Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1848088
Batia Seroussi, Anat Stavans, Sara Zadunaisky-Ehrlich
ABSTRACT This study sought to explore the advanced lexicon, one of the hallmarks of text quality. To this end, we analysed the advanced lexicon deployed in the production of two types of texts — a descriptive and an argumentative — by Hebrew-speaking school children. Our study had two goals, the first to trace the developmental path of the use of advanced lexicon in writing scholastic types of texts. The second goal was to investigate the relations between literacy-related abilities and the use of advanced lexicon in writing. Accordingly, 292 Israeli grade-school children (second-, third-, fourth- and fifth-graders) were administered a linguistic, cognitive, reading and spelling test battery and produced two descriptive and two argumentative texts. The texts were analysed for noun abstractness, occurrence of internal-state verbs and the morphological complexity of adjectives. Findings showed an age-related increase in both literacy-related abilities and the lexical quality in the texts. Moreover, interactions found between lexical quality, age and genre suggest that text quality is dynamic, determined by a network of differential age- and literacy-related factors.
{"title":"Relations between literacy-related abilities and the lexical quality of expository texts of Hebrew-speaking children (Relaciones entre habilidades relacionadas con el aprendizaje de la lengua escrita y la calidad léxica de los textos expositivos de niños hebreo-parlantes)","authors":"Batia Seroussi, Anat Stavans, Sara Zadunaisky-Ehrlich","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1848088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1848088","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study sought to explore the advanced lexicon, one of the hallmarks of text quality. To this end, we analysed the advanced lexicon deployed in the production of two types of texts — a descriptive and an argumentative — by Hebrew-speaking school children. Our study had two goals, the first to trace the developmental path of the use of advanced lexicon in writing scholastic types of texts. The second goal was to investigate the relations between literacy-related abilities and the use of advanced lexicon in writing. Accordingly, 292 Israeli grade-school children (second-, third-, fourth- and fifth-graders) were administered a linguistic, cognitive, reading and spelling test battery and produced two descriptive and two argumentative texts. The texts were analysed for noun abstractness, occurrence of internal-state verbs and the morphological complexity of adjectives. Findings showed an age-related increase in both literacy-related abilities and the lexical quality in the texts. Moreover, interactions found between lexical quality, age and genre suggest that text quality is dynamic, determined by a network of differential age- and literacy-related factors.","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81339918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1848552
{"title":"Reviewers for 2020 / (Evaluadores del año 2020","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1848552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1848552","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73213944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1848087
M. D. Alonso-Cortés-Fradejas, M. López-Aguado, M. T. Llamazares-Prieto
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to analyse how vocabulary depth develops in the early years of primary school and to ascertain the effect it has on the quality of the texts produced by the students. A total of 332 Spanish students from the first to fourth grades participated by doing a synonyms/antonyms task to evaluate their vocabulary depth, along with several tasks in which they wrote descriptive texts to evaluate text quality. Vocabulary depth was analysed using a four-dimensional system created ad hoc: change in lexeme, fitting the meaning requested, preservation of syntactic category and degree of conventionality. The text quality indicators were productivity, subordination rate and text organization. The results revealed that both vocabulary depth and the quality of the texts produced improved significantly by grade. The study also found that this type of lexical knowledge contributes significantly to the quality of the texts evaluated. Finally, this article discusses the possible teaching implications of these findings.
{"title":"Vocabulary depth and its contribution to text quality in the early years of primary school (Profundidad de vocabulario y su contribución a la calidad textual en los primeros años de Educación Primaria)","authors":"M. D. Alonso-Cortés-Fradejas, M. López-Aguado, M. T. Llamazares-Prieto","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1848087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1848087","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to analyse how vocabulary depth develops in the early years of primary school and to ascertain the effect it has on the quality of the texts produced by the students. A total of 332 Spanish students from the first to fourth grades participated by doing a synonyms/antonyms task to evaluate their vocabulary depth, along with several tasks in which they wrote descriptive texts to evaluate text quality. Vocabulary depth was analysed using a four-dimensional system created ad hoc: change in lexeme, fitting the meaning requested, preservation of syntactic category and degree of conventionality. The text quality indicators were productivity, subordination rate and text organization. The results revealed that both vocabulary depth and the quality of the texts produced improved significantly by grade. The study also found that this type of lexical knowledge contributes significantly to the quality of the texts evaluated. Finally, this article discusses the possible teaching implications of these findings.","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81298939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1848093
M. Aparici, Rocío Cuberos, Naymé-Daniela Salas, Elisa Rosado
ABSTRACT Mastering analytical writing involves the proficient use of varied later-acquired grammatical, lexical and discourse forms and functions. Developmental studies have identified specific linguistic features as diagnostic of increasing proficiency. This study examines how these features change throughout educational levels and before and after the implementation of a set of classroom activities aimed at homogenizing participants’ pedagogical input while raising their awareness of analytical texts’ main functions. Two hundred and twelve Spanish speakers from primary, secondary and university levels participate in the study, each producing two analytical texts. The corpus consists of 424 texts produced on the same topic. Results indicate that not all the features pertaining to the same domain show identical changes across educational levels or are identically sensitive to pedagogical work. Productivity measures increase with educational level and after pedagogical work, except for university students. Most lexical, syntactic and discourse-level measures improve with educational level, though their sensitivity to pedagogical work is not straightforward. Findings suggest the need to evaluate writing quality at a high level of granularity.
{"title":"Linguistic indicators of text quality in analytical texts: developmental changes and sensitivity to pedagogical work (Indicadores lingüísticos de la calidad textual en los textos analíticos: cambios evolutivos y sensibilidad al trabajo pedagógico)","authors":"M. Aparici, Rocío Cuberos, Naymé-Daniela Salas, Elisa Rosado","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1848093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1848093","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mastering analytical writing involves the proficient use of varied later-acquired grammatical, lexical and discourse forms and functions. Developmental studies have identified specific linguistic features as diagnostic of increasing proficiency. This study examines how these features change throughout educational levels and before and after the implementation of a set of classroom activities aimed at homogenizing participants’ pedagogical input while raising their awareness of analytical texts’ main functions. Two hundred and twelve Spanish speakers from primary, secondary and university levels participate in the study, each producing two analytical texts. The corpus consists of 424 texts produced on the same topic. Results indicate that not all the features pertaining to the same domain show identical changes across educational levels or are identically sensitive to pedagogical work. Productivity measures increase with educational level and after pedagogical work, except for university students. Most lexical, syntactic and discourse-level measures improve with educational level, though their sensitivity to pedagogical work is not straightforward. Findings suggest the need to evaluate writing quality at a high level of granularity.","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91072978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1848092
Emilie Ailhaud, Florence Chenu, Harriet Jisa
ABSTRACT Revisions in writing aim at text improvement. Literature has shown that revision activity differs between novice and experienced writers. Our ultimate goal is to understand how children and adolescents develop the capacity to shift perspectives from language producer to language recipient — a prerequisite ability to successful revision. In this study we analyse draft and final versions of expository and narrative texts produced by French children (36 participants for each group: fifth, seventh and ninth grades). Half of the children produced the written texts after having produced the text first in the spoken modality, and the other half produced the written versions before producing the text in the spoken modality. We will examine the kinds of revisions made by children and adolescents and how they vary with development and across text types. We also want to evaluate the measure to which our writers’ revisions contribute to text quality and to show how revisions can reveal what elements our participants judge as playing a part in text quality.
{"title":"Development of revision and drafting in narrative and expository texts written by French children and adolescents (El desarrollo de la revisión y redacción de los textos narrativos y expositivos escritos por niños y adolescentes franceses)","authors":"Emilie Ailhaud, Florence Chenu, Harriet Jisa","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1848092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1848092","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Revisions in writing aim at text improvement. Literature has shown that revision activity differs between novice and experienced writers. Our ultimate goal is to understand how children and adolescents develop the capacity to shift perspectives from language producer to language recipient — a prerequisite ability to successful revision. In this study we analyse draft and final versions of expository and narrative texts produced by French children (36 participants for each group: fifth, seventh and ninth grades). Half of the children produced the written texts after having produced the text first in the spoken modality, and the other half produced the written versions before producing the text in the spoken modality. We will examine the kinds of revisions made by children and adolescents and how they vary with development and across text types. We also want to evaluate the measure to which our writers’ revisions contribute to text quality and to show how revisions can reveal what elements our participants judge as playing a part in text quality.","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86439654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-22DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1848094
A. Stavans, L. Tolchinsky
ABSTRACT The development of writing is pivotal in the educational and communicative growth from childhood to adulthood. This special issue harnesses studies that examine the development of text writing in different discourse genres and languages, showcasing a set of text-embedded features that function as the blueprint for children’s evolving writing ability. These studies focus on both word-level and text-level features; a range of discourse genres; different language domains marked as indicators of writing quality; explanatory factors of writing quality; and a crosslinguistic scope encompassing language typology, the developmental span of writing and writing difficulties. The multidimensional perspective taken in this themed issue addresses the particular and universal aspects underlying the development of writing.
{"title":"A multidimensional perspective on written language development (Una perspectiva multidimensional del desarrollo del lenguaje escrito)","authors":"A. Stavans, L. Tolchinsky","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1848094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1848094","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The development of writing is pivotal in the educational and communicative growth from childhood to adulthood. This special issue harnesses studies that examine the development of text writing in different discourse genres and languages, showcasing a set of text-embedded features that function as the blueprint for children’s evolving writing ability. These studies focus on both word-level and text-level features; a range of discourse genres; different language domains marked as indicators of writing quality; explanatory factors of writing quality; and a crosslinguistic scope encompassing language typology, the developmental span of writing and writing difficulties. The multidimensional perspective taken in this themed issue addresses the particular and universal aspects underlying the development of writing.","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86098326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-22DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1848091
Liliana Tolchinsky
ABSTRACT Spelling is a language problem-space, not only a school subject. Successful spelling demands going beyond letter to sound mapping and gaining access to a full representation of the orthographic structure of words. We traced bilingual Catalan/Spanish speakers’ spelling performance in Catalan across elementary school in two tasks: isolated words to dictation and text-composing. Our first goal was to tap the effect of grade level and task on the quantity and types of spelling errors children produce. Our second goal was to prove whether a more accurate spelling of orthographically ambiguous words (i.e., words with alternative phonographic spellings but only one that is orthographically correct) would explain spelling performance in text-composing. Results show that inaccurate spelling decreased significantly with grade level and was higher in dictation than in text-composing. However, lexical and, especially, orthographic errors were found in children’s production until the end of elementary school. Better spellers of orthographically ambiguous words committed fewer errors when producing texts. These findings point at an early implicit awareness of spelling difficulty but a protracted command of ruled orthographic knowledge.
{"title":"Linguistic patterns of spelling of isolated words to dictation and text-composing in Catalan across elementary school (Patrones lingüísticos de la ortografía en el dictado de palabras aisladas y en la composición de textos en catalán en la escuela primaria)","authors":"Liliana Tolchinsky","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1848091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1848091","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spelling is a language problem-space, not only a school subject. Successful spelling demands going beyond letter to sound mapping and gaining access to a full representation of the orthographic structure of words. We traced bilingual Catalan/Spanish speakers’ spelling performance in Catalan across elementary school in two tasks: isolated words to dictation and text-composing. Our first goal was to tap the effect of grade level and task on the quantity and types of spelling errors children produce. Our second goal was to prove whether a more accurate spelling of orthographically ambiguous words (i.e., words with alternative phonographic spellings but only one that is orthographically correct) would explain spelling performance in text-composing. Results show that inaccurate spelling decreased significantly with grade level and was higher in dictation than in text-composing. However, lexical and, especially, orthographic errors were found in children’s production until the end of elementary school. Better spellers of orthographically ambiguous words committed fewer errors when producing texts. These findings point at an early implicit awareness of spelling difficulty but a protracted command of ruled orthographic knowledge.","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81925703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1848090
M. Pascual, Naymé-Daniela Salas
ABSTRACT Writing difficulties have typically been investigated as the consequence of learning disabilities. However, several characteristics of texts and the underlying cognitive skills are often shared across these populations. Our aim was to investigate the writing and cognitive profile of children at risk of writing difficulties, regardless of whether they have concomitant diagnoses. Drawing from a sample of 357 primary school children, we identified children who showed low levels on a single writing component, such as handwriting (15), spelling (39) or text generation (17), and 11 children who showed difficulties across two or more components. We compared them to a typically developing group (50) on a series of writing features (e.g., spelling, vocabulary) and cognitive and linguistic skills (e.g., working memory, morphosyntax). Children who struggled with a single writing component showed difficulties also in other components. Children with multiple writing difficulties struggled with most writing features. All children displayed similar levels in key cognitive and linguistic skills. Our data thus present compelling evidence of children who struggle with writing, despite no obvious cognitive or linguistic impairments.
{"title":"The cognitive profile and text-based traits of struggling writers (El perfil cognitivo y los rasgos textuales de los escritores con dificultades)","authors":"M. Pascual, Naymé-Daniela Salas","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1848090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1848090","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Writing difficulties have typically been investigated as the consequence of learning disabilities. However, several characteristics of texts and the underlying cognitive skills are often shared across these populations. Our aim was to investigate the writing and cognitive profile of children at risk of writing difficulties, regardless of whether they have concomitant diagnoses. Drawing from a sample of 357 primary school children, we identified children who showed low levels on a single writing component, such as handwriting (15), spelling (39) or text generation (17), and 11 children who showed difficulties across two or more components. We compared them to a typically developing group (50) on a series of writing features (e.g., spelling, vocabulary) and cognitive and linguistic skills (e.g., working memory, morphosyntax). Children who struggled with a single writing component showed difficulties also in other components. Children with multiple writing difficulties struggled with most writing features. All children displayed similar levels in key cognitive and linguistic skills. Our data thus present compelling evidence of children who struggle with writing, despite no obvious cognitive or linguistic impairments.","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81671535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1814600
J. Benassi, Cintia Rodríguez
ABSTRACT The genesis of the communication continuum in autism constitutes a key element for understanding its development. Current prospective and longitudinal research studies face this challenge. However, it is suggested that in the construction of shared reference the path of child–object interactions must be analysed from a semiotic and dimensional perspective as of the first months of life. This article presents the axes of a study, currently under way, with siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, from the Pragmatics of Object, and their associations with Ángel Rivière’s proposals.
{"title":"The genesis of shared reference. A pragmatic perspective of autism (Génesis de la referencia compartida. Una mirada pragmática sobre el autismo)","authors":"J. Benassi, Cintia Rodríguez","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1814600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1814600","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The genesis of the communication continuum in autism constitutes a key element for understanding its development. Current prospective and longitudinal research studies face this challenge. However, it is suggested that in the construction of shared reference the path of child–object interactions must be analysed from a semiotic and dimensional perspective as of the first months of life. This article presents the axes of a study, currently under way, with siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, from the Pragmatics of Object, and their associations with Ángel Rivière’s proposals.","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74295075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/02103702.2020.1810945
M. Sotillo
ABSTRACT The ‘theory of mind’ construct is presented, pointing out its place in Rivière’s conceptual approaches to psychological development, and in particular to the way of understanding autism. Next, the evolution of the theory of mind is briefly analysed, finally pointing out some implications.
{"title":"Marbles, puzzles and focal point. ‘Theory of mind’ in the psychology of Ángel Rivière (Canicas, puzles y focos. La ‘teoría de la mente’ en la Psicología de Ángel Rivière)","authors":"M. Sotillo","doi":"10.1080/02103702.2020.1810945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2020.1810945","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The ‘theory of mind’ construct is presented, pointing out its place in Rivière’s conceptual approaches to psychological development, and in particular to the way of understanding autism. Next, the evolution of the theory of mind is briefly analysed, finally pointing out some implications.","PeriodicalId":51988,"journal":{"name":"Journal for the Study of Education and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88096255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：