings that had spread throughout Germany, imperial rhetoric did not recede into the background, but was transformed along with the image of the Empire itself. This was evidenced by an anonymous text of 1618 of Palatinate origin on the reasons for the destruction by the troops of the Evangelical Union of the fortress of Udenheim, erected by the bishop of Speyer, a member of the Catholic League. In the 1570s — 1580s the Empire was presented as a common home for Protestants and Catholics, an assembly of estates headed by the emperor, and before the Thirty Years’ War the rhetoric of the texts of the Palatinate was increasingly moving towards understanding the Empire only as an elite community without a clear leader. This source allows us to speak about two motives of the Elector of the Palatinate Frederick V’s decision to demolish the Udenheim fortifications: the protection of the Empire and the protection of hereditary possessions, and both of these motives are indissoluble linked — the security of hereditary lands and subjects could only be ensured in the absence of threats to the Empire. Frederick V is shown in the text as one of the main persons responsible for the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation on the banks of the Rhine. The defense of the Empire for him meant the defense of his own corner of the imperial home — territories that had traditionally, since the 14th century, been under the influence of the Rhine palatine counts.
{"title":"Imperial Rhetoric in the Publicism of the Palatinate before the Bohemian Coronation of Elector Frederick V","authors":"Natalia Berezhnaya","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027449-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027449-2","url":null,"abstract":"At the turn of the 16th — 17th centuries, the imperial discourse was changing, the new German princes were determined to protect the “true faith”, and they were not against revising the agreements reached by their predecessors. Confessional and imperial propaganda was on the increase in Germany. Did the publicism of the beginning of the 17th century reflect the religious social and political demarcation between the Catholic and Evangelical estate? In the Palatinate funeral sermons and speeches of professors of the University of Heidelberg, which were distributed among the subjects of the Palatinate and fellow Calvinists, the apology of the “true faith” came to the fore, and the place of the “imperial estate” was occupied by the Evangelical and Catholic estates, which were opposed to each other. However, in the writings that had spread throughout Germany, imperial rhetoric did not recede into the background, but was transformed along with the image of the Empire itself. This was evidenced by an anonymous text of 1618 of Palatinate origin on the reasons for the destruction by the troops of the Evangelical Union of the fortress of Udenheim, erected by the bishop of Speyer, a member of the Catholic League. In the 1570s — 1580s the Empire was presented as a common home for Protestants and Catholics, an assembly of estates headed by the emperor, and before the Thirty Years’ War the rhetoric of the texts of the Palatinate was increasingly moving towards understanding the Empire only as an elite community without a clear leader. This source allows us to speak about two motives of the Elector of the Palatinate Frederick V’s decision to demolish the Udenheim fortifications: the protection of the Empire and the protection of hereditary possessions, and both of these motives are indissoluble linked — the security of hereditary lands and subjects could only be ensured in the absence of threats to the Empire. Frederick V is shown in the text as one of the main persons responsible for the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation on the banks of the Rhine. The defense of the Empire for him meant the defense of his own corner of the imperial home — territories that had traditionally, since the 14th century, been under the influence of the Rhine palatine counts.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027713-3
Irina Novikova
This article is dedicated to one of the insufficiently studied issues of the First World War as a role of the Allied transit trade through Scandinavia. It deals with the organization of the Based on the materials of the archives — the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI), the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGA VMF), as well as the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA), the article examines such issues as the organization of transit supplies through neutral Sweden, the activities of the Russian-English joint stock company “Transito”, identifies factors that hindered the development of Allied transit trade in Northern Europe. The author comes to the conclusion that neutral Sweden received the greatest dividends from the transit trade of the Entente countries through Scandinavia, while for Russia the supplies of allied goods through Sweden did not justify themselves, as well as the Russian government’s orientation on foreign military orders did not justify itself in general.
{"title":"“Scandinavian Transit” in Russian-English Relations (1914—1918)","authors":"Irina Novikova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027713-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027713-3","url":null,"abstract":"This article is dedicated to one of the insufficiently studied issues of the First World War as a role of the Allied transit trade through Scandinavia. It deals with the organization of the Based on the materials of the archives — the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI), the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGA VMF), as well as the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA), the article examines such issues as the organization of transit supplies through neutral Sweden, the activities of the Russian-English joint stock company “Transito”, identifies factors that hindered the development of Allied transit trade in Northern Europe. The author comes to the conclusion that neutral Sweden received the greatest dividends from the transit trade of the Entente countries through Scandinavia, while for Russia the supplies of allied goods through Sweden did not justify themselves, as well as the Russian government’s orientation on foreign military orders did not justify itself in general.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025590-8
Alexander Balezin
In Soviet historical science from the very beginning of its formation in the 1920’s, Western pro-colonial historiography's claims that Africa is a continent without a history have been heavily criticized. Back in the late 1920’s USSR, a program was developed for the study of the history of Black Africa from the ancient history and onwards. It was an absolutely innovative program for world African studies, for the first time making the history of African peoples, and not the white man in Africa, the subject of study in the context of world history. Soviet Africanists have priority in the study of such problems of African history as the colonial exploitation of the African peoples and their struggle against colonialism. They drew attention to the study of the pre-colonial history of the peoples of the continent in all its diversity. Despite the fact that Soviet scientists were practically deprived of the opportunity to work in foreign archives of both the West and Africa itself, and even, even briefly, visit the Black Continent, they managed to collect extensive material on the history of the peoples of the continent, comprehend it, open a number of new areas of historical research and go beyond the official Marxist-Leninist understanding of history in the country. Soviet historical African studies did not represent a single array. We can talk about the research of the Leningrad school, which is characterized by complex historical and ethnological research, and the school of Davidson with its opposition to ideological dominants and the search for new topics and directions, as well as sources for their research.
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