Pub Date : 2021-07-07DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1943994
Michael Buozis
Abstract This study critiques the way in which journalism and other media used John Perry Barlow, an early Internet enthusiast, as a source to make common sense of cyberlibertarian ideology as the Internet emerged as a dominant communications technology in the 1990s and early-2000s. During this period, journalists used Barlow, someone with no technical expertise but a reputation as a prophet of the new technology, to translate the deregulatory, conservative ideals of free markets and speech so central to cyberlibertarianism for mass consumption. In the process, Barlow and these journalists depoliticized a central political question about the Internet that remains today: how and how much it should be regulated. This amplification of cyberlibertarianism as doxa in popular discourses during this period helped foreclose on alternative conceptions of the Internet not only in the press but also in discussions of policy.
摘要这项研究批评了新闻业和其他媒体利用早期互联网爱好者约翰·佩里·巴洛（John Perry Barlow）作为来源，在20世纪90年代和2000年代初互联网成为主流通信技术时，对网络自由主义意识形态进行常识性解读的方式。在此期间，记者们利用巴洛，一个没有技术专长但被誉为新技术先知的人，将自由市场和言论的放松管制、保守理想转化为大规模消费的网络自由意志主义。在这个过程中，巴洛和这些记者将互联网的一个核心政治问题非政治化了，这个问题至今仍然存在：应该如何以及在多大程度上对其进行监管。这一时期，网络自由意志主义在流行话语中被放大为doxa，这不仅在新闻界，而且在政策讨论中都有助于阻止互联网的替代概念。
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Pub Date : 2021-06-26DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547
C. Jarvis
Abstract The cypherpunks were 1990s digital activists who challenged White House policies aiming to prevent the emergence of unregulated digital cryptography, an online privacy technology capable of frustrating government surveillance. Whilst the cypherpunk’s ideology, which is predominantly the output of Timothy C. May, is well understood, less is known about the composition of the cypherpunk’s community. This article builds on past studies by Rid and Beltramini by using the cypherpunk’s mail list archive to profile the most active and influential cypherpunks. This study confirms the May-derived ideology is broadly, though not entirely, representative of the cypherpunk community. This article assesses the cypherpunks were a highly educated, mostly libertarian community permeated by aspects of anarchism which arose from a societal disaffiliation inherited from the counterculture. This article further argues that the cypherpunks were also influenced by the hacker ethic and dystopian science fiction.
{"title":"Cypherpunk ideology: objectives, profiles, and influences (1992–1998)","authors":"C. Jarvis","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The cypherpunks were 1990s digital activists who challenged White House policies aiming to prevent the emergence of unregulated digital cryptography, an online privacy technology capable of frustrating government surveillance. Whilst the cypherpunk’s ideology, which is predominantly the output of Timothy C. May, is well understood, less is known about the composition of the cypherpunk’s community. This article builds on past studies by Rid and Beltramini by using the cypherpunk’s mail list archive to profile the most active and influential cypherpunks. This study confirms the May-derived ideology is broadly, though not entirely, representative of the cypherpunk community. This article assesses the cypherpunks were a highly educated, mostly libertarian community permeated by aspects of anarchism which arose from a societal disaffiliation inherited from the counterculture. This article further argues that the cypherpunks were also influenced by the hacker ethic and dystopian science fiction.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47766737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1936780
M. Aidinoff
Shedding fears of Marxist analysis, historians and sociologists of the Internet have recently centered capitalism, and named it as such. They have made a collective case that the Internet enables n...
{"title":"The promise of access: Technology, inequality, and the political economy of hope","authors":"M. Aidinoff","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1936780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1936780","url":null,"abstract":"Shedding fears of Marxist analysis, historians and sociologists of the Internet have recently centered capitalism, and named it as such. They have made a collective case that the Internet enables n...","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1936780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45557647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-09DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1917903
Julie Momméja
Abstract The following interview delves into Lee Felsenstein's upbringing in a bohemian communist family and his path as an engineer and technologist in the San Francisco Bay Area. He discusses his role as technician of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement, co-creator of Community Memory and moderator of the Homebrew Computer Club. Felsenstein also shares his vision of “community”, “convivial tools” as defined by Ivan Illich and technology as an “invisible force”. He proves how his political activism has guided his technological creative process, making and sharing tools that will contribute to build convivial, open and informed communities.
{"title":"“I am an engineer and therefore a radical”: an interview with Lee Felsenstein, from Free Speech Movement technician to Homebrew Computer Club moderator","authors":"Julie Momméja","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1917903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1917903","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The following interview delves into Lee Felsenstein's upbringing in a bohemian communist family and his path as an engineer and technologist in the San Francisco Bay Area. He discusses his role as technician of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement, co-creator of Community Memory and moderator of the Homebrew Computer Club. Felsenstein also shares his vision of “community”, “convivial tools” as defined by Ivan Illich and technology as an “invisible force”. He proves how his political activism has guided his technological creative process, making and sharing tools that will contribute to build convivial, open and informed communities.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1917903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48849459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1932273
Helen Hockx-Yu
Wikipedia @ 20 is an edited volume put together by Joseph Reagle and Jackie Koerner to celebrate Wikipedia’s 20th birthday, taking advantage of this significant milestone to pause and reflect on th...
{"title":"Wikipedia @ 20, Stories of an Incomplete Revolution, edited by Joseph Reagle and Jackie Koerner, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2020. U.S. $27.95","authors":"Helen Hockx-Yu","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1932273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1932273","url":null,"abstract":"Wikipedia @ 20 is an edited volume put together by Joseph Reagle and Jackie Koerner to celebrate Wikipedia’s 20th birthday, taking advantage of this significant milestone to pause and reflect on th...","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1932273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48164400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1920126
Hallam Stevens
Abstract Early electronic networks were established for a variety of purposes, to serve different kinds of people and needs, and in vastly different political, social, and economic contexts. Examining some of the earliest electronic networks established in Southeast Asia provides us with a glimpse of the contrasting and diverse aims for which they were established and used. At the time electronic networking began to be developed in Malaysia (during the 1980s) its potential was far more open-ended. Although networking pioneers in Southeast Asia were influenced by North American experiences, they quickly developed their own ideas about what networks could be, could do, and how they could serve national or local purposes. This essay uses the concept of a “networking imaginary” to conceptualise the ways in which networks became associated with particular ideals, goals, and futures. The pioneers of electronic networking in Malaysia articulated a unique networking imaginary that anticipated networks playing a critical role in Malaysia’s developing economy. Networking, in the vision of its Malaysian founders, would play a key role in propelling Malaysia forward as a wealthy, stable, and harmonious society. These visions continue to impact the ways in which networks are imagined and used in Malaysia today.
{"title":"From RangKoM and JARING to the Internet: visions and practices of electronic networking in Malaysia, 1983–1996","authors":"Hallam Stevens","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1920126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1920126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Early electronic networks were established for a variety of purposes, to serve different kinds of people and needs, and in vastly different political, social, and economic contexts. Examining some of the earliest electronic networks established in Southeast Asia provides us with a glimpse of the contrasting and diverse aims for which they were established and used. At the time electronic networking began to be developed in Malaysia (during the 1980s) its potential was far more open-ended. Although networking pioneers in Southeast Asia were influenced by North American experiences, they quickly developed their own ideas about what networks could be, could do, and how they could serve national or local purposes. This essay uses the concept of a “networking imaginary” to conceptualise the ways in which networks became associated with particular ideals, goals, and futures. The pioneers of electronic networking in Malaysia articulated a unique networking imaginary that anticipated networks playing a critical role in Malaysia’s developing economy. Networking, in the vision of its Malaysian founders, would play a key role in propelling Malaysia forward as a wealthy, stable, and harmonious society. These visions continue to impact the ways in which networks are imagined and used in Malaysia today.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1920126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42392598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-07DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1919966
Brett J. Fujioka, J. DeCook
Abstract In the West, the concern surrounding the rise of online harassment, trolling and other malicious and antisocial behaviors tend to be hyper focused on websites like 4chan, 8chan and reddit. However, the rise of online hate culture that laid the groundwork for movements like Gamergate and the alt right has a precedent in Japan – specifically, the culture that was borne out of the 2channel text board, which was the inspiration for the American 4chan. As society decayed around many Japanese in the 1990s (an economic recession, terrorist attacks, earthquakes, to name a few events), the Internet came to prominence in the form of Bulletin Board Systems. Despite its lasting impact and influence on digital culture more globally, it is understudied and ignored in larger discussions around trolling, harassment, and online hate. Using a case study of the anti-Korean manga Kenkanryu and through the lens of Cynical Romanticism, this essay examines the ways that 2channel and the netto uyoku (the Japanese extreme far right) created a digital subculture that has had a lasting impact on global online hate. Though the netto uyoku never achieved significant successes in terms of actual societal and political change, what they did leave behind is a blueprint for online reactionaries.
{"title":"Digital cynical romanticism: Japan’s 2channel and the precursors to online extremist cultures","authors":"Brett J. Fujioka, J. DeCook","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1919966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1919966","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the West, the concern surrounding the rise of online harassment, trolling and other malicious and antisocial behaviors tend to be hyper focused on websites like 4chan, 8chan and reddit. However, the rise of online hate culture that laid the groundwork for movements like Gamergate and the alt right has a precedent in Japan – specifically, the culture that was borne out of the 2channel text board, which was the inspiration for the American 4chan. As society decayed around many Japanese in the 1990s (an economic recession, terrorist attacks, earthquakes, to name a few events), the Internet came to prominence in the form of Bulletin Board Systems. Despite its lasting impact and influence on digital culture more globally, it is understudied and ignored in larger discussions around trolling, harassment, and online hate. Using a case study of the anti-Korean manga Kenkanryu and through the lens of Cynical Romanticism, this essay examines the ways that 2channel and the netto uyoku (the Japanese extreme far right) created a digital subculture that has had a lasting impact on global online hate. Though the netto uyoku never achieved significant successes in terms of actual societal and political change, what they did leave behind is a blueprint for online reactionaries.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1919966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47407427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1919965
Qian Huang
Abstract The Chinese Internet has developed rapidly in the past decade and given rise to many online phenomena, including digital vigilantism (DV). It refers to citizens’ practice of weaponising online visibility for retaliation when collectively offended. In China, since the Cat Torture Case in 2006, DV has been widely adopted by citizens to defend social norms and values. With recent technological developments and socio-political changes in China, how Chinese citizens conduct DV and its influence have also changed along various dimensions. This research, therefore, identifies the historical changes of DV in China and situates these changes in relation to contemporary Chinese technological and socio-political development. The study constructs a database of 1265 Chinese DV cases that receive media coverage between 2006 to 2018 and conducts a thematic analysis to identify characteristics, changes, and trends of DV in China. The author argues that these developments demonstrate the mediation and more importantly, the mediatisation of justice-seeking on the Chinese Internet conditioned by the ubiquitous state power.
{"title":"The mediated and mediatised justice-seeking: Chinese digital vigilantism from 2006 to 2018","authors":"Qian Huang","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1919965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1919965","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Chinese Internet has developed rapidly in the past decade and given rise to many online phenomena, including digital vigilantism (DV). It refers to citizens’ practice of weaponising online visibility for retaliation when collectively offended. In China, since the Cat Torture Case in 2006, DV has been widely adopted by citizens to defend social norms and values. With recent technological developments and socio-political changes in China, how Chinese citizens conduct DV and its influence have also changed along various dimensions. This research, therefore, identifies the historical changes of DV in China and situates these changes in relation to contemporary Chinese technological and socio-political development. The study constructs a database of 1265 Chinese DV cases that receive media coverage between 2006 to 2018 and conducts a thematic analysis to identify characteristics, changes, and trends of DV in China. The author argues that these developments demonstrate the mediation and more importantly, the mediatisation of justice-seeking on the Chinese Internet conditioned by the ubiquitous state power.","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1919965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43882785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-05DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1878651
Dan M. Kotliar
{"title":"If Then: How the Simulmatics Corporation Invented the Future","authors":"Dan M. Kotliar","doi":"10.1080/24701475.2021.1878651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2021.1878651","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52252,"journal":{"name":"Internet Histories","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24701475.2021.1878651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46371611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-22DOI: 10.1080/24701475.2021.1878650
Maria Eriksson, Guillaume Heuguet
Aleksandra Kaminska is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at the Universit e de Montr eal, Canada, where she also co-directs the Artefact Lab and the Bricolab. Her research is based in media studies and aesthetics, and the history of technology. She is currently preparing High-Tech Paper: Security Printing and the Aesthetics of Trust, a monograph that examines the making of authentic paper for circulation in secure systems and infrastructures. She situates security printing within media and printing histories, but also as it intersects with art, craft, and design. Her work on authentication devices includes the production of Nano-verses (nano-verses.com), an art-sci collaboration that explored how the technology of nano-optical authentication can be rethought as artistic media. The articles discussed in the following interview are: “Storing Authenticity at the Surface and into the Depths: Securing Paper with Humanand Machine-Readable Devices” (Interm edialit es, 2018); “‘Don’t Copy That’: Security Printing and the Making of High-Tech Paper” (Convergence, 2019); and “The Intrinsic Value of Valuable Paper: On the Infrastructural Work of Authentication Devices” (Theory, Culture & Society, 2020). She recently co-edited an issue of PUBLIC: Art/Culture/Ideas on “Biometrics: Mediating Bodies” (2020), and is currently finalizing a co-edited volume of the Canadian Journal of Communication on the theme of “Materials and Media of Infrastructure.” In 2020–2021 she is co-organizing the online series Paperology: A Reading and Activity Group on Knowing and Being with Paper. Your work centers on efforts to secure the authenticity and identity of things and highlights how material standards contribute to the ordering of the world. In much of your writings, you place focus on techniques for identifying analog objects such as money and documents/valuable paper but we have also found your work to be highly stimulating for thinking about efforts to identify digital content like moving images and sounds. In “Storing Authenticity at the Surface and into the Depths” you introduce the concept of “authentication devices” to discuss the role and function of identification techniques. Could you explain a bit more about what you mean by this concept and how/ why you think it is useful for thinking about strategies of identification?
Aleksandra Kaminska是加拿大蒙特利尔大学传播系的助理教授，也是Artefact实验室和Bricolab的联合主任。她的研究以媒体研究、美学和技术史为基础。她目前正在编写《高科技论文：安全印刷与信任美学》，这是一本研究在安全系统和基础设施中流通的真实纸张制作的专著。她将安全印刷置于媒体和印刷历史中，但也与艺术、工艺和设计相交叉。她在认证设备方面的工作包括制作Nano-verses.com，这是一项艺术与科学的合作，探索了如何将纳米光学认证技术重新思考为艺术媒介。以下采访中讨论的文章是：“将真实性储存在表面和深处：用人和机器可读设备保护纸张”（Intermedialites，2018）；“‘不要复制’：安全印刷与高科技纸张的制作”（Convergence，2019）；以及“有价值论文的内在价值：论认证设备的基础设施工作”（理论、文化与社会，2020）。她最近联合编辑了一期《公共：艺术/文化/思想》关于“生物识别：中介机构”（2020）的文章，目前正在敲定《加拿大传播杂志》主题为“基础设施的材料和媒体”的联合编辑卷。2020-2021年，她正联合组织在线系列论文：一个关于认识和与纸相处的阅读和活动小组。你的工作重点是确保事物的真实性和身份，并强调材料标准如何有助于世界的秩序。在你的大部分作品中，你都把重点放在识别类似物体的技术上，如金钱和文件/贵重纸张，但我们也发现你的作品对识别运动图像和声音等数字内容的努力非常有启发性。在“将真实性存储在表面和深度”中，您介绍了“身份验证设备”的概念，以讨论身份验证技术的作用和功能。你能进一步解释一下你所说的这个概念是什么意思，以及你认为它如何/为什么对思考识别策略有用吗？
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