Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026926-7
Elena Kalmykova
This article explores four cases of impeaching high officials of the Kingdom of England. The first impeachment occurred in 1376 and was legally codified in 1383 and 1386. The law however was not used again until 1450. After another long break, impeachment was properly developed in the Stuart period and from 1621 it became an effective tool of confronting the abuses of power by royal favourites, ministerial misgovernance and other forms of damage done to the king and the kingdom. While demanding the punishment of guilty individuals, the members of the Parliament insisted not only on the financial compensation of damages but also tried to establish the principle of the announcement of the appointments in the Parliament. Although the notion of ministerial accountability developed only later, the monarchs drastically rejected any attempts to limit their right to appoint their own candidates to offices and control their activities.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027718-8
Yulia Mikhailova
The article considers the activity of the cartoonist S. A. Tsivinsky (1895—1941), who closely cooperating with a number of Latvian newspapers during the period of the first independence. Не became the author of many political cartoons reflecting the social and political life of the country. Cartoons of S. A. Tsivinsky reflected the problem of the struggle of national minorities for their rights in the political and public spheres. He illustrated such aspects as the formation of ruling cabinets based on certain national minorities, the complex relationship between the title nation and those who until recently held a dominant position in Latvia (primarily the Baltic Germans and Russians), the gradual growth of nationalism and anti-Semitism in Latvia. Cartoons of S. A. Tsivinsky complement the material of the Latvian newspapers of the interwar period and serve as an interesting source illustrating the problems of social and political life in Latvia during the period of the first independence.
这篇文章考虑了漫画家S. a . Tsivinsky(1895-1941)的活动，他在拉脱维亚第一次独立期间与许多报纸密切合作。Не成为许多政治漫画的作者，反映了这个国家的社会和政治生活。S. A. Tsivinsky的漫画反映了少数民族在政治和公共领域争取权利的斗争问题。他举例说明了一些方面，如以某些少数民族为基础的执政内阁的组成，所有权民族与直到最近在拉脱维亚占据主导地位的人(主要是波罗的海的德国人和俄罗斯人)之间的复杂关系，拉脱维亚民族主义和反犹太主义的逐渐增长。S. A. Tsivinsky的漫画补充了两次世界大战期间拉脱维亚报纸的材料，并作为一个有趣的来源，说明了拉脱维亚在第一次独立期间的社会和政治生活问题。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026929-0
Natalia Sredinskaya
The term “in perpetuum”, or “perpetuo”, meaning “forever”, “continuously”, “constantly”, passes into the practice of medieval Italian cities from Roman law, which had an undeniable influence on the law of the Middle Ages. It seems, however, that in the notarial acts of Northern Italy of the 12th — 14th centuries. This term, most often found in contracts of sale, is used in a special sense and has a special meaning. When analyzing purchase and sale agreements, it is important to determine which rights to the acquired property are granted to the buyer by such contracts, called “venditio — sale” by their notaries. The study of the acts shows that the presence of “in perpetuum” in them indicates that the property has been transferred on the rights of ownership. On the contrary, contracts that have the self-designation “venditio”, but do not include “in perpetuum” in their composition, grant the buyer lesser, limited rights. Thus, the presence or absence of the category “in perpetuum” in the document is of practical importance for the study of medieval act material, in particular, for its attribution.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026796-4
Timofey Guimon
“Love to the miserable” was one of characteristics of a good prince in Old Rus. Many times written sources mention alms-giving by Rus princes. For example, most of the so-called necrologues (characteristics of deceased princes accompanying announcements of their passing away in Rus chronicles) mention alms-giving. Almost always necrologues do not present any details of this, except in the case of Andrey Bogolyubsky (the “God-loving”, killed in 1174). This prince is said to have initiated delivering food and drinks for the poor and the prisoners in wagons riding along the streets. This is a clear parallel to the practice of St. Vladimir (d. 1015), the prince of Kiev and the baptizer of Rus. This practice is reported by the Rus “Primary Chronicle” s. a. 996, as an element of the description of Vladimir’s “golden age”. Andrey Bogolyubsky is known to have imitated Vladimir in other respects, and that is why it is the most probable that Andrey deliberately copied Vladimir’s practice of alms-giving, which, in turn, in the 12th century was still an element of the historical memory.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026602-1
Anna Anisimova
In the article, the example of Reading, a town situated in south-east England, is used to investigate the issue of poor relief in an English medieval town. A distinguishing characteristic of this particular town was that it remained under the monastic rule (local abbey) during the Middle Ages. This fact allows us to discuss the combination and coexistence of monastic and urban charities, in particular, their policy and actions for poor relief. That pairing was quite typical for medieval towns in general, but in these circumstances, it is reasonable to expect a certain inclination. Institutionally, systematic care of poor people took form of a hospital or an almshouse. Originally the monastic house was in the lead, but with the decline of their foundations, in the 15th century the initiative was seized by the townspeople. It was private initiatives of some individuals, but eventually the urban corporation had to, however sometimes informally, take over their care. Short-term support in form of distribution of food, money, and other essentials was undertaken on a regular basis by the monastery, especially as there was a designated official for this purpose — an almoner. The townspeople mostly left something in their bequests, other informal help is impossible to measure. The comparison of the case of Reading with other monastic towns of the same region shows that it was rather atypical for a small seigneurial town in this regard.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026865-0
Alina Koroleva
Charitable activities of mining companies undertaken out of commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR) are aimed at creating a favourable environment in the regions of operational presence. Mining companies mainly support the areas which are directly related to their core business or influence the life of local communities. The caste-based nature of mining as a profession has evolved over the centuries, as it combines hard physical labour and adverse working conditions. The mining labour union was the main social and political pillar of Asturias throughout the 20th century, while working class history largely accounted for the history of the region. The industry crisis of 1966 led the miners to submit a request to the government for nationalisation of their companies, as they sustained irreparable economic losses. As a response to their request, National Institute of Industry (INI) integrated into the coal sector, and in 1967 the mining company HUNOSA (Hulleras del Norte S. A.) was founded. After the democractic transition the mining labour movement maintained its social, political and cultural hegemony; however, industrial decline and decarbonisation undermined these foundations, no matter how deep-rooted they were. By the end of the 20th century the Asturian coal industry was faced with another phase of crisis. While the first blow came in the 1970s with the end of protectionist energy policies, the second one had to do with the inability to adapt to the conditions of the world market. In the 1990s Asturias faced a rapid population loss as well as rising unemployment. At the same time, general Western European trend of phasing out coal-fired power in line with the Paris Agreement of 2015 brought about a grave crisis of the coal industry. HUNOSA, the only monopolist on the Spanish coal market, is responsible for implementing a fair “coal transition”. The mining tradition that was passed down through generations and seemed immutable has come to an end. One of the responses of former miners to the dissolution of the industry is to become actively involved in the protection and promotion of the mining heritage. It manifests both a nostalgic yearning for the past and a willingness to preserve and pass on the memory of it to future generations.
矿业公司出于对企业社会责任的承诺而进行的慈善活动的目的是在有业务存在的区域创造有利的环境。矿业公司主要支持与其核心业务直接相关或影响当地社区生活的领域。几个世纪以来，采矿作为一种职业的种姓性质不断演变，因为它结合了艰苦的体力劳动和恶劣的工作条件。矿业工会是整个20世纪阿斯图里亚斯的主要社会和政治支柱，而工人阶级的历史在很大程度上占了该地区的历史。1966年的行业危机导致矿工们向政府提交了一份将公司国有化的请求，因为他们遭受了无法弥补的经济损失。作为对他们要求的回应，国家工业研究所并入了煤炭部门，并于1967年成立了HUNOSA矿业公司(Hulleras del Norte s.a.)。民主转型后，矿业工人运动保持了其社会、政治和文化的霸权地位;然而，工业衰退和去碳化破坏了这些基础，无论这些基础多么根深蒂固。到20世纪末，阿斯图里亚的煤炭工业面临着另一个危机阶段。第一次打击是在20世纪70年代，随着保护主义能源政策的结束，第二次打击与无法适应世界市场的条件有关。20世纪90年代，阿斯图里亚斯面临着人口迅速流失和失业率上升的问题。与此同时，西欧根据2015年《巴黎协定》逐步淘汰燃煤发电的普遍趋势给煤炭行业带来了严重的危机。HUNOSA是西班牙煤炭市场上唯一的垄断者，负责实施公平的“煤炭转型”。代代相传、似乎不可改变的采矿传统已经走到了尽头。前矿工对矿业解散的反应之一是积极参与保护和促进矿业遗产。它既表达了对过去的怀念，也表达了保存并将其传递给后代的意愿。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027121-2
Daria Staroskolskaia (Ryzhova)
On the one hand, badges are a well-known phenomenon, however on the other its nature is still poorly understood. It is a unique medieval sign which is extremely difficult to study due to its flexibility. There have never been any rules that would somehow regulate the application of badges: their visual form, adoption, inheritance. And consequently there have never been any lawsuits, that would leave us documents and letters that would help us understand its place in medieval society the way it is with the coats of arms. The following article is an attempt to gather what little we know about badges as specific English signs and present it to a Russian reader.
{"title":"Badges in English Heraldic Practice","authors":"Daria Staroskolskaia (Ryzhova)","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027121-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027121-2","url":null,"abstract":"On the one hand, badges are a well-known phenomenon, however on the other its nature is still poorly understood. It is a unique medieval sign which is extremely difficult to study due to its flexibility. There have never been any rules that would somehow regulate the application of badges: their visual form, adoption, inheritance. And consequently there have never been any lawsuits, that would leave us documents and letters that would help us understand its place in medieval society the way it is with the coats of arms. The following article is an attempt to gather what little we know about badges as specific English signs and present it to a Russian reader.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026930-2
Maria Ryabova
The paper considers the hypothesis proposed in the literature that the emergence in the 13th — 14th centuries of a new temporal conception defined by Jacques Le Goff as “the merchant’s time” played a significant role in the evolution of accounting in Central and Northern Italy. In order to lay the ground for research on this topic, the author identifies some of the ways and means by which the impact of the time factor could manifest itself in the ledgers of late medieval firms, for instance, the dating of transactions, the recognition of revenue and expense on either accrual or cash basis, various techniques employed to conceal interest on loans (i. e., the illicit “selling of time”), depreciation and amortization methods, the rhythm of business activity and the pace of economic life, capital and merchandise turnover etc. Issues related to the dating of operations are then explored through the example of the Venetian account book that is commonly known as the libro real nuovo of the Soranzo fraterna (1406—1434) and was compiled from numerous ledgers and financial documents to be presented in evidence during a litigation in the court of the giudici di petizion. About 10 % of entries in this manuscript remain undated, partly because the forensic accountant who drew it up was not always able to establish the chronology of long-past business dealings, but also because he opted to leave blank spaces in the new entries he made rather than to backdate them. On the whole, the study of the libro real nuovo reveals that the 15th-century Venetian merchants were fully cognizant of the economic value of time, and in their practice, the date of a business transaction formed an integral part of an accounting entry and supported the authenticity of the latter for legal purposes.
本文考虑了文献中提出的假设，即13 - 14世纪雅克·勒·戈夫(Jacques Le Goff)定义为“商人时代”的新时间概念的出现在意大利中部和北部会计的演变中发挥了重要作用。为了为这一主题的研究奠定基础，作者确定了中世纪后期公司分类帐中时间因素影响的一些方式和手段，例如，交易日期、按应计制或现金制确认收入和费用、用于隐瞒贷款利息的各种技术(即非法的“出售时间”)、折旧和摊销方法、商业活动的节奏和经济生活的节奏，资金和商品的周转等。然后，通过威尼斯账簿的例子来探讨与业务日期相关的问题，该账簿通常被称为Soranzo fraterna的libro real nuovo(1406-1434)，它是由众多分类账和财务文件汇编而成的，将在giudici di petizion法院的诉讼中作为证据。这份手稿中约有10%的分录没有注明日期，部分原因是起草这份手稿的法务会计并不总是能够确定很久以前的商业交易的年表，但也因为他选择在新分录中留下空白，而不是追溯它们的日期。总的来说，对libro real nuovo的研究表明，15世纪的威尼斯商人充分认识到时间的经济价值，在他们的实践中，商业交易的日期构成了会计分录的一个组成部分，并为法律目的支持后者的真实性。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027376-2
Dmitriy Mikhel
The article discusses key episodes connected with the formation of public health care system in China in the last years of the Qing Empire and the first years of the Chinese Republic. It is shown that this process was part of a more general process of modernization of the Chinese statehood, the reason for which was the interference of foreign countries in the internal affairs of China. In an effort to get rid of the image of the “sick man of Asia” that accompanied the empire in its historical bankruptcy, state dignitaries, intellectuals and the nationalist-minded medical community proclaimed the need to reform the state system. They saw as an essential part of the reform process the creation of an effective health care system, and the condition for this was the use of the achievements of Western medical science and sanitation. Part of the processes under consideration were measures to control the Manchurian plague epidemic, to establish modern medical institutions, to educate the population in sanitary matters and to employ reputable medical specialists in the service of the government.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026982-9
Galina Kovtyuh
This article deals with different aspects of the link between charity’s development and development of Russian and French medicine in the second half of 19th century. The present study gives much attention to this topic while analyzing the history of pediatrics, dermatology, psychiatry, immunology, microbiology, struggle against infectious diseases. This article’s authors cite the examples demonstrating the construction of new hospitals and of new scientific institutes that took place in the second half of the 19th century. The present article characterizes the contribution to science made by I. P. Pavlov, S. N. Vinogradsky, N. F. Filatov, K. A. Rauсhfuss, V. F. Snegirev, A. M. Makeev and by group of other eminent scientists who witnessed the second half of the 19th century. Simultaneously the relationship between charity and emergence of new scientific directions in Russian medicine was explored. The present article denotes that this process took place while the specialization of medical knowledge was growing rapidly.
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