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Infinitive vs. Gerund Use and Interpretation in Heritage Spanish 传统西班牙语中不定式与动名词的用法及解释
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030214
Laura Solano-Escobar, Alejandro Cuza
The present study examines the production and interpretation of infinitives among 26 Spanish heritage speakers born and raised in the US and 25 Spanish-dominant speakers from Mexico and Colombia. We tested participants’ knowledge of infinitives as subjects of the clause and as objects of a preposition via an elicited production task and a contextualized preference task. The results of both tasks showed less infinitive use by the HSs and overextension of the gerund in contexts where it is not required. The results showed that the gerund overextension was modulated by the syntactic context. There was significantly more use of the gerund as the subject of the clause in both production and interpretation and less use as the object of a preposition. Furthermore, the results showed a significant role for proficiency and language experience in the extent of grammatical reconfiguration. The higher the level of Spanish proficiency and the more exposure and use of Spanish, the more likely the participants were to produce and choose infinitives. Results are discussed along the lines of the activation approach.
本研究调查了26名在美国出生和长大的西班牙语传承者和25名来自墨西哥和哥伦比亚的以西班牙语为主的人对不定式的产生和解释。我们通过引出生产任务和情境化偏好任务来测试参与者对不定式作为从句主语和介词宾语的认识。两项任务的结果都表明,高语速学生较少使用不定式,而动名词在不需要的情况下过度使用。结果表明,动名词的过度引申受句法语境的调节。动名词在生产和解释中作为从句主语的使用明显增加,而作为介词宾语的使用明显减少。此外,结果显示熟练程度和语言经验对语法重构的程度有显著作用。西班牙语熟练程度越高,接触和使用西班牙语越多,参与者越有可能产生和选择不定式。结果沿着激活方法的思路进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Neural Activation in Bilinguals and Monolinguals Using a Word Identification Task 双语者和单语者在单词识别任务中的神经激活
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030216
Alejandro E. Brice, Christina Salnaitis, Megan K. MacPherson
The study investigated word recognition during neural activation in monolinguals and bilinguals. We specifically examined word retrieval and blood-oxygenation changes in the prefrontal cortex during a code-mixed word recognition task. Participants completed a gating task incorporating monolingual sentences and Spanish-English code-mixed sentences while using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure blood-oxygenation changes. Word recognition contained four phonotactic conditions: (1) voiceless initial consonants, (2) voiced initial consonants, (3) CV-tense words, and (4) CV-lax words. Bilingual speakers had word-recognition capabilities similar to monolingual speakers even when identifying English words. Word recognition outcomes suggested that prefrontal cortex functioning is similar for early age of acquisition (AOA) bilinguals and monolinguals when identifying words in both code-mixed and monolingual sentences. Monolingual speakers experienced difficulty with English-voiced consonant sounds; while bilingual speakers experienced difficulties with English-lax vowels. Results suggest that localization of speech perception may be similar for both monolingual and bilingual populations, yet levels of activation differed. Our findings suggest that this parity is due to early age of acquisition (AoA) bilinguals finding a balance of language capabilities (i.e., native-like proficiency) and that in some instances the bilingual speakers processed language in the same areas dedicated to first language processing.
本研究调查了单语和双语者在神经激活过程中的单词识别。我们特别研究了在编码混合单词识别任务中,前额叶皮层的单词检索和血氧变化。参与者完成了一项门控任务,包括单语句子和西班牙语-英语代码混合句子,同时使用功能性近红外光谱(fNIRS)测量血液氧合变化。单词识别包含四种语音策略条件:(1)不发音的初始辅音,(2)发音的初始辅音,(3)CV-tense单词,(4)CV-lax单词。双语者的单词识别能力与单语者相似,甚至在识别英语单词时也是如此。单词识别结果表明,早期习得双语者和单语者在识别混合语码和单语句子中的单词时,前额叶皮层的功能是相似的。单语者在英语发音方面有困难;而说双语的人则在英语松散元音上遇到困难。结果表明,单语和双语人群的语言感知定位可能相似,但激活水平不同。我们的研究结果表明,这种平等是由于早期习得(AoA)双语者找到了语言能力的平衡(即,类似于母语的熟练程度),并且在某些情况下,双语者处理语言的区域与处理第一语言的区域相同。
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引用次数: 0
The Death Taboo: Euphemism and Metaphor in Epitaphs from the English Cemetery of Malaga, Spain 死亡禁忌:西班牙马拉加英国墓志铭中的委婉语与隐喻
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030215
Eliecer Crespo-Fernández
In spite of the fact that taboos change over time, death is still a delicate and sensitive subject in today’s Western societies. Our unwillingness to talk openly about death and dying makes people resort to euphemism as a safe way to talk about human mortality and related matters. Following Steen’s Deliberate Metaphor Theory, this study discusses the role that euphemistic metaphors play on a sample of 174 gravestone inscriptions from the English Cemetery of Malaga, the oldest Protestant cemetery in Spain, and, at the same time, examines the social and cognitive aspects of metaphor in epitaph writing. The analysis carried out reveals that most of the 96 metaphorical items observed in the gravestone inscriptions present positive connotations. Indeed, the source domains of rest, peace, new life and journey offer an optimistic and comforting approach to death and dying, whereas the domains of loss and separation refer to the target domain of death in negative terms. All in all, the metaphors encountered in the epitaphs are deliberately used both to help the bereaved confront the loss of a loved one and pay tribute to the deceased.
尽管禁忌随着时间的推移而改变,但在今天的西方社会,死亡仍然是一个微妙而敏感的话题。我们不愿意公开谈论死亡和临终,这使得人们求助于委婉语,作为谈论人类死亡和相关问题的安全方式。根据Steen的刻意隐喻理论,本研究以西班牙最古老的新教墓地马拉加的英国墓地为样本,探讨了委婉隐喻在墓志铭写作中的作用,同时探讨了隐喻在墓志铭写作中的社会和认知方面的作用。分析表明,碑文中的96个隐喻项中,大多数都具有积极的内涵。事实上,休息、平静、新生活和旅程的来源领域提供了一种乐观和安慰的方式来对待死亡和临终,而失去和分离的领域则以消极的方式指代死亡的目标领域。总而言之,墓志铭中的隐喻被有意地用来帮助失去亲人的人面对失去亲人的痛苦,并向死者表示敬意。
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引用次数: 0
An Exploratory Study of EFL Learners’ Use of ChatGPT for Language Learning Tasks: Experience and Perceptions 英语学习者在语言学习任务中使用ChatGPT的探索性研究:经验与感知
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030212
Yangyu Xiao, Yuying Zhi
ChatGPT, a general-purpose intelligent chatbot developed by OpenAI, has introduced numerous opportunities and challenges in the field of language education. With its remarkable ability to generate diverse forms of text, answer questions, and provide translations within minutes, ChatGPT has become an influential tool in the era of advanced AI technology. However, to what extent ChatGPT can be used to assist students in completing language learning tasks remains largely unexplored. Against this background, this study aimed to investigate students’ experiences with ChatGPT and their perceptions of its role in language learning through a small-scale qualitative study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with five students at a top-tier international university in China. Students’ responses revealed that ChatGPT has the potential to serve as a valuable learning partner and aid students in completing language-related tasks. Furthermore, participants exhibited critical judgment in evaluating the quality of ideas and outputs generated by ChatGPT, as well as the ability to modify prompts to maximize learning benefits. Such critical judgment offsets the potential threats to academic integrity posed by ChatGPT. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the potential of ChatGPT in language education by adding empirical evidence from students’ perspectives. This study supports the idea that ChatGPT can work as an effective tool for providing students with immediate feedback and personalized learning experiences. Such findings generate implications for future pedagogical practices in the new era by providing students with personalized guidance, designing technology-embedded language support, and developing students’ lifelong learning skills (e.g., autonomy and evaluative judgment) with the support of ChatGPT.
ChatGPT是OpenAI公司开发的一款通用智能聊天机器人,它给语言教育领域带来了许多机遇和挑战。凭借其在几分钟内生成多种形式的文本,回答问题和提供翻译的卓越能力,ChatGPT已成为先进人工智能技术时代有影响力的工具。然而,ChatGPT在多大程度上可以用来帮助学生完成语言学习任务,这在很大程度上仍未被探索。在此背景下,本研究旨在通过一项小规模的定性研究来调查学生使用ChatGPT的经历以及他们对其在语言学习中的作用的看法。数据是通过对中国一所顶级国际大学的五名学生进行半结构化访谈收集的。学生们的反应表明,ChatGPT有潜力成为一个有价值的学习伙伴,帮助学生完成与语言相关的任务。此外,参与者在评估ChatGPT产生的想法和输出的质量方面表现出了批判性的判断力,以及修改提示以最大化学习效益的能力。这种批判性判断抵消了ChatGPT对学术诚信构成的潜在威胁。我们的研究结果通过从学生的角度增加经验证据,有助于理解ChatGPT在语言教育中的潜力。这项研究支持ChatGPT可以作为一种有效的工具,为学生提供即时反馈和个性化的学习体验。在ChatGPT的支持下,为学生提供个性化指导,设计技术嵌入式语言支持,培养学生的终身学习技能(如自主性和评价性判断),这些发现对新时代的教学实践具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 4
The Role of Online Learning Environments in the Enhancement of Language Learners’ Intercultural Competence: A Scoping Review of Studies Published between 2015 and 2022 在线学习环境在提高语言学习者跨文化能力中的作用:对2015年至2022年间发表的研究的范围审查
0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030211
Barbara Muszyńska, Joanna Pfingsthorn, Tim Giesler
Developing intercultural competence (IC) through foreign language is believed to lead to rejecting prejudices and stereotypes and fostering bilingualism and biculturalism. Despite the growth of publications on technologies and IC, a significant gap exists between what is known (evidence) and what is done (practice) at the levels of decision making and course design. This scoping review, guided by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, is conducted to systematically map peer-reviewed literature, taking a longitudinal perspective to update the existing reviews, identify knowledge gaps, and provide a new conclusion to the topic investigated. A transparent, replicable review protocol was designed a priori. A formal Advisory Group was established to incorporate various perspectives and ensure the applicability of the review findings. The main findings suggest that the concept of IC is not uniformly defined across the studies examined, and the development and dynamic nature of the concept is not captured. Numerous studies rely on chosen aspects of the construct only. Still, most of them report largely positive findings concerning the development of IC in FL online learning environments. It is possible that this high number of positive findings includes some cases of type II error or false positives.
通过外语发展跨文化能力(IC)被认为会导致拒绝偏见和刻板印象,促进双语和双文化。尽管关于技术和集成电路的出版物越来越多,但在决策和课程设计层面上,已知的(证据)和所做的(实践)之间存在着巨大的差距。本综述在PRISMA范围综述扩展指南的指导下,系统地绘制同行评议文献图,采用纵向视角更新现有综述,识别知识空白,并为所调查的主题提供新的结论。事先设计了一个透明的、可复制的审查方案。成立了一个正式的咨询小组,以纳入各种观点并确保审查结果的适用性。主要发现表明,在所审查的研究中,IC的概念没有统一定义,并且没有捕捉到该概念的发展和动态性质。许多研究仅依赖于结构的选定方面。尽管如此,他们中的大多数都报告了在外语在线学习环境中发展IC的积极结果。如此多的阳性结果可能包括一些II型错误或假阳性的病例。
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引用次数: 0
The Pragmatics and Argumentation Interface 语用学与论证界面
IF 0.9 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-08 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030210
Steve Oswald
It can be argued that linguistic aspects of argumentation have attracted scholarly attention ever since the foundation of rhetoric, which originally developed as the study of means of persuasion, and thus, to a fair extent, that linguistics plays an important role in the study of argumentation at large [...]
可以说,自修辞学建立以来,论证的语言学方面就引起了学术界的关注,修辞学最初是作为说服手段的研究而发展起来的,因此,在一定程度上,语言学在整个论证研究中发挥着重要作用[…]
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引用次数: 0
Quantitative Methods for Analyzing Second Language Lexical Tone Production 第二语言词汇语调生成的定量分析方法
IF 0.9 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030209
Alexis Zhou, Daniel J. Olson
The production of L2 lexical tone has proven difficult for learners of tonal languages, leading to the testing of different tone training techniques. To test the validity of these techniques, it is first necessary to capture the differences between L1 and L2 tone datasets. The current study explores three analyses designed to compare L1 and L2 tone: (1) using a single deviation score, (2) using deviation score calculations for specific regions of tone productions, and (3) applying a complexity-invariant distance measure to the two time series datasets. These three analyses were tested using datasets sampled from a previous study testing the effects of a visual feedback paradigm on the production of L2 Mandarin tone. Results suggest the first two analyses, although useful for providing an overall evaluation of how L2 speakers’ pretest versus posttest productions compare to L1 speakers, lose critical information about tone, namely pitch height, contour, and the timing of the production. The third analysis, applying the complexity-invariant distance measure to the datasets, can provide the pertinent information lost from the first two analyses in a more robust manner.
事实证明,对于音调语言的学习者来说,第二语言词汇音调的产生是困难的,这导致了对不同音调训练技术的测试。为了测试这些技术的有效性,首先需要捕捉L1和L2音调数据集之间的差异。当前的研究探索了三种旨在比较L1和L2音调的分析:(1)使用单个偏差分数,(2)对音调产生的特定区域使用偏差分数计算,以及(3)对两个时间序列数据集应用复杂性不变距离测度。这三项分析是使用先前一项研究中的数据集进行测试的,该研究测试了视觉反馈范式对二语普通话音调产生的影响。结果表明,前两种分析虽然有助于全面评估二语使用者的前测和后测作品与一语使用者的对比,但却丢失了关于音调的关键信息,即音高高度、轮廓和制作时间。第三种分析,将复杂性不变距离测度应用于数据集,可以以更稳健的方式提供前两种分析中丢失的相关信息。
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引用次数: 0
The Pleasure and Pain in Taboo Exploitation 禁忌利用的快乐与痛苦
IF 0.9 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030208
Keith Allan
The taboo exploitation examined in this essay is swearing. Swearing intersects in complex ways with the giving and taking of pleasure and concomitantly coping with pain or, conversely, craving to inflict pain. Swearing is normally restricted to colloquial styles because it is commonly perceived to breach the rules of courtesy by offending against standards of good taste and good manners. The breaking of this taboo is an emotional release. Swearing has a special place in our neural anatomy, perhaps accounting for: (a) its effectiveness displaying pleasure and managing pain or the hypoalgesia and other physiological effects in laboratory studies; (b) for the tendency of any disparaging denotation or connotation to dominate the interpretation of the immediate context. I recognize five frequently synchronous functions for swearing from the utterer’s as well as the audience point of view: (i) The expletive function, often marking attitude to what is said. (ii) Abuse, insult, banter. (iii) Spicing up the message. (iv) Expression of social solidarity. (v) The discourse function. There is an additional from an audience point of view: (vi) Characterizing an individual’s behavior. For every function, the degree of pleasure and/or pain and the kind of taboo exploitation is assessed.
本文研究的禁忌剥削是骂人。咒骂以复杂的方式与快乐的给予和索取以及随之而来的痛苦的应对,或者相反地,与施加痛苦的渴望相交。骂人通常仅限于口语化,因为它通常被认为违反了礼貌的规则,违反了良好的品味和礼貌的标准。打破这个禁忌是一种情感的释放。咒骂在我们的神经解剖结构中占有特殊的地位,这也许可以解释:(a)在实验室研究中,它有效地表现出快乐和控制疼痛或疼痛减退和其他生理效应;(b)任何贬损的外延或内涵支配对直接上下文的解释的倾向。从说话者和听众的角度来看,我发现脏话通常有五种同步的功能:(1)咒骂功能,通常标志着对所说内容的态度。(二)辱骂、侮辱、戏谑。(三)为信息增色。表示社会团结。(五)话语功能。从观众的角度来看,还有一个附加条件:(vi)描述个人行为的特征。对于每一种功能,都评估了快乐和/或痛苦的程度以及禁忌利用的种类。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating Adaptation to And-Coordination in English: An ERP Study 英语的适应与协调:ERP研究
IF 0.9 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030207
E. Kaan
According to certain approaches to adaptation, readers and listeners quickly adjust their processing of sentences to match properties of recently encountered sentences. The present preregistered study used ERP (event-related brain potentials) to investigate how and when readers change their processing in response to recent exposure to sentences of a particular structure. We presented English speakers (n = 36) with three virtual blocks of English sentences with and-coordination ambiguities. In the first and third block, the ambiguity was always resolved towards a noun phrase (NP-) coordination; in the second block, the structure was always a clausal (S-) coordination. We manipulated the plausibility of the critical noun after the conjunct. N400 and P600 plausibility effects were probed to see to what extent the reader preferred an NP- coordination or expected the sentence to continue differently. Our results suggest that readers change their processing as a function of recent exposure but that they do not immediately adapt to the target structure. Furthermore, we observed substantial individual variation in the type and change in response over the course of the study. The idea that structural adaptation is immediate and a direct reflection of the properties of the recent context therefore needs to be fine-tuned.
根据一定的适应方法,读者和听者会迅速调整他们对句子的处理,以匹配最近遇到的句子的属性。本研究使用事件相关脑电位(ERP)来研究读者在最近接触特定结构的句子时如何以及何时改变他们的处理方式。我们向说英语的人(n = 36)提供了三个虚拟的英语句子块,这些句子块具有与协调的歧义。在第一和第三块中,歧义总是向名词短语(NP-)配合解决;在第二个块中,结构总是一个小句(S-)协调。我们在连词之后操纵了关键名词的合理性。研究了N400和P600的可信性效应,以了解读者在多大程度上倾向于NP-协调或期望句子以不同的方式继续。我们的研究结果表明,读者改变了他们的处理作为最近暴露的功能,但他们不会立即适应目标结构。此外,在整个研究过程中,我们观察到在类型和反应变化方面存在实质性的个体差异。因此,认为结构适应是即时的、直接反映近期环境特性的观点需要微调。
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引用次数: 0
Mediated Bricolage and the Sociolinguistic Co-Construction of No Sabo Kids 非萨博儿童的中介拼贴与社会语言共同建构
IF 0.9 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.3390/languages8030206
Salvatore Callesano
Sociolinguistic styles and the resultant ascribed identities are understood as the product of simultaneous variables, leading to the notion of bricolage, or the co-occurrence of variables and their collective indexical meanings. Relatively little attention has been paid to these processes as they manifest on social media platforms. The goal of the current paper is to understand which linguistic and thematic features co-occur in the online production of the no sabo kid style and identity, which manifests as a form of linguistic discrimination towards U.S. Latinx youth. “Hashtag communities” were used to locate posts about no sabo kids on TikTok (N = 95), and videos were automatically and manually coded for salient linguistic and discursive resources in the online no sabo kid community. The results show the co-occurrence of code-switching and phonological and lexical variation, alongside discursive themes, namely ‘proficiency’, ‘ethnicity’, and ‘performative lexical gaps’. I argue that the no sabo kid hashtag community is a mediated manifestation of ideologies surrounding U.S. Latinx bilinguals, where a supposed lack of proficiency in Spanish and grammatical blending of Spanish and English index inauthentic ethnicity. Mediated instantiations of sociolinguistic styles shed light on how linguistic features become enregistered through multimodality and semiotic bricolage.
社会语言学风格和由此产生的归因身份被理解为同时变量的产物,导致了拼凑的概念,或变量及其集体索引意义的共同出现。这些过程在社交媒体平台上表现出来,人们对它们的关注相对较少。本论文的目的是了解在无萨博儿童风格和身份的在线制作中,哪些语言和主题特征同时出现,这表现为对美国拉丁裔青年的一种语言歧视。“哈希标签社区”被用来定位TikTok上关于无萨博儿童的帖子(N=95),视频被自动和手动编码,用于在线无萨博社区中的显著语言和话语资源。结果显示,代码转换、语音和词汇变化以及话语主题(即“熟练程度”、“种族”和“表演性词汇差距”)同时存在。我认为,无萨博儿童标签社区是围绕美国拉丁裔双语者的意识形态的中介表现,在那里,所谓的西班牙语不熟练以及西班牙语和英语的语法混合表明了不真实的种族。社会语言学风格的中介实例化揭示了语言特征是如何通过多模态和符号拼凑来注册的。
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引用次数: 0
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