Pub Date : 2015-05-06DOI: 10.1515/nanofab-2015-0002
Soma Biswas, Falko Brinkmann, Michael Hirtz, H. Fuchs
Abstract We present a direct way of patterning CdSe/ ZnS quantum dots by dip-pen nanolithography and polymer pen lithography. Mixtures of cholesterol and phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine serve as biocompatible carrier inks to facilitate the transfer of quantum dots from the tips to the surface during lithography. While dip-pen nanolithography of quantum dots can be used to achieve higher resolution and smaller pattern features (approximately 1 μm), polymer pen lithography is able to address intermediate pattern scales in the low micrometre range. This allows us to combine the advantages of micro contact printing in large area and massive parallel patterning, with the added flexibility in pattern design inherent in the DPN technique.
{"title":"Patterning of Quantum Dots by Dip-Pen and Polymer Pen Nanolithography","authors":"Soma Biswas, Falko Brinkmann, Michael Hirtz, H. Fuchs","doi":"10.1515/nanofab-2015-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanofab-2015-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We present a direct way of patterning CdSe/ ZnS quantum dots by dip-pen nanolithography and polymer pen lithography. Mixtures of cholesterol and phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine serve as biocompatible carrier inks to facilitate the transfer of quantum dots from the tips to the surface during lithography. While dip-pen nanolithography of quantum dots can be used to achieve higher resolution and smaller pattern features (approximately 1 μm), polymer pen lithography is able to address intermediate pattern scales in the low micrometre range. This allows us to combine the advantages of micro contact printing in large area and massive parallel patterning, with the added flexibility in pattern design inherent in the DPN technique.","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/nanofab-2015-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67056433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-02-18DOI: 10.1515/nanofab-2015-0001
A. Ballestar, P. Esquinazi
Abstract We review the transport properties of different nanostructures produced by ion- and electron-beam deposition, as prepared as well as after certain treatments. In general, the available literature indicates that the transport properties are determined by conduction processes typical for disordered metallic grains embedded in a carbon-rich matrix, including intergrain tunneling and variable range hopping mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to the superconducting behavior found in certain Tungsten-Carbide nanostructures that, in a certain field and temperature range, is compatible with that of granular superconductivity. This granular superconductivity leads to phenomena like magnetic field oscillations as well as anomalous hysteresis loops in the magnetoresistance.
{"title":"Transport characteristics of focused beam deposited nanostructures","authors":"A. Ballestar, P. Esquinazi","doi":"10.1515/nanofab-2015-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanofab-2015-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We review the transport properties of different nanostructures produced by ion- and electron-beam deposition, as prepared as well as after certain treatments. In general, the available literature indicates that the transport properties are determined by conduction processes typical for disordered metallic grains embedded in a carbon-rich matrix, including intergrain tunneling and variable range hopping mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to the superconducting behavior found in certain Tungsten-Carbide nanostructures that, in a certain field and temperature range, is compatible with that of granular superconductivity. This granular superconductivity leads to phenomena like magnetic field oscillations as well as anomalous hysteresis loops in the magnetoresistance.","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2015-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/nanofab-2015-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67056179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-08DOI: 10.1515/nanofab-2015-0003
Irep Gözen, A. Jesorka
The exchange of information on the molecular level is a vital task in metazoan organisms. Communication between biological cells occurs through chemical or electrical signals in order to initiate, regulate and coordinate diverse physiological functions of an organism [1]. Typical chemical modes of signaling and communication are cell-to-cell interaction in the form of release of small molecules by one, and receptor-controlled uptake by another cell, also transport of molecules through gapjunctions [2], and transport via exosome carriers [3]. During the last decade a new mode of intercellular crosstalk has been discovered, and over time firmly established [4]. Thin tubular structures composed of lipid membrane material and actin polymer, which facilitate the selective transfer of membrane vesicles and organelles, have been identified as cell-bridging channels between cells [5]. The structures, known as membrane nanotubes, or tunneling nanotubes (TNT), have become the focus of a growing research field which generated significant results, as it became apparent that these interconnecting conduits are involved in fundamental mechanism of cell-to-cell communication [6,7]. TNTs have been identified in a variety of cells, including immune cells and neurons. Nanotubes between cells have been shown to form in different ways, for example through membrane protrusions originating from one cell and connecting to another, adjacent cell. The discovery of the membrane nanotubes in vitro in 2004 Mini-Review Article
{"title":"Lipid nanotube networks: Biomimetic Cell-to-Cell Communication and Soft-Matter Technology","authors":"Irep Gözen, A. Jesorka","doi":"10.1515/nanofab-2015-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanofab-2015-0003","url":null,"abstract":"The exchange of information on the molecular level is a vital task in metazoan organisms. Communication between biological cells occurs through chemical or electrical signals in order to initiate, regulate and coordinate diverse physiological functions of an organism [1]. Typical chemical modes of signaling and communication are cell-to-cell interaction in the form of release of small molecules by one, and receptor-controlled uptake by another cell, also transport of molecules through gapjunctions [2], and transport via exosome carriers [3]. During the last decade a new mode of intercellular crosstalk has been discovered, and over time firmly established [4]. Thin tubular structures composed of lipid membrane material and actin polymer, which facilitate the selective transfer of membrane vesicles and organelles, have been identified as cell-bridging channels between cells [5]. The structures, known as membrane nanotubes, or tunneling nanotubes (TNT), have become the focus of a growing research field which generated significant results, as it became apparent that these interconnecting conduits are involved in fundamental mechanism of cell-to-cell communication [6,7]. TNTs have been identified in a variety of cells, including immune cells and neurons. Nanotubes between cells have been shown to form in different ways, for example through membrane protrusions originating from one cell and connecting to another, adjacent cell. The discovery of the membrane nanotubes in vitro in 2004 Mini-Review Article","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2015-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/nanofab-2015-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67056605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-15DOI: 10.2478/nanofab-2014-0009
M. Winhold, P. Weirich, C. Schwalb, M. Huth
Abstract Focused electron beam induced deposition presents a promising technique for the fabrication of nanostructures. However, due to the dissociation of mostly organometallic precursor molecules employed for the deposition process, prepared nanostructures contain organic residues leading to rather low conductance of the deposits. Post-growth treatment of the structures by electron irradiation or in reactive atmospheres at elevated temperatures can be applied to purify the samples. Recently, an in-situ conductance optimization process involving evolutionary genetic algorithm techniques has been introduced leading to an increase of conductance by one order of magnitude for tungsten-based deposits using the precursor W(CO)6. This method even allows for the optimization of conductance of nano-structures for which post-growth treatment is not possible or desirable. However, the mechanisms responsible for the observed enhancement have not been studied in depth. In this work, we identified the dwell-time dependent change of conductivity of the samples to be the major contributor to the change of conductance. Specifically, the chemical composition drastically changes with a variation of dwelltime resulting in an increase of the metal content by 15 at% for short dwell-times. The relative change of growth rate amounts to less than 25 % and has a negligible influence on conductance. We anticipate the in-situ genetic algorithm optimization procedure to be of high relevance for new developments regarding binary or ternary systems prepared by focused electron or ion beam induced deposition.
{"title":"Identifying the crossover between growth regimes via in-situ conductance measurements in focused electron beam induced deposition","authors":"M. Winhold, P. Weirich, C. Schwalb, M. Huth","doi":"10.2478/nanofab-2014-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Focused electron beam induced deposition presents a promising technique for the fabrication of nanostructures. However, due to the dissociation of mostly organometallic precursor molecules employed for the deposition process, prepared nanostructures contain organic residues leading to rather low conductance of the deposits. Post-growth treatment of the structures by electron irradiation or in reactive atmospheres at elevated temperatures can be applied to purify the samples. Recently, an in-situ conductance optimization process involving evolutionary genetic algorithm techniques has been introduced leading to an increase of conductance by one order of magnitude for tungsten-based deposits using the precursor W(CO)6. This method even allows for the optimization of conductance of nano-structures for which post-growth treatment is not possible or desirable. However, the mechanisms responsible for the observed enhancement have not been studied in depth. In this work, we identified the dwell-time dependent change of conductivity of the samples to be the major contributor to the change of conductance. Specifically, the chemical composition drastically changes with a variation of dwelltime resulting in an increase of the metal content by 15 at% for short dwell-times. The relative change of growth rate amounts to less than 25 % and has a negligible influence on conductance. We anticipate the in-situ genetic algorithm optimization procedure to be of high relevance for new developments regarding binary or ternary systems prepared by focused electron or ion beam induced deposition.","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2014-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69237665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-15DOI: 10.2478/nanofab-2014-0010
P. Cea, L. Ballesteros, S. Martín
Abstract It is expected that molecular electronics, i.e., the use of molecules as critical functional elements in electronic devices, will lead in the near future to an industrial exploitable novel technology, which will open new routes to high value-added electronic products. However, despite the enormous advances in this field several scientific and technological challenges should be surmounted before molecular electronics can be implemented in the market. Among these challenges are the fabrication of reliable, robust and uniform contacts between molecules and electrodes, the deposition of the second (top) contact electrode, and development of assembly strategies for precise placement of molecular materials within device structures. This review covers advances in nanofabrication techniques used for the assembly of monomolecular films onto conducting or semiconducting substrates as well as recent methods developed for the deposition of the top contact electrode highlighting the advantages and limitations of the several approaches used in the literature. This contribution also aims to define areas of outstanding challenges in the nanofabrication of monomolecular layers sandwiched between two electrodes and opportunities for future research and applications.
{"title":"Nanofabrication techniques of highly organized monolayers sandwiched between two electrodes for molecular electronics","authors":"P. Cea, L. Ballesteros, S. Martín","doi":"10.2478/nanofab-2014-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is expected that molecular electronics, i.e., the use of molecules as critical functional elements in electronic devices, will lead in the near future to an industrial exploitable novel technology, which will open new routes to high value-added electronic products. However, despite the enormous advances in this field several scientific and technological challenges should be surmounted before molecular electronics can be implemented in the market. Among these challenges are the fabrication of reliable, robust and uniform contacts between molecules and electrodes, the deposition of the second (top) contact electrode, and development of assembly strategies for precise placement of molecular materials within device structures. This review covers advances in nanofabrication techniques used for the assembly of monomolecular films onto conducting or semiconducting substrates as well as recent methods developed for the deposition of the top contact electrode highlighting the advantages and limitations of the several approaches used in the literature. This contribution also aims to define areas of outstanding challenges in the nanofabrication of monomolecular layers sandwiched between two electrodes and opportunities for future research and applications.","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2014-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69237676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-19DOI: 10.2478/nanofab-2014-0008
G. Tosolini, J. Michalik, R. Córdoba, J. D. de Teresa, F. Pérez-Murano, J. Bausells
Abstract We present the magnetic characterization of cobalt wires grown by focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) and studied using static piezoresistive cantilever magnetometry. We have used previously developed high force sensitive submicron-thick silicon piezoresistive cantilevers. High quality polycrystalline cobalt microwires have been grown by FEBID onto the free end of the cantilevers using dual beam equipment. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the magnetic cobalt wires become magnetized, which leads to the magnetic field dependent static deflection of the cantilevers. We show that the piezoresistive signal from the cantilevers, corresponding to a maximum force of about 1 nN, can be measured as a function of the applied magnetic field with a good signal to noise ratio at room temperature. The results highlight the flexibility of the FEBID technique for the growth of magnetic structures on specific substrates, in this case piezoresistive cantilevers.
{"title":"Magnetic properties of cobalt microwires measured by piezoresistive cantilever magnetometry","authors":"G. Tosolini, J. Michalik, R. Córdoba, J. D. de Teresa, F. Pérez-Murano, J. Bausells","doi":"10.2478/nanofab-2014-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We present the magnetic characterization of cobalt wires grown by focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) and studied using static piezoresistive cantilever magnetometry. We have used previously developed high force sensitive submicron-thick silicon piezoresistive cantilevers. High quality polycrystalline cobalt microwires have been grown by FEBID onto the free end of the cantilevers using dual beam equipment. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the magnetic cobalt wires become magnetized, which leads to the magnetic field dependent static deflection of the cantilevers. We show that the piezoresistive signal from the cantilevers, corresponding to a maximum force of about 1 nN, can be measured as a function of the applied magnetic field with a good signal to noise ratio at room temperature. The results highlight the flexibility of the FEBID technique for the growth of magnetic structures on specific substrates, in this case piezoresistive cantilevers.","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2014-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69237624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-07DOI: 10.2478/nanofab-2014-0007
J. Mulders
Abstract The purity of a structure made with electron beam induced deposition (EBID) is a the major concern when creating micro and nano-scale functionalities, for example for rapid prototyping. Substantial research focuses on the improvements of the purity using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) based precursors. However, from a practical point of view, many other aspects of a precursor are very relevant in the design of a process and the actual use of a tool for EBID. To a large extent, these precursorrelated characteristics will determine whether or not a precursor can successfully be applied. Some of these characteristics include: vapor pressure range, transition behavior, chemical stability, pyrolitic thresholds, release of corrosive ligands during deposition, toxicity, commercial availability, compatibility with the instrument and operator safety. These characteristic are discussed in more detail here in order to understand what an ideal EBID precursor may be. Although some parameters such as toxicity or flammability seem less important, in practice they can be a road block for application unless the main instrument, such as a regular scanning electron microscope (SEM), is adapted accordingly.
{"title":"Practical precursor aspects for electron beam induced deposition","authors":"J. Mulders","doi":"10.2478/nanofab-2014-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purity of a structure made with electron beam induced deposition (EBID) is a the major concern when creating micro and nano-scale functionalities, for example for rapid prototyping. Substantial research focuses on the improvements of the purity using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) based precursors. However, from a practical point of view, many other aspects of a precursor are very relevant in the design of a process and the actual use of a tool for EBID. To a large extent, these precursorrelated characteristics will determine whether or not a precursor can successfully be applied. Some of these characteristics include: vapor pressure range, transition behavior, chemical stability, pyrolitic thresholds, release of corrosive ligands during deposition, toxicity, commercial availability, compatibility with the instrument and operator safety. These characteristic are discussed in more detail here in order to understand what an ideal EBID precursor may be. Although some parameters such as toxicity or flammability seem less important, in practice they can be a road block for application unless the main instrument, such as a regular scanning electron microscope (SEM), is adapted accordingly.","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2014-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69237614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-07DOI: 10.2478/nanofab-2014-0005
D. Cox, J. Gallop, L. Hao
Abstract Focused ion beam (FIB) has found a steady and growing use as a tool for fabrication, particularly in the length-scale of micrometres down to nanometres. Traditionally more commonly used for materials characterisation, FIB is continually finding new research areas in a growing number of laboratories. For example, over the last ten years the number of FIB instruments in the U.K. alone has gone from single figures, largely supplied by a single manufacturer, to many tens of instruments supplied by several competing manufacturers. Although the smaller of the two research areas, FIB fabrication has found itself to be incredibly powerful in the modification and fabrication of devices for all kinds of experimentation. Here we report our use of FIB in the production of Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) and other closely related devices for metrological applications. This is an area ideally suited to FIB fabrication as the required precision is very high, the number of required devices is relatively low, but the flexibility of using FIB means that a large range of smallbatch, and often unique, devices can be constructed quickly and with very short lead times.
{"title":"Focused Ion Beam Processing of Superconducting Junctions and SQUID Based Devices","authors":"D. Cox, J. Gallop, L. Hao","doi":"10.2478/nanofab-2014-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Focused ion beam (FIB) has found a steady and growing use as a tool for fabrication, particularly in the length-scale of micrometres down to nanometres. Traditionally more commonly used for materials characterisation, FIB is continually finding new research areas in a growing number of laboratories. For example, over the last ten years the number of FIB instruments in the U.K. alone has gone from single figures, largely supplied by a single manufacturer, to many tens of instruments supplied by several competing manufacturers. Although the smaller of the two research areas, FIB fabrication has found itself to be incredibly powerful in the modification and fabrication of devices for all kinds of experimentation. Here we report our use of FIB in the production of Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) and other closely related devices for metrological applications. This is an area ideally suited to FIB fabrication as the required precision is very high, the number of required devices is relatively low, but the flexibility of using FIB means that a large range of smallbatch, and often unique, devices can be constructed quickly and with very short lead times.","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2014-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69237563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-02DOI: 10.2478/nanofab-2014-0006
Hugo Lavenant, V. Naletov, O. Klein, G. de Loubens, L. Casado, J. D. de Teresa
Abstract Using focused-electron-beam-induced deposition, Cobalt magnetic nanospheres with diameter ranging between 100 nm and 300 nm are grown at the tip of ultra-soft cantilevers. By monitoring the mechanical resonance frequency of the cantilever as a function of the applied magnetic field, the hysteresis curve of these individual nanospheres are measured. This enables the evaluation of their saturation magnetization, found to be around 430 emu/cm3 independent of the size of the particle, and to infer that the magnetic vortex state is the equilibrium configuration of these nanospheres at remanence. SEM image of a 200 nm Co nanosphere grown at the tip of an ultra-soft cantilever by focus electron beam induced deposition.
{"title":"Mechanical magnetometry of Cobalt nanospheres deposited by focused electron beam at the tip of ultra-soft cantilevers","authors":"Hugo Lavenant, V. Naletov, O. Klein, G. de Loubens, L. Casado, J. D. de Teresa","doi":"10.2478/nanofab-2014-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using focused-electron-beam-induced deposition, Cobalt magnetic nanospheres with diameter ranging between 100 nm and 300 nm are grown at the tip of ultra-soft cantilevers. By monitoring the mechanical resonance frequency of the cantilever as a function of the applied magnetic field, the hysteresis curve of these individual nanospheres are measured. This enables the evaluation of their saturation magnetization, found to be around 430 emu/cm3 independent of the size of the particle, and to infer that the magnetic vortex state is the equilibrium configuration of these nanospheres at remanence. SEM image of a 200 nm Co nanosphere grown at the tip of an ultra-soft cantilever by focus electron beam induced deposition.","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2014-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69237606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.2478/nanofab-2014-0003
O. Idigoras, E. Nikulina, J. Porro, P. Vavassori, A. Chuvilin, A. Berger
Abstract This work gives an illustration of the viability of FEBID to fabricate magnetic nano- and micro-structures and it demonstrates that by means of a combination of MOKE microscopy and MFM, one is able to analyze the size and shape effects in individual magnetic cobalt structures. With the help of our magnetic and functional study, we are able to demonstrate that by using FEBID, cobalt of uniform thickness and magnetic response can be deposited over several micron-size areas, establishing a most crucial ingredient of reliable structure and device fabrication. Furthermore, we show the suitability of FEBID to fabricate functional and complex 3-dimensional magnetic structures. The issue of unintended secondary deposits in FEBID is discussed, and a Xe-ion milling posttreatment for its removal is proposed and demonstrated as a successful pathway towards the fabrication of functionally independent magnetic nano-structures.
{"title":"FEBID fabrication and magnetic characterization of individual nano-scale and micro-scale Co structures","authors":"O. Idigoras, E. Nikulina, J. Porro, P. Vavassori, A. Chuvilin, A. Berger","doi":"10.2478/nanofab-2014-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work gives an illustration of the viability of FEBID to fabricate magnetic nano- and micro-structures and it demonstrates that by means of a combination of MOKE microscopy and MFM, one is able to analyze the size and shape effects in individual magnetic cobalt structures. With the help of our magnetic and functional study, we are able to demonstrate that by using FEBID, cobalt of uniform thickness and magnetic response can be deposited over several micron-size areas, establishing a most crucial ingredient of reliable structure and device fabrication. Furthermore, we show the suitability of FEBID to fabricate functional and complex 3-dimensional magnetic structures. The issue of unintended secondary deposits in FEBID is discussed, and a Xe-ion milling posttreatment for its removal is proposed and demonstrated as a successful pathway towards the fabrication of functionally independent magnetic nano-structures.","PeriodicalId":51992,"journal":{"name":"Nanofabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2478/nanofab-2014-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69237547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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